pueblo indians in new mexico. different groups in arizona. the iroquois. we're seeing these groups of indians who are different from the classic stereotype. it's worth noticing how many examples we're talking about. and the third point is the formation of the horse peoples of the plains in the 1700s. this is a crucial development and it does set the stage for a lot of what you see in the 19th century. that's enough of me talking. now i'm going to make you guys perspire. shift a little bit to discussion and we'll see how much fun you had over thanksgiving. these documents were very short. no extra essays. these should be a pleasure. even if not, i can guide us through because these i quite enjoy. we want to start with the french or new mexico? the french it is. all right then. so we've got this account. in the fall and early winter of 1738 he's going out to visit some villages on the upper missouri. same villages that would be visited more than half a century later by the lewis and clark expedition. same broad cultural group. if la verendrye is trying to --

but for pueblo indians they are as old as time. they've known about them since their creation stories. modern day archaeologists date most of these images from about 1200 to 1650. a few are older, those which are done by early spanish sheep herders who were out here as part of the land grants. in the 1970s archaeologists came out to the west mesa and began to inventory these images. later interest grew and eventually it became a national monument. to the pueblo people they believe that the petroglyphs choose when and to whom to reveal themselves. sometimes tls the shadow, or sometimes it is the glare or sometimes it is the attitude and sensitivity with which we look at these images that reveal themselves. sometimes telling the people not to touch them is not enough. we know that nobody should shut the petroglyphs but we do give people an artificial bolder we have created for such purpose so we get the touching out of the way. we want people to understand that these are sacred images and they continue to be important to the pueblo p

shuttling between wichita indians and pueblo indians in the west. they build an economy based on buffalo hunting, for sure, but also on herding, pasturalism and also on raiding the south, raiding spanish settlements, and then later raiding mexican settlements. so one of the things the mexican government does is what kind of the pennsylvania government had done, well, let's get some people in here to act as a buffer to protect ourselves against the comanches and the utes and the apaches, these newly powerful indian nations who now have horses and guns and are beating up on us. so they attract people from many cases the american south, people like jim boyd, davy crockett. they are there to act as a buffer. of course, we all know the stories. these are americans, they're not going to put up with mexican dominance for long. they will declare their -- they'll declare their independence and the attacks for independence. part of the independence, as you know, is the independence to hold slaves. because one of the things the mexican government does is try t

there were nuclear explosions released to the atmosphere that impacted holy sites for the pueblo indians who live in close relationship to the land. this was done in the southwest. there was some concern and some observations that the spanish and native-americans tended to be more often down stream in the releases than the others. before i transition to how we know about this and how these experiments came to life, how questions about the experiments? how many of you knew about these experiments before this class? word of mouth or reading about them. word of mouth. >> in another history class. >> okay. >> how do we know about this. >> if they were top secret and they were top secret. there were early reports and rumors that some americans had been injected with plutonium. a congressional report in 1986 was called america's nuclear guinea pigs. written in bland congressional language. a journalist wrote about the story and got names and faces. i mentioned a few people here. she wrote some incredible stories and has a wonderful book out called the plutonium files. but really we started to

there were nuclear explosions released to the atmosphere that impacted holy sites for the pueblo indians who live in close relationship to the land. this was done in the southwest. there was some concern and some observations that the spanish and native-americans tended to be more often down stream in the releases than the others. before i transition to how we know about this and how these experiments

there were nuclear explosions released to the atmosphere that impacted holy sites for the pueblo indians who live in close relationship to the land. this was done in the southwest. there was some concern and some observations that the spanish and native-americans tended to be more often down stream in the releases than the others. before i transition to how we know about this and how these experiments came to life, how questions about the experiments? how many of you knew about these experiments before this class? word of mouth or reading about them. word of mouth. >> in another history class. >> okay. >> how do we know about this. >> if they were top secret and they were top secret. there were early reports and rumors that some americans had been injected with plutonium. a congressional report in 1986 was called america's nuclear guinea pigs. written in bland congressional language. a journalist wrote about the story and got names and faces. i mentioned a few people here. she wrote some incredible stories and has a wonderful book out called the plutonium files. but really we started to