so the republic would be possible. it's actually good reason to think they might've been right about this. it wasn't just the belief they had. to economic historians have done extensive work on economic inequality and they found in 1774 covered the edge of the american revolution, the top 1% took home 8.5% of national income. that's the famous 1976. in comparison today that top 1% take on 20% of national economy. huge difference. they conclude in the late 18th century, america had the most egalitarian distribution of wealth of any country it can calculate in the world. with relative equality is a bad outcome on the founding generation adopted or can't addition, they didn't make a class warfare can't you two should. there's no system of government, no property requirements for becoming a senator. the framers knew how to write these provisions. they debated the constitutional convention and state constitutions that they ultimately rejected them for a federal constitution and is a radical change. this is what is deeply ra

yes, iam beginning of the fifth republic? yes, i am counting back, beginning of the fifth republic?ifth republic? yes, i am counting back, he was a young president, born much earlier. he has never known anything else.“ you go through the french press, all of this celebration and solemnity of the moment, the power of the presidency and thoughts have returned immediately. there hasn't been a breath before they are turning to his challenges. no pause on reflection or celebration personally. it is straight into worrying about legislative elections onjune worrying about legislative elections on june the 11th? it is key, can he govern or does he need straight off the bat? we have a prime minister with a political opponent, which would hamstring him every minute. right now, he is... last week, actually, he has been arguing and negotiating with various parties to bring over from the right and the left more moderates of each party. he has been demanding of them that they should leave the party partisanship, and give back their party cards and become members of one marsh, —— en marche. he has

his only source of news was the new republic.he reason he read "the new republic" was because he admired croley and lippmann and frankfurter. other than that, he didn't care about news or politics. frankfurter and brandeis were real local animals. -- political animals. i think all justices have certain constitutional values. brian: in the case of felix frankfurter, how close was he to fdr? mr. snyder: very. both brandeis and frankfurter are engaged in extra visual activity. -- extrajudicial activity. they were still active in political affairs in the executive branch while sitting on the court, which -- which today would be a gross violation of the separation of powers. back then people did that. herbert croley started it in 1914. really in conjunction with people who lived in the house, felix frankfurter who was one of the original incorporators of "the new republic." they found walter lippmann to be an editor of "the new republic." originally they saw it as an outlet. brian: this is the original 1914 cover. mr. snyder: original

that is how you get "the new republic."eingpens is they start r.itical of t they see him as hypocritical on issues such as the german invasion of belgium. wilsoncriticizing the administration for not taking more forceful action after germany invades belgium before world war i. tr gets really angry at the criticism. he is really thin-skinned. thealled the editor to -- i think there was a lot of xenophobia. more and more jews were occupying high places in the government. people like louis brandeis, felix frankfurter. there was a lot of anti-immigrant sentiment at the time, and i think that was part of it. about you spoken a lot that. did you do a book on that? mr. snyder: i didn't, but it is like a book was the book here in "the house of truth." who was sacked go -- was i?cko and who was venzet they are to italian anarchists who are convicted outside of boston of robbery and of a paymaster. they killed the company's payroll database deal a company's payroll and kill the guard. they steal a company's payroll and kill the guard

the aids president elected with universal suffrage of the republic.fic moment you are entering your mandate. we will give you your mess and so congratulations, mr president of the republic. in a phrase that takes full meaning, in order to be the man of 1's country, you have to be the man of your time. man of our time and out of the u r. by your choice, yourtraining, your and out of the u r. by your choice, your training, your pass and even your training, your pass and even your society position and by sovereign choice of the people, you are the man of our country. responsible for representing it everywhere in the metropolis and overseas, everywhere in the metropolis and overseas, in europe and in the world. the president of the french republic, head of state, head of the army ‘s, armed forces, president of our republic which is indivisible, secular, democratic and social, responsible for representing it and making it progress. in body and the values and the language and putting it together. and that is to say in this time, in this world, this new worl

he proved that a republic could defend itself and remain a republic still. perhaps the 5 -- highest praise madison received came from john not alwaysad admired virginia. wrote that it acquired more glory and establish more union that all three of his predecessors. washington, adams, and jefferson put together. what a wonderful complement. thinking that you might like to know a little bit about some of the people that i felt obliged to leave out of the speech, since it would have gone on and on forever. one of the people, these are women for the most part. they do tend to get pushed a little bit aside in the history of the early republic. was madison's grandmother. francis madison. i became interested in her because of a note she wrote when madison was a child. her note looks like a shopping list. at the top it said for epilepsy. the 18th-century medical books that i so much enjoying taught me some of the items on her list were thought to be good for breaking a fever. which suggests medicine may have had fever related seizures as a child. they are not regarde

