. >> procefessor epstein you want to get in there. >> first of all on these so-called studies about workingu can't normalize it that way. she is not equal to the man. you can't normalize by ratios under this thing. the second point to make is you are looking at a completely different hiring force. people doing these hires know there's no explicit discrimination. there are all sorts of women in senior positions who have a lot to say about personnel. there's also other ways of looking at this thing, which show there is a huge selection bias. one way to do this is not to look at the employment relationship, but the kinds of businesses that women and men set up when they go out on their own. and there's a huge gap in the kinds of businesses. women are much more likely to be brokers, and men are much more likely to be developers. if these things sort by sex, why is this discrimination? or if you look at law firms, by the time you get to the partnership level, it's typically something like 85/15, or 80/20. that is a function of choices by the women. none of these studies try to take that into acc