if you know anything about the ronald reagan library, there is a reagan ranch. and we learned about eureka college last week in illinois. so thank you for being here. let me get right into it, and then the students, of course, will ask questions. you organized the very first conservative clinical action -- political 1973 action conference in 1973. frank: 1974. craig: right. and reagan spoke. frank: first of all, thank you very much for having me. it is great to be here with all of your students. baseball player who used to play for the union -- new york yankees, yogi bear -- y ogi barra, had a tendency to mangle his syntax sometimes. he was once asked if he had read a new biography about himself, and he replied "why should i? i was there." [laughter] so we will be talking about things tonight where i was there, so i how comfortable talking about it here the first political conservative action conference was held in january of 1974, a lifetime ago. it is interesting -- there was really a twofold idea behind this. the nixonwas that administration was in all kinds

reagan spoke up. craig: reagan really, from the time of containment and mutual cooperation, he is the first one really to break with the bipartisan precedent of everyone going forward from truman right up until ford. the soviet union is a thing of permanence, the berlin wall is a thing of permanence. we have to find a way to coexist. he says, we will transcend them. this is terrifying to the establishment. frank: i think that becomes evident in the 1980 campaign. he was able to realize the scenario whereby the soviet union would not be permanent, where we could utilize a combination of diplomatic and especially economic pressure to force them into places where they could not go, because they could not compete with us economically. therefore, reagan envisioned that, plus, i think, a strong ideological appeal to freedom. he always believed individuals, no matter where they were, wanted to be free and wanted the freedom that we have in the united states. that really resonated behind the so-called iron cu

to find out what the growing popularity of cruise ship tourism means for reagan's burg. and we'll catch up with our globe trotter in the city of kharkiv in colombia. the fact that reagan's burg is such an old and well preserved city is largely thanks to it not having been destroyed in the wars and its importance as an imperial city in past centuries. a testimony to its former significance is the gothic cathedral construction began in the 13th century. and the cathedral tells us a lot about that time as the facade also depicts the crueler side in the middle ages. the church vilified jews. this culture shows them suckling from a pig a deliberate insult and humiliation as pigs are considered unclean in judaism. even so the building as a whole is an impressive monument next to the one in cologne ribbons for a cathedral is considered to be germany's most extraordinary gothic cathedral. reagan's berg was not only important because it became a bishop seat fairly early on the danube was a significant trade and traffic route and here on its banks in the old town hall the perpetua

reagan had won just 50.75% of 11% ofular vote and only voters said they voted for reagan because they agreed with his conservative principles. 38% said they voted for him just carter.he was not jimmy the speaker, tipp o'neal, and confident they could thwart the president's plans for massive reductions in income tax rates which they believe unfairly benefited the rich. reagor's job -- reagan's job approval rating was 59%, the lowest of any president at such an early point in his presidency, and on the very day evans and novak had a syndicated column publish that headlined, the reagan honeymoon is truly over. the month after reagan was shot, o'neal and wright conceded democratic-controlled house would have no choice but to pass agenda. tax the shooting had made him too great a hero with the public to refuse his requests. displayed what kennedy himself, quoting hemingway, had defined as courage. grace under pressure. most americans did not realize realize how not close reagan came to dying. he lost more than half of his bullet thate entered his chest came within an inch of his 70-year-ol

completely restored over the past few years after all reagan's work has a title to defend its is 2006 its old town including this bridge has been a unesco world heritage site today i want to get to know regensburg what attract visitors to this unesco world heritage site and what does the constant influx of tourists mean for the city this much is certain it's going to be a journey through 2000 years of history and. we'll also show you nearby vets and book have. will find out what the growing popularity of cruise ship tourism means for regensburg. and world catch up with our globe trotter in the city of kharkiv in colombia. the fact that reagan's burg is such an old and well preserved city is largely thanks to it not having been destroyed in the wars and its importance as an imperial city in past centuries. a testimony to its former significance is the gothic cathedral construction began in the 13th century. and the cathedral tells us a lot about that time as the facade also depicts the crueler side of the middle ages. the church vilified jews. this culture shows them suckling from a pi