brought theuse it idea of a republic down to earth. ofdid not require a citizen self-effacing angels. it would not be a place where anyone had to stifle their ideas and aspirations. ordinary people could live there and pursue their dreams. because of madison the republic was no longer a distant idea but something in which people around the world could inspire. bringing the idea of the extended republic to bear at the time with a great nation was created was his first act. by no means was that his last. he more than anybody else was responsible for the united states of america as we know it today. his time of great achievement came up after years of deep focus and concentration and a nearly obsessive effort to describe these lives as genius. let me just give a few examples of how hard he worked in the run-up to the convention in philadelphia and the convention itself. first of all knowing it was coming up he began a intense study of laws and constitution. he had been interested in the idea since his 20's, with the book that jefferson pr

host: you mentioned the new republic. who started it and what year? >> herbert crowley started it in 1914 in conjunction with the people who lived in the house. felix frankfurter was one of those. and hand was a founder man n. lip p host: that's the original 1914 cover. guest: they awe it as an outlet of what they guarded as roosevelt's ideas, a big federal government. they believed they could help people through the federal government. host: we'll go back to that. miltonian means for -- guest: protect people's libet and freedom through a robust federal government. i followed their idea and needor roosevelt embodied that idea. but after he lost the white house in 1912, he became a huge critic of woodrow wilson. ost: he was elected in 1912? guest: wilson was elected and taft and roosevelt split the republican votes and wilson, the first democrat since grover cleveland to be in the white house. host: all of those folks in the house of truth, how many of them were for woodrow wilson? guest: brandeis was for wilson and people associated with the house wer

long live the republic. longer france. -- long live france. ♪ emmanuel macron: thank you my friends. thank you all for being here tonight. thousands, i can only see a few basis. thank you. thank you for being here. foughtou for having courageously, steadfastly for so many months. you one -- yo u won, france has won tonight. for so many done is unprecedented. it has never been seen before. everybody was telling us it was impossible. but they didn't know france. thank you. thank you for your trust. thank you for your time. thank you for your commitment. all of you. thank you for the risks some of you took. i know. that trust places an obligation on me. i cannot let you down. i must rise to your expectations. for the next five years, i must carry your enthusiasm forward. that enthusiasm that you represent here. say to all of i the french people who voted from a without leaving in our ideas, you made a commitment. , anow that this is not just rain check. a blank check. it is not a blank check to me. do -- tell y

the first half was the republic, ruled by elected senators. last half was the empire, ruled by unelected emperors. in its glory days, the word "rome" meant not just the city, but what romans considered the entire civilized world. everyone was either roman or barbarian. people who spoke latin or greek were considered civilized, part of the empire. everyone else, barbarian. according to legend, rome was founded by two brothers, romulus and remus. abandoned in the wild and suckled by a she-wolf, they grew up to establish the city. in actuality, the first romans mixed and mingled here -- in the valley between the famous seven hills of rome. this became the roman forum. in 509, they tossed out their king and established the relatively democratic roman republic. that began perhaps history's greatest success story, the rise of rome. from the start, romans were expert builders, and they had a knack for effective government. this simple brick building was once richly veneered with marble and fronted by a grand portico. it's the curia. the senate met he

long live the republic. long live france! [cheering] >> just been listen to emmanuel macron, france's president-elect, giving a jubilant victory speech there in front of the pyramid at the lourve, an historic site he has chosen for this history occasion. you are looking at the youngest ever french president with his wife beside him. the message behind him. [cheers and applause] [cheers and applause] [cheers and applause] [cheers and applause] >> addressing large crowds the lourve. on the lectern behind him in front of which he -- >> i'll break away from the last minute or two of yesterday's coverage of the election celebration there in paris, france. take you live now to the floor of the senate. the senate back today working on nominations, couple of votes at 3:30. today we expect heather wilson's nomination to be army secretary, vote on final passage and then a cloture volt for scott gottlieb to be the nba commissioner -- the fda commissioner. in can the presiding officer: the senate will come to order. the chaplain will lea

