let's consider a proton here. and now another proton right next to it. according to what we learned about electricity and magnetism, what will happen here? begin with a r, end with epel. - try it. - repel. they're gonna repel. a lot or a little? answer begin with a l. -a lot. -a lot. there're gonna be a huge force of repulsion. but you know what? they don't do that, not quite. these would and you won't find that in nature. you won't find in nature two protons stuck together like that that are stable. it turns out that the force of repulsion is like this. but there's another force inside just about stronger at this level and that force is called the strong interaction. and the strong interaction is holding these things together so the whole net force is about zero. but not quite, it's still unstable. so what you do is you put another particle here with no charge and that's a neutron. you want the protons and neutrons? both of which are made up of even fundamental-- more fundamental particles called quarks. but these neutrons don't repel. see, there's no c

let's suppose i got this proton over here, and i want to this proton to fuse into that. well, once i get beyond the electron here, there's gonna be an enormous repulsion. very, very tough to do. okay? because this positive charges repel. but what if this electron were replaced by another particle that behave like an electron but was much, much more massive and would orbit way down in here. there is such a particle, and it's called a mu-meson. and a mu-meson has the same charge of an electron, and it will orbit very, very close. now, when this proton is coming over here, is it repelled by this configuration? no, it is not because it sees a neutral charge. it's very, very close. and what happens if it succeeded in doing this? spinning mu-mesons into this hydrogen gas, and it'll take the place of the electron. and this thing will come right over and, boom, snap, fuses at room temperature almost. and this is really, really neat. only one trouble. only one trouble. the mu-mesons are very, very short lived. they only last two billionths of a second. but you know what? they can

this charge out here now sees two protons tugging on it. how many say, "it'll be pulled into a tighter orbit"? how many say, "no, no, no, it'll stay the same"? how many say, "no, it'll be pushed further away"? check your neighbor. -- how many say it's gonna be tighter? yay, that's right. and it turns out, for a helium atom, the helium will hold the electron tight. and furthermore, it will hold another one too. the fact it holds another one makes it a little bit bigger, okay, 'cause they're repelling over here. but a helium atom is smaller. it turns out a helium atom won't gang up with any other atom, so there's no such thing as a helium molecule. we have two positive charges right next to each other like that, how do you deal with that? why don't those two positive charges repel? why don't they repel? look how close they are. they're right up against one another? why don't they repel? and let me say this, the electrical force is awesome. it's a billion, billion, billion, billion times stronger than the gravitational forces between these par

a proton transfer mass spectrometer.d what is detected is the size of the particles. by simultaneously and collaboratively gathering their data, the scientists will have better information to create new models for predicting the transport of pollution over wide geographic areas. molina: the objective of this study, of milagro, is to follow the plumes and find out where and how and when the plumes are transported to other regions. and so it is very important for us not only just to look at one site, but to look at various sites. narrator: to study the movement of plumes, the researchers have three main fixed ground sites -- "t0," located in the center of the city, and t1 and t2, two points north of the city where the prevailing winds are expected to carry the plumes. at these sites, research teams measure trace gases, aerosol concenations, and solar-radiation levels, as well as meteorological data. molina: we have to measure the pressure, we measure the temperature, we measure the relative humidity, and the wind speed --

this is particularly true when proton therapy is used. because the stream of positively-charged, subatomic particles can be focused more precisely, there is little damage to surrounding cells. still another approach is to implant tiny radioactive beads within the malignant tissue for several weeks, and then remove them. compared to chemo, everyone sort of feels that radiation is a walk in the park and most of the time, that's true. i found radiation was a pain in the butt because you have to go to the hospital every day, five days a week. you have to go down there, it really doesn't take very long but if somebody's late, if the machine has to cool down, so you can't really gauge your time. it made me really tired, and it... for me, i got a third degree burn underneath my breast where i guess one or two beams intersected. i had an open wound. that burn has still been the single most painful experience i've ever had in my life. these more traditional forms of cancer treatment are not the only options to be considered. dr. john glaspy: there

things is because we understand the reactions, the nuclear reactions that take place in elements and protonsnderstanding, we wouldn't have everything you can touch and see in our environment. the built environment. so this claim is just as far as i'm concerned is just wrong. now, i'm not going after anybody's religion. that's not it. just the earth is not 6,000 or 10,000 years old. and further more, we rely on these discoveries for our everyday life, especially here in the developed world. >> and what's the danger -- >> so my claim -- >> let me ask you about the danger in terms of what this teaches children. do you still believe that teaching children -- that the earth is anything but 4.5 billion years old, the same as teaching them that it's flat? >> well, the word same -- it's a pretty good analogy. in that you can show -- you very easily demonstrate that the earth is not flat. with a little more understanding, you can show that the earth cannot possibly be 10,000 years old. it's just wrong. so what you're asking a kid to do, you're asking that kid not to use his or her critical thinking s

at home, issues like the proton therapy center, which provides for a noninvasive cancer treatment that has dramatic impact upon issues like tumors, small tumors in the human brain, prostrate cancer, even breast cancer, noninvasive treatment as a result of nonpartisan bipartisan support for the kind of medical research that's part of the national institutes of health. over the years, probably the greatest privilege i had was to serve for a short time as the chairman of the full appropriations committee, the committee where i've spent my life, and during that time issues like the unmanned aerial vehicle, which has been part of our work, have indeed made a difference for those of us who care about making certain that in the future america continues to be the force for peace in the world. most importantly, congressman calvert, i wanted you to know as the new chairman of the california republican delegation, i am proud of the fact that you are my colleague and friend and in the years ahead we will continue to work together on behalf of the people of our region. so with that, mr. chairman, i

this is particularly true when proton therapy is used. because you have to go to the hospital every day, five days a week. you have to go down there, it really doesn't take very long but if somebody's late, if the machine has to cool down, so you can't really gauge your time. it made me really tired, and it... for me, i got a third degree burn underneath my breast where i guess one or two beams intersected. i had an open wound. that burn has still been the single most painful experience i've ever had in my life. these more traditional forms of cancer treatment are not the only options to be considered. dr. john glaspy: there are many instances where cancers don't need treatment, where we can just watch... and because we know the natural history of the disease, we know that you don't need treatment right now, or that treatment won't help you right now. doing no specific therapy is an option that ought to be talked about with many kinds of cancers that we deal with. second on the list would be good, meticulous attention to non-cancer medica