bush and ronald reagan, and author of the book "how reagan changed my life." you will be best known as the person who wrote the speech for president reagan that contained the most famous line ever delivered, standing in front of the berlin wall, and we will get to that. throughout the cold war, berlin was a focus point between united states and soviet union. the948, you may recall soviets under stalin blocked the road access to berlin because it had to come through their zone. situation needed and their left for supplies to the seeds city. the second berlin crisis began in 1958, soviet leader nikita khrushchev demanded the allied occupation be ended, and berlin became a free city. pick up the story from there. jeffrey: this is where we have to remember germany is at the heart of the cold war. there is an ideological function between communism and capitalism we focus on, but the struggle is who will control the resources of central europe. for nikita khrushchev, he had a problem in a 1950's and 1960's as he tried to consolidate power in germany, the germans kep

but reagan also was active. reagan took the initiative in trying to bring about fundamental changes. one could argue the first year of the reagan presidency is the most active year of reagan's two terms in washington. so the captain was going to do more than stand there. he was going to do something to save the ship. a lot of people looking back at the end of the reagan presidency would say that he had in fact been successful in doing it. >> perfect capturing the moment. that is what it felt like. the first election. i was 16 at the time. i was like, ronald reagan, you have the job. good luck. -- i set at the beginning said at the beginning we have two cultures. the long-term view of scholars and the day-to-day commentary of the great cartoonist. in some ways, those cultures coincide, because just as this cartoon conveys the idea that ronald reagan is going to be taking over a sinking ship, the job is too big to be done. that was the dominant view among residential scholars at this time. ronald reagan was inaugu

reagan we know supported harry truman in 1948.ion in hollywood supporting truman and he had great admiration for fdr.but also admiration for john kennedy. they pursued fundamentally similar policies. >> jeffrey, we are running out of time. i want you to talk about what i mentioned when kennedy met Ãb he clearly got the better by his own admission what was the result of that? >> the result of that was he felt that he had the ability to put nuclear weapons into cuba. we don't get the cuban missile crisis without john kennedy essentially doing poorly by his own admission in vienna by the same token if we say we want that you would praise reagan for pursuing kennedy's policy of containment i would argue that that's exactly what you did not do in 1987.because reagan calling out the soviet union to collapse, which great mind and something that is very aspirational he wonderful suggest the united states had the power to make it happen. the changes going on in the soviet union were actually what brought down the soviet union. >> they call

reagan and fair and cough it was frank fern cough was sitting next to reagan got very mad about it reagan turned to him says frank you see that guy frank says yeah and he was all red faced and mad about it and reagan says to him put that guy down as undecided. and maybe leaning against reagan couldn't hate anybody ever and now it's anybody the decency was just overwhelming and all of us in the administration we knew that we could give the reagan's lines we could absolutely give his foreign policy we could give his overall approach to the world in the most raw and straightforward manner possible but we could not do what we could not do. disrespect anybody on the other side who opposed us we could not do is to question their patriotism or korea question their decency and that was a cardinal rule of us in the reagan administration and that was a pretty damn good rule to abide by larry is the obama administration was too timid to syria yeah. do you think we made a mistake in pulling our troops out you know absolutely i think that when you are there to defend somebody like the kurds who's been

having a heart attack and cannot believe this is going on in the reagan library. i apologize but it was amazing because at that moment everyone in the restaurant all the people that i thought were giving me side i started to clap and took self fees and then to be vehemently against me they were not sure they were afraid of what others would think they were put in the corner just like the exit polls. we are losing by 12. they didn't want to be put in a corner. but they were just not willing to take the next step so we will be here but you need to take the next step. to be active and donate and volunteer and do it all. >> [inaudible] [cheers and applause] so love your congressman kevin mccarthy and to do an amazing job. so we will just let them run it could be 785 pounds but they have been there long enough i will focus on that, on page 4753 of a policy piece nobody has read. so can you call this person i will do it and i love to see that. they sleekly a conservative and then wonder what the heck happened. no more of that. they are fighting the fight. >> ladies you

the trial of brian patrick reagan is underway in virginia. >> the case came to me when brian reagan decidedese codes we found on him when he was arrested revealed a lot of secrets. what is being coded here? what is he trying to tell the foreign power? it would be logical that these codes reveal locations of classified documents. so there was immense pressure to break these codes. analysis of the laboratory. a crypt analyst is someone who breaks codes. we're not breaking codes that are made by computers. we're breaking codes made by people. what is this person doing? what are the quirks that produced this type of code? now our sole purpose is breaking these codes as the trial date is getting closer and closer and closer. and so i walked into a room where all of brian's codes were laid out, and it was just like a smorgasbord of different codes. it was really kind of overwhelming. so let's go after the biggest one first, and that was these three number trinome that couldn't be broken. your first thought is, oh, my goodness, i'll never be able to do anything with this. it's an overwhelming chal

