by a british naval commander who had the singular experience of having once been invited to kill rasputin. the autumn of 1933 finding england too formal and preferring a life with, as einstein said, no butlers, no evening dress, he accepted a post at princeton. one french physicist remarked only half in jest that it's as important an event as would be a transfer of the vatican from rome to the new world. the pope of physician sicks has moved, -- physics has moved, and the united states will now become the center of the natural sciences. also in 1933 we have frederick and -- the couple in the next slide here. we have them discovering so-called artificial radioactivity. -- until then , physicists had known that by bombard it with a part cam of sufficient energy, a nucleus could be disintegrated and a new stable one forms. no one had realized that in certain circumstances an unstable element in the process of nuclear decay could be created. in other words, man could force the elements to release their energy in the form of radioactive decay. over the next few years, as international tensions