the british won largely thanks to their alliance with frederick the great of prussia. frederick the great of prussia tighten down french troops in europe while the british succeeded in sweeping canada and defeating the french in canada. as william pitt later posted, america had been conquered in germany. after 1763 britain had no allies in europe and this had huge implications even before the french joined the war in 1778. written did not fully mobilize its army and navy for fear that it might ring the french into the war. after the french entered the war in 1778 the british army and navy was overstretched fighting in the mediterranean africa the caribbean and central africa india and the british isles. the last battle of the revolutionary war was fought in india. in fact the defense of britain became a major priority with threats throughout the summer said 1778 in 1780 the combined french and spanish invasion. it was the most serious threats since the spanish -- mom britain did not have the desired naval parity. the aim was always to have what they called a two power

especially for those civilians living in east prussia at the time. the new what awaited them when the soviets were approaching. they knew that the same act of barbarism, the same massacres would happen to them as had happened to the russians of the german army had advanced its invasion of the soviet union in 1942. however, they were under orders. they were not permitted to leave until the very end of jan lardy 45. the nazi government forbade anyone to leave or to do anything but have shown signs of defeated and an acknowledgment that they were going to lose the war. >>> i don't need to put you on the spot but representative tom cole, what is on your summer reading list? >> well, i am reading the wonderful book "the hopkins touch," about half way on that now that is on peery hopkins legendary fdr and a grinnell graduate. you know, we probably don't have the same politics but i add my for the political style and it's a compelling life. probably next for me i haven't had a chance to read the book "act of congress," previews have been pretty compelling.

prussia is now poland and did it really matter? it didn't really matter said the german jews tended to be more affluent, better educated, less religious. depression jews, eastern european jews were much more religious, less affluent and spoke yiddish rather than polish, rather than german. it is an important distinction. oh there we go. there is a circle around the place her family was from and coincidentally right below that especially where my mother was from even though i thought i had strayed so far from the story of my mother when i did to into the american frontier, i really wasn't that far away. so this is a picture of steamers are arriving in san francisco and that is how josephine's family arrived around 1870. they spend ten years, a little bit more in new york. they have been in new york during the civil war but the family had not succeeded financially. if you were in new york during those years you would be reading in the newspapers constantly about the wonders of san francisco. come to san francisco, everything is terri

britain was the most highly taxed nation in europe from prussia and austria. spending as much as 43%, finding the debt. the debt problems were much worse than anything we see in the united states today. this was one of the major reasons why the government initially sought. it was also a problem with the government in that they did not want to increase taxes. finally they're growing domestic opposition of britain prevented the possibility of continuing the war in america. in essence, the british never were totally defeated. cornwallis' his army was simply a detachment of the main british army. the british still held new york, savannah, and augusta and canada and much of the fortresses in the northwest. they could have continued to fight. regarded yorktown as a minor setback like saratoga and dougie we should go on. public opinion changed. this summer 1770 for the public had been almost unanimous the and the government when it passed the tea act in later the coercive acts. but with the outbreak of war in 1775, you have the first major anti-war petition movement

on the fact he's not scared of prussia the usa of a possible asylum to snowden. says every country spies in the bid to. america's snooping on its european allies. and launch into nowhere an unmanned russian rocket loaded with navigation satellites crashes a minute after takeoff from the accident site in clouds of toxic gases and sparking fears of an environmental disaster. live pictures from the.

they had rumors of the mass rapes in east prussia.nd they were not surprisingly absolutely terrified. in fact, the -- the behavior of the red army was -- it was not just in germany. i mean, and hungry and even in poland and yugoslavia the red army was completely out of control. absolutely regimented, but in fact there was verbal control. when they got drunk -- >> for most of world war ii was berlin as a haven for germans? >> it was not a safe haven from the point of view of air raids. if berlin was one of the chief targets, particularly a bomber command, the royal air force and bomber command in his controversial strategic bombing offenses. the americans to also bombed berlin. so a lot of the city had been smashed, but because it was so spread out he didn't get the conflagrations. therefore the city survived more intact than one would have imagined, but then when the russians arrive in your ad armies attacking kamal with heavy artillery and supporting air forces, by the end of it of course berlin was pretty well smashed to pieces. >>

especially for those civilians living in east prussia at the time. they knew exactly what awaited them when the soviets were approaching. they knew that the same act of bash brifm -- brash would happen to them. however, they were under order not permitted to leave until the end of january,' 45. the nazi government forbade anyone to leave. to do so would have shown sign of defeat. an acknowledgment they were going to lose the war. >>> you can watch this and other programs online@booktv.org. >>> when did we reach a point where you have to have a certain philosophy because of the color of your skin? when did that happen? [cheering and applause] you know, a reporter once asked me why i didn't talk a lot about race. i said, because i'm a neuroseason. -- neuro surgeon. they thought that was pretty change. i see when i take someone to the operating room and cut the scalp and put it down and take down the dura i'm operating on the thing that makes them who they are. the cover doesn't make them who they are. surgeon and author ben carson takes your calls, e e