ronald reagan is gone there. >> mr. gorbachev, tear down this wall. >> john kennedy. >> even with all the turmoil that was going on it seemed unlikely that wall that was once such a solid image of oppression would come down in some fashion and then in a heartbeat it did. i was the only journalist on the air the night the berlin wall came down. i owned that story and that was the end of the soviet empire. we got lucky. i'd like to tell you that i knew the wall was coming down. unfortunately i didn't know but it did come down on my watch and i will never forget it. >> east germany reads a country in turmoil tonight. >> i arrived in berlin two days ago because there was so much going on. in eastern sector was able to get into these are the first time and do some reporting from there. >> you all represent the best of east germany. cynically that afternoon there was a famous news conference in which the propaganda chief screwed up. was handed a paper the in that said the politburo has decided all citizens of the ger can leav

ronald reagan was one of the true inspirations of my life. one of the people that probably pushed me towards conservatism. what he did and what he was able to accomplish in his presidency is a legacy that few would ever live up to. thank you for having me here. the last time i was here it was a little bit different. it was the second presidential debate. on the outskirts, he was in the middle. no energy job. i know, baby. kimberly. kimberly, i call her princess voice of reason. when i'm sitting on twitter like this is going to go big she is like no. she said already done. come on, guys. i was -- this was my father, he has taken a pretty aggressive position in the opening debate and you can see when he did the low energy thing the next day jeb was running a commercial running down the street. i was like it is over because he is in your head. jeb came to that debate and he threw a little barb from the side and my father, it was a different response. that is great. you brought some energy, that is really good. i was like a man talking to a littl

the reagan foundation and institute to host this forum. before we begin our celebration, i would like to express gratitude to our friends in the room who still carry the flame of our 40th president, and those who share a deep love and admiration for our first woman on the supreme court. first, thanks to the o'connor family for joining us on this historic day. thanks as well to our partners who share in our civic mission and who have helped us craft our agenda for this afternoon, npr, absent, dunn and crutcher, the aspen institute, the supreme court and the library of congress. the force behind today's event is a longtime member of the reagan foundation's board of trustees, a partner at ibsen done gibson, dunn and crutcher, ted olson. ted served as solicitor general of the u.s. from 2001-2004. prior to that he served as assistant attorney general and the office of legal counsel at the justice department during the reagan administration from 1981-1984, and as private counsel to president reagan during his second term. ted's commitment to the

johnson to ronald reagan. [applause] >> welcome. what we are going to have for the next 75 minutes is a kind of meeting of two cultures. one culture is represented by the people on this stage who are scholars associated with the miller center at the university of virginia and to study the who study the presidency, and expressed in written word. the other culture in this room is pat oliphant. [applause] >> please greet pat oliphant. even more so by the work of pat, which you will see displayed on this screen. is notture he represents sort of broad gauge and long but highly specific. the course ofer more than 60 years as a cartoonist producing more than 10,000 individual cartoons five days a week for the denver post for several years, for the washington star for several -ears, and then pot out fan -- he became the first 20th-century cartoonist to work independently. it was syndicated through newspapers across the country out of his studio. comment onic, daily events as they were occurring. far from being balanced, they were opinionate

ronald reagan presidential foundation and institute. thank you all for coming this evening. in honor of our men and women in uniform who defend our freedom around the world lets please stanwhat's pleasestand and joine of allegiance. [applause] [cheering] i pledge allegiance to the flag of the united states of america. and to the republic, for which it stands, one nation, under god, indivisible with liberty and justice for all. [applause] [cheering] >> thank you. please be seated. before we get started, there are a few people i would like to recognize in the audience. i will start with the mayor and his wife shelby. [applause] for her congressman and his wife. [applause] iec c-charlie is here. [applause] [cheering] and i know he's supposed to be with us. pat, here he is. [cheering] okay. so we have a great evening in store for you. i will be brief but before i introduced a special guest who will introduce the speaker tonight, i want to take a moment to also thank a handful of other people we have in our audience this evening who are representing some of america's finest. you