love is the republic.applause] we have just been listening to emmanuel macron, francis president-elect, giving a jubilant speech in front of the pyramid at the louvre, a historic site chosen for this historic occasion. you are looking at the youngest french president ever with his wife beside him. [cheers and applause] >> a team of supporters addressing large crowds at the louvre on the lectern behind him, and front of which he stood was written france together, the theme of bringing france -- in thehe desk speech. ♪ [singing french national anthem] [cheers and applause] , q and a with defense news correspondent chris cavas. from the victory speech by french president elect emmanuel macron and can special and speech byconcession challenger marine le pen. later, a house hearing on visa security. ♪ this week on q and a, defense news naval warfare correspondent chris cavas talks about the --y's fat leonard bridal more thanandal, with 200 navy officials including several admirals. chris cavas, let me start by

onettle republic may be where all of the citizens are homogenous, that kind of republic could make itone that carried the territory of the 13 states which are to be pulled apart by all of the interest and ambitions of its inhabitants. that was the idea. that was machiavelli's idea. a vast republic was impossible. people believe that for a long time. madison'sinsight -- see that those ideas were crucial for a republic's survival. clashing viewpoints would keep from becoming tyrannical. it is stunning to read about somebody who changed the way people think. as well as how important his insight was how transformative that was in part because it brought the idea of a republic down to earth. a citizenryequire of self-effacing angels. whereld not be a place anyone had to stifle their ideas and aspirations. ordinary people could live there and pursue their dreams. republicf madison the was no longer a distant idea but something in which people around the world could inspire. bringing the idea of the at thed republic to bear time with a great nation was created was his first act. by no means

nations peacekeepers, a story of danger and courage in mali, reconciliation in the central african republic, and peace-building in haiti. [indistinct conversation] [vehicle idling] republic, a country racked during decades with religious conflict. nararrator: the bridge whwhich e acaccess to ththe local scschool became a front line between wawarring factctions. un peacekeeperers supported local effororts to resolve differerens so that momoslem and christianan children n could go back to sschool. [people shshouting] narrator: the central african republic, a country wracked during decades with religious conflict, innocent civilians, as in all wars, caught in the crossfire. [men shouting] narrator: when sectarian violence pitting moslems against christians again erupted in 2012, thousands were killed, and many more fled their homes, moving to the relative safety zos definedd by theheir religig. due to thehe violence, more than half the schools closed, including g yakite school, one f the few schools in the capital bangui where once christian and moslem children studied together. the only acces

over here the republic of ireland and hear the united kingdom.ul, of course. it used to bea this peaceful, of course. it used to be a militarised border with checkpoints. now businesses here are worried about britain's bow to the european union, and what happens next. another busy lambing season just finished... some of the most worried farmers and food processors in the north who have forged deep relationships in the republic. the chief executive of the farmers cooperative says his organisation makes cooperative says his organisation ma kes co nsta nt cooperative says his organisation makes constant use of the open border. we process livestock in northern ireland and the republic of ireland. we employ 1200 people in the republic, we employ 1400 in northern ireland. from our perspective, we are hugely concerned about the potential impact of a hard order. we hope that they will not the one. but we cannot rule that out. therefore, for business planning purposes, we have to consider the worst—case scenario. and for our company that would be very sig

long live of the republic.ong live france. >> we have just been listening to emmanuel macron, france's president-elect, giving a jubilant victory speech in front of the pyramid at the louvre, a historic site chosen for this historic occasion. you are looking at the youngest ever french president with his wife beside him. [cheers and applause] [crowd singing] >> a team of supporters addressing large crowds at the louvre on the lectern behind in front of which he stood was written france together, the theme of bringing france together, the central theme in that speech. ♪ [singing french national anthem] [cheers and applause] >> president trump reacted to the news out of france shortly after the results were made official, saying in a tweet, congratulations to emmanuel macron. i look forward to working with him. step -- snapolds a election next month for members of the british parliament. british prime minister theresa officialsd european of trying to influence the upcoming election, while giving a statement to th

>> one in the morning for one republic. >> who are you? >> the biggest one republic fan here?>> nice to meet you. >> best morning ever. >> good morning. welcome back to "today." it's tuesday, may 2nd. the rain has stopped. a little bit sticky and warm. we have a great crowd out here ready to >> how did you do that? it was raining ten minutes ago. >> how did i make it stop? >> blue sky now. >> we're beckening the weather to be better. >> john mellencamp will be here tomorrow. >> and guess who is here? bruno mars showed up. did you see that? >> he looks just like him. >> he asked for a selfie. >> don't forget our summer concert series is going to officially kick off one week from today on the plaza. everybody is dying for this. we'll do it in style with harry styles. he will be here. >> it's good. a big crowd for that. let's get the top stories. time for your news at 8:00. >> i'm peter alexander at the white house. president trump iset it's the third call since trump took office. the first since declaring the relations between the countries at an all time low. this call comes wi

