beginning there with the wielding of the weapons, and that has its intellectual roots back to raymond dart who discovered the very first, the tongue child who is just over my shoulder here, this wonderful little fossil. but later in his career in the 1940s post-world war ii he worked at a site where he discovered bones that have been smashed and he formulated a hypothesis that homonyms himself had been doing this, that we were these bloodthirsty killer apes. and that idea has had roots and is still sort of again part of the popular culture, even though we know now that at that site those bones were smashed up because of hyenas. it wasn't us pics of the size has refuted the idea but it still part of how we think about ourselves. and instead, , i draw attentiono a fossil like this discovered in the 1970s by richard leaky and his team in kenya, and this is a leg bone, upper leg bone of the early hominids, about 2 million years old, took that long femoral neck, so we can get some upright locker, ethical thing about this fossil, amazing thing about this fossil is it has a heel fracture. so this