but that's not where ronald reagan's head was at. he is in old cold war warrior committees focused on the soviet union. so the islamist presence, the challenge it presents, is basically put way deep in the background. we have a terrible relationship with iran. we don't resolve it during the reagan administration. we don't recognize their government. we keep as donald trump would tell us later, a huge hunk of their money hostage in our banks. we don't give it back to them. and we just have a deteriorating back story relationship. and of course the irony is its during the same time that ronald reagan sees opportunity with a different islamist group. the group that eventually we called al qaeda in afghanistan. because he's such a fierce anti-communist warrior, ronald reagan chooses to side with the islamic revolutionaries in afghanistan. provide them weapons, training, money. rather than say, islamism presents an interesting challenge, we don't treat it seriously.we embrace it in afghanistan because they are anti-soviet. they are anti-c

until jimmy carter is out of office and ronald reagan is sworn in. it's not until the inauguration of ronald reagan, 40 four days after the hostage taken that finally puts americans are let going. it's 1981 and ronald reagan is the president of the united states. and it's an interesting moment in world affairs. on one hand you might think the new reagan administration could islamistrd this new presence in iran and growing presence in the region and say we've got a new threat, we got a new challenge. how are we going to resolve this issue? but that is not what ronald reagan's head was thinking. he is a warrior. he is focused on the soviet union. residence, aist challenge in presents is basically put way deep in the background. have a terrible relationship with iran, we don't resolve it during the regular administration, we don't recognize their government. we keep, as donald trump would tell us later, a huge hunk of their money hostage in our banks. and we just have deteriorating back story relationships with iran. irony is that during the same time t

reagan and indeed this very auditorium. [applause] these men and women literally saved the day and in the process saved the reagan library. the commander joh commander johd speaking of heroes, n-november r marks one year since the devastating shooting and tonight we have with us the widow of sergeant ron healy. if you all could stand, please stand. [applause] >> each of them represents the thousandsnt of first responders, police, rescue workers and families who fought back. if you would now please join me and i want to introduce a special woman who will introduce the special speaker tonight. i have no doubt that she's known to just about everyone in the audience fors her role that involved her service as a prosecutor in san francisco and la. it's no surprise that she's closely involved with president trump and if the news stories are remotely correct if you could join me inpl welcoming to the stage mrs. kimberly guilfoyle. [applause] how are you tonight? so many familiar faces near and inar and an incredible human being tha

reagan did very well in that debate -- host: in cleveland, ohio. ahead at that time. reagan surged. not just our own internal polls, all have him they ahead and gaining among undecideds, because reagan was an unknown figure. i was in the hotel with the president and his traveling carter -- party that last weekend and i am told that at 3 a.m., i get on air force one, the president is going back to the white house. there has been a new offer from the iranians and i said, no. don't go back. look at the offer and determine if it's adequate. if you go back it will bring the whole hostage crisis story back. he insisted he had to go back. we looked at the offer. it was a positive step, but not .nough myself, and jordan, the chief of staff, we all said, if you are going to do it, last the hell out of the a ring is for trying to interfere it in the election. balancede gave a very statement. all the support collapsed. it was not sufficient to resolve it. it was a huge mistake and i think the election would have been very different had we ignored it or simply said, the press statement is inade

reagan did very well in that debate -- host: in cleveland, ohio. ahead at that time. reagan surged. not just our own internal polls, all have him they ahead and gaining among undecideds, because reagan was an unknown figure. i was in the hotel with the president and his traveling carter -- party that last weekend and i am told that at 3 a.m., i get on air force one, the president is going back to the white house. there has been a new offer from the iranians and i said, no. don't go back. look at the offer and determine if it's adequate. if you go back it will bring the whole hostage crisis story back. he insisted he had to go back. we looked at the offer. it was a positive step, but not .nough myself, and jordan, the chief of staff, we all said, if you are going to do it, last the hell out of the a ring is for trying to interfere it in the election. balancede gave a very statement. all the support collapsed. it was not sufficient to resolve it. it was a huge mistake and i think the election would have been very different had we ignored it or simply said, the press statement is inade