the first half was the republic, ruled by elected senators. last half was the empire, ruled by unelected emperors. in its glory days, the word "rome" meant not just the city, but what romans considered the entire civilized world. everyone was either roman or barbarian. people who spoke latin or greek were considered civilized, part of the empire. everyone else, barbarian. according to legend, rome was founded by two brothers, romulus and remus. abandoned in the wild and suckled by a she-wolf, they grew up to establish the city. in actuality, the first romans mixed and mingled here -- in the valley between the famous seven hills of rome. this became the roman forum. in 509, they tossed out their king and established the relatively democratic roman republic. that began perhaps history's greatest success story, the rise of rome. from the start, romans were expert builders, and they had a knack for effective government. this simple brick building was once richly veneered with marble and fronted by a grand portico. it's the curia. the senate met he

>> 1:00 in the morning for one republic. ♪ >> one republic! >> who are you? >> you are? >> absolutely. >> come with me. >> nice to meet you. >> best morning ever! ♪ >>> good morning. welcome back to "today." it's tuesday. it's may 2. the rain has stopped. a little sticky. a little warm. we have a great crowd out there ready to hear one republic on national concert day. >> that's right. how did you do that? it was raining like ten minutes ago. >> how did i make it stop raining? >> blue sky now. >> she's good. >> i think -- >> the two of us, we're beckoning the weather to be better. >>> tomorrow, john melon camp will stop by. he will perform classic hits and new music as well. >> guess who is here on the plaza? bruno mars shows up. did you see him? >> my goodness. >> he does look like him. >> then he asked for a selfie. >> in the crowd. do not forget our summer concert series will kick off one week from today. everybody is dieing for this. we will do it in style with harry styles. he will be here. >> big crowd for that. >>> let's get the top stories of the morn

long live the republic, long live france.uel macron, the new president of france applauded for that speak for —— speech. his wife is there. a remarkable speech saying france has doubted itself for decades, and he says his mission mission is to give them to people confidence in themselves. he said the power of france is not declining, we are on the edge of a great renaissance. he was saying in this election, eve ryo ne was saying in this election, everyone had been wondering if france would go back to the past, allup to france would go back to the past, all up to the future. he said france had chosen the future. he said the world and europe now, more than ever, needs strong france, short of its own destiny, a france that knows how to invent the future, he said. sterling words, then, from the new president of the fifth republic. —— sterling words. just 39 years old. greeted their by politicians and officials as the new president of france. our paris correspondent was listening to that. some striking words there from the new pre

it was not easy to abolish anywhere in the american republic. it was a very difficult battle where everyone turned. but the sylvania abolitionist society is totally locked in to this battle. they are sort of taking their experience in ideals and principles as they formed them over the course of already a number of years in fighting against slavery and infighting to bring those principles and ideas to the national level. but yes, slavery is difficult to abolish everywhere in the united states. yes? >> benjamin fragments role -- franklin's role. would it have been given as much attention if benjamin franklin had not been the president of the society? prof. polgar: interesting question. there are two petitions from quaker yearly meetings that were also predicted -- also presented. these meetings have nothing to do with franklin. he did not sign the petition. on the one hand, you could say his role was not necessary for them to be heard. however, his signature on that document acts to sort of signal the congress that these principles of the pennsylv

>> i absolutely do believe that this is probably one of the biggest scandals in the republic. everything that we know it comes to true -- and light is shed, i really truly believe it will open everybody's eyes to something and hopefully it will stop.

i will repack -- protect the republic.nd, finally, a word to all pene who voted for madam le tonight. don'txpressed tonight -- boo her -- they expressed theirt there disarray, -- jeff flake spec, that i will do everything in the next five years to make sure that they understand that there is no reason why they should continue voting for the extremes. tonight, there are only french men and french women, the whole of people of france sending together, and what you represent is,ght in the louvre forever, enthusiasm and the energy of the people of france. and this place where we are meeting tonight is actually expressing that them because it from ance of history, earlier regime to the liberation of paris to the french revolution to the boldness of this pyramid -- this is the place where all the french people of all the various components of france, have gathered. this is a place where france lookingn the world is upon us, upon france, because tonight it is the world that is looking at france. world are waiting , are waiting fo

an armed fascist insurgency which has raised its arms against the republic and the republic has the rightwe are going to defend ourselves. for more than a month violent clashes between protesters and police have been almost a daily occurrence in venezuela. more than 30 people have been killed and the government has warned demonstrators their right to cause such disruption is not absolute. but with the country mired in recession, opposition leaders have vowed to keep the pressure up until the government calls and agrees a general election. president maduro may have promised his new assembly will help to deliver peace and security, the reality so far looks very different. a light plane has crashed in dramatic fashion in washington state, all caught on a dashboard camera. the small private plane clipped some power lines and burst into flames just north of seattle. amazingly, the pilot walked away uninjured from this, and no—one on the ground was hurt. authorities say the plane took off from a nearby airport north of seattle and suddenly lost power. stay with us on bbc news. still to come: th