primarily to be given to ronald reagan and the reagan, because his administration, starting in 1981, if i remember correctly, was the only administration that went on the offensive against the soviet , moving up their missile forces there and western europe europe, in western germany with the pershing one, wo, and ballistic missiles. they were nuts, because the pershings could have hit moscow in five minutes. you talked about over their post-world war ii. i am going to give you real history and fake history. fake history is when they were brave men, they said d-day was the turning point in world war ii. baloney. the turning point in world war andas the battles of kursk the battles of stalingrad. those battles were larger than the entire western front of world war ii. the russians lost over 20 million people and the germans, my people, lost about five to 6 million people -- 5 million to 6 million people. the loss was the largest in the history of military warfare. that is fake history. you see these people going on tv , talking about d-day, d-day, is veryn particular, nice lady, marth

you say that the reagan administration, reagan had a review on that, but is this effectively a green light, and reagan said there were obstacles to peace, is this a green light for israel to build more settlements? if you will, could i follow-up on the question, i know you say you did not want to talk about the impeachment. sec. pompeo: i set i was not going to. not that i did not want to. there were things i would love to say about it. [laughter] when the ambassador was on the hill on friday, the president made a tweet. is it an assessment you agree with as you have known her? sec. pompeo: your first question about is that a green light -- back to first principles, what we did here was discuss legal analysis. we had our lawyers review it. this was not meant to send a message in any way you are describing. should there be more, fewer settlements. this was not intended that at all. this was intended to be a legal review. we believe the result of this legal review creates the political space for a more likely resolution of the situation. we think this must be resolved politically. we b

bush to ronald reagan. and they accepted it. david: for previous secretaries of state who served before you, was there one that you admired, from thomas jefferson on? were there any that you saw as role models? mr. baker: i have often told people -- my friend george schulz went to princeton university and i went to princeton university. he was a marine and i was a marine. george schulz was secretary of treasury and i was secretary of treasury. george schulz was secretary of state and i was secretary of state, so he ought to be my mentor, and he was. david: ok. what does the baker institute do? mr. baker: we try to bridge the gap between the world of action, people like you and i who served in government and done things, and the academics. rice, of course, is a very fine school academically. and i stole the mission statement from the woodrow wilson center for international scholars here in the smithsonian. because i was the longest serving trustee of the woodrow wilson center. i served in all of the various capacities. secretary

when history was made with reagan's iconic tear down this wall speech.s 30 years since that wall's destruction began. apparently berlin doesn't remember the details. german politicians are saying ronald reagan doesn't need any more honors. so it's just another example of america's hand in history being rewritten or at least people trying to rewrite it? >> we are seeing this a lot lately. it's not just the united states, it's across the world that people admire president reagan's unapologetic devotion to capitalism and we did on an international scale. many people are disappointed it couldn't be on public land. but we are glad to see it going up. david: there was maggie thatcher, pope john paul ii, and ronald reagan. the triump triumverate ending td war. don, jr. taking on the view. >> we have all done things we regret. joy, you have worn black face. and roman polanski, you said it wasn't rape rape when he raped a child. now debra messing is fuming at the view for having don, jr. on at all. viral video of a cat helping a dog past a gate. but first the lib

ronald reagan was like my grandfather.d to disagree with him, but i always felt guilty, so i did not always disagree with him much. ,eorge w. bush was like my dad and i disagree with my dad and then i would feel guilty. i would work hard to make up for disagreeing with him. george w. bush was like my brother. what are you thinking? different. is very i did find president reagan could translate complicated things into simple ways to understand them. he was a great communicator, even as we discussed tough issues in the oval office. george h w bush was a phenomenally respectful listener. he invited everyone to speak candidly. he would look at you and listen and digest and then he would meet and form his opinion. george w. bush was very disciplined as a decision-maker, the first president who had an mba. i watched him have a structure to his process. and i very disciplined would go to him and say, you will have to make a tough decision. i would tell him when the decision was due and he would say, ok. i will be ready. i said, w

david: let me ask you this way -- what was it like to be chief of staff or ronald reagan? was it fun? mr. baker: it was tough because i was constantly under attack by the so-called true believers. you've got to remember that i ran two campaigns against reagan, and then he asked me to be his white house chief of staff. i defy you to tell me when that is going to happen again in american politics. [laughter] mr. baker: i don't think that is going to happen again. but he was a lovely person to work for. but i was constantly being attacked by the so-called true believers. it took a long while for a lot of them to accept me. they finally concluded that my loyalties had transferred from george h w bush to ronald reagan. david: for previous secretaries of state who served before you, was there one that you admired, from thomas jefferson on? oftenker: i have told people -- my friend george schulz went to princeton university and i went there. he was a marine and i was a marine. he was secretary of treasury and i was secretary of treasury. he was secretary of state and i was secret

it was certainly true of reagan. the whole ridiculousness of the cake and everything was to reopen that relationship, in addition to getting the hostages out. it was certainly george h dubya bush george h w bush with the rhetoric, which was undermined with the second smaller hostage crisis, but nonetheless very real. certainly, bill clinton's policy. we ran around the general assembly in the end of 1999 or 2000, desperately hoping to have them bump into each other. we were considering dumping coffee on him to get the opportunity. thank god we did not do that idea. w was ironically probably in the best case. he seemingly thought about it briefly before his axis of people's his axis of evil speech. i think obama saw this as his path to the nobel peace prize. of course, he got the nobel peace prize almost before he was inaugurated. he didn't need it, but he still pursued it. i think the jcpoa would be regarded by president obama as not just an iran nuclear deal, but as the steppingstone to a much broader deal, even thou

in fact, it is called "reagan and pinochet."t's a very good academic book, and partly, it made me realize that this story had not disappeared off the ledger by the reagan administration. i thought once they captured townley in 1978, it is essentially over, but it wasn't. it remained a real bone of contention, so intellectually, i got really interested in why and how it could remain such a bone of contention. it's just an assassination. how could it completely change the dynamics of these two really close cold war allies so as to really fracture those relations by the end of the 1980's? and once you start reading about their lives, which i really kind of exposed in this book, you really get a sense of who these people are. you really get attached to them , and you care about what happens to them and their families. thank you very much. [applause] olivia: thank you. thank you so much, alan, and thank you all for being here. like i said, "ghosts of sheridan circle" is on sale at all of our busboys locations, so i emplore you to tak

both reagan and trump are trying to create this favorable atmosphere for their opponents but reagan kept the pressure on and trump has not done that. >> how do we regain leverage that is with the u.s. i think we have to go back with vigorous sanction enforcement. we've sort of let the gas off we need to go not only after the north koreans because they're getting a lot of money from places around the world but we also had to go against their sponsors the russian, the chinese and even the south koreans. we can maybe get back to where we were. the good thing is he has given us a deadline and of the year. if we don't meet that deadline and i'm sure were not going to he is going to do something provocative and that gives him the opportunity then to go back to a more vigorous enforcement. >> i think that he is sort of said he wants to give him a one-time shot to do the right thing. in june of last year. he has had more than just a one time shot. we have not changed our policy. i think president trump has got to do that. everybody knows the policy is just not working. >> i don't think he is goi

he was very close to ronald reagan. and when reagan was running in 1976 against gerald ford in the primary he got recruited to go out and be part of the top upper-level people trying to get him to win the convention. they are trying to get to all of the delegates. i flew out to kansas city. i make my way to this trailer people who are in charge were in charge of various states. they looked at me i was 23 or 24 years old. they say we are glad you are here. they said someone was supposed to come and handle five states for governor reagan and he did not come. and we have an opening do you think you can handle five states for governor reagan. i've no idea what that meant. and i said absolutely. and my job was to go with governor reagan in the cart to brief him about what i thought would get the votes from the different delegations and we would ride over there and then i would introduce him. we would get back in the car. we would get back in the car and we would drive back. the convention ended ronald reagan did not win. he

david: what was it like to be chief of staff or ronald reagan. was it fun? fmr. sec. of state baker: it was tough because i was constantly under attack from the so-called true believers. i ran to campaigns against reagan and then he asked me to be his white house chief of staff. i defy you to tell me when that is going to happen again in american politics. [laughter] fmr. sec. of state baker: i don't think that is going to happen again. he was a lovely person to work for. i was constantly being attacked by the so-called true believers. it took a lot of time for them to accept me. my loyalties had transferred. david: for previous secretaries of state that served before you, was that one you admired? and you saw as role models? fmr. sec. of state baker: i always say that my friend george schulz went to princeton university and i went there. he was a marine and i was a marine. he was secretary of treasury and i was secretary of treasury. he was secretary of state and i was secretary of state and he ought to be my mentor and he was. david: ok. what does the institute do?