>> i think it was 1982 because he was then with the new republic and wrote a cover story on me.teresting guy." bring him to lunch. and that's how we met. >> so, how long did it take before you were friends? >> i think it was instantaneous. five years later, i bought a new house, and the first thing i did was build a wheelchair ramp in the garage so charles could get in. >> he told us that when you get together, you first talk baseball. and then when you've dealt with all the important issues, you go to politics. >> if there's time left over, yes. >> [ laughs ] >> tim kurkjian, a senior writer for espn magazine, has lunch with will and krauthammer a couple of times a year to talk baseball. >> to say they're fans is an understatement. to say they love the game is an understatement. >> i grew up playing the game. i love to play the game. and as a kid, my brother and i would go around on our schwinns on the streets of long island with transistor radios hanging from the handlebars listening to mel allen and phil rizzuto doing the yankee games. this was our lives. >> since the nationa

joining us from phoenix, arizona, rafael carranza, with the "arizona republic," he reports on the border and a recent story of his takes a look at how much it costs to deport one person from the united states. good morning. >> thank you for having me on. >> the price tag you came up with was $11,000. first of all how did you get to this figure? >> this is a government estimate. that's something that they calculated. we still don't have exact specifics how they did that. some of the estimates that come close to that as well, they took a look at the number of -- what was included in the budget for the previous fiscal year. and then the number of removals that took place or the number of flights or looking at the different processes of the deportation process and dividing that. that's more or less of best estimate. but there isn't a very reliable figure per se just because there is not one specific place to track that. there are several studies that kind of take a jab at this to try to get the number but the most reliable one we have comes from the government it, from immigration and custom

he has this changed it to republic en marche.nforce his ambitious political programme. as you said, at the moment, people have emigrated so far, half of them have no political experience at all —— people have been recruited so far. the average age is ag which is younger than the people who occupy the seats at the moment. people from all walks of life including a former bull—fighter and a former nobel were winning mathematician. it is 50—50 in terms of male and female distribution. but this strikes me less about ability than representational correctness. he will have to find political friends and allies pretty quickly. we see inside the elysee, everybody in anticipation. that meeting between outgoing and incoming president seems to be going on for a while. they are having essentially an informal conversation before emmanuel macron sees francois hollande out of the elysee palace the good. but as an outgoing president, i'm sure francois hollande will be welcomed but they will follow the actual inauguration after that. we saw emmanue

i will protect the republic. you have chosen opacity.y on bringing it forward because that is what is expected by all the people of france and what is expected by europe and by the world, that is what is expected from us. they expect that once again, france is a country of surprise, a country that is faithful to itself and that is what we will do. it's not going to be easy. the task is going to be arduous but every time, every time i will tell you the truth, that your fervour, your energy, your courage, is always something that will carry me forth. i will protect you from the face of threats and i will fight for you, on your behalf, against inefficiency, against lies, to improve the life of all of us. and i will respect each one of you in what they think, in what they believe, in what they want to defend. and i will gather together and i will reconcile because i want the unity of our people and our country. and finally, my friends, i will be at your service. with modesty, humility, strength. i will be at your service on behalf of our mot

a bad performance is about the fifth republic.opulist analysis is very up to a certain point, but if you really want to understand this phenomena, it is important to understand the fifth republic. marine le pen. 10.5 million votes which is more than twice the number her father received in 2002. she did concede defeat immediately, but she did say that she is not ahead of france's biggest opposition force. >> marine le pen not win the she still had her held high after an unprecedented result for the far right. the party has transformed landscapeolitical beyond the left and right cleavage. politicals led to a revolution. this is a grave choice in which people will be faced with the legislative elections. >> although defeated on sunday, the national front obtained more than 10 million votes over the two rounds. that is more than the previous record set by her father who led the party to the second round in 2002. national front supporters feel the centrist parties that have dominated french politics have ignored working-class concerns.

i will protect the republic. but it is a night of defeat for marine le pen. she insists her agenda is now in the political mainstream. translation: i will be at the head of a battle to gather together all those who choose france to protect its freedom, independence, prosperity and security. south korea is also going to the polls to choose a new president. we profile the front runner, who is promising a softer policy on the north. and 82 chibok schoolgirls held by boko haram are freed at last. good morning. it is 7am in singapore and 1am in paris, where emmanuel macron is said to be france's youngest ever president. in a televised address, he said that he understood the anger and anxiety that many voters had expressed. marine le pen claimed her performance was historic, and that france remain divided. early results show that emmanuel macron has won more than 65% of the vote, more than 30% ahead of marine le pen. young, dynamic and very, very confident. emmanuel macron, said to be the youngest leader since napoleon took the crowd by storm. translation: in the f

i will protect the republic. you have chosen audacity.ry on bringing it forward because that is what is expected by all the people of france and what is expected by europe and by the world, that's what is expected from us. they expect that once again, france is a country of surprise, a country that is faithful to itself and that is what we will do. stay with us on bbc news. still to come: no smiles — no celebrations. the 82 chibok schoolgirls, kidnapped by boko haram for three years are finally free. i, nelson rolihlahla mandela, do hereby swear to be faithful to the republic of south africa. after six years of construction and numerous delays, the channel tunnel has been formally opened by the queen and president mitterrand. the tunnel is still not yet ready for passengers and freight services to begin. for centuries, christianity and islam struggled for supremacy. now the pope's visit symbolises their willingness to coexist. roger bannister became the first man in the world to run a mile in under four minutes. memories of victory as the

long live the republic and long live france.t's a night of defeat for the hard right campaign of marine le pen, but she insists her agenda is now in the mainstream of political debate. in the mainstream translation: i will be at the head of a battle to gather together, all those who choose france to protect its independence, its freedom, its prosperity and its security. we'll have reaction from paris and we'll be asking what this result means for the future of the european union, as the brexit process unfolds. of the european union, and also on tonight's programme: of the european union, labour's tax pledge — if it wins the election it won't raise income tax for anyone earning less than £80,000 a year. the conservatives focus on mental health — promising another 10,000 staff in england if they're re—elected onjune the 8th. in england if they're and a first glimpse of the 82 nigerian schoolgirls, kidnapped three years ago and now free after a prisoner swap. good evening from paris, where emmanuel macron has scored a notable victo

days when customs checkpoints like this old hut marked the roads between northern ireland and the republicdon't want them to return, the eu's chief negotiator has made clear that there will have to be some sort of customs controls here. but michel barnier is visiting the irish border today to show that the european union is aware of the many concerns held by those who live both sides of it. a lot of employees working in the factories in this food park from northern ireland, and similarly, we have some people from the county monaghan area working in northern ireland, so they have to look and see what impact this is going to have on their situation. this business in county monaghan is just miles from this island's border. the uk is one of its most important markets, and they know that, packaged up with all the brexit negotiations, are months of uncertainty about how it could affect their trade. if there is a hard border, we envisage obviously potential extra costs for ourselves, for getting our products to the uk marketplace, and delays at the border, which we simply can't envisage. a hard b

newsboy clubs, newsboys republics. they developed newsboy courts where they are self regulating with violations. and they become primarily italians and jews in southern and eastern europe, so who the newsboy is changes. >> when do they stop being a newsboy? >> when do they stopping in newsboy -- really 19 30's and 40's is a turning point. jobs are so scarce, that becomes work for adults. also, technology is involved. in the progressive era, you have cars and subways. there's competition from adults. there are still some children in the 1950's and 1960's. they are not all that efficient. they are efficient in the sense that they have that charitable appeal. you can buy a paper as an act of charity. an adult cannot replace that, but their numbers start to 20 oh in the 1940's and 1950's. >> thank you talking with us. >> thank you. you are watching american history tv. 48 hours of programming on american history every weekend on c-span3. follow us on twitter for information on our schedule and to keep up with the latest hi

we process livestock in northern ireland and the republic of ireland, employing 1200 people in the republicase scenario and for our company that would be very significant disruption. not all businesses in the north think brexit is bad news. some, like fishermen, think it‘s the best thing whichever is ever happened. i have less influence over fisheries policies in the irish sea than government minister from slovakia or any other eu country does. the thing about the irish sea, it's a bit of a pond but 7596 irish sea, it's a bit of a pond but 75% of it falls within uk territorial waters. uk fishermen only can catch a 45% of the quota. the future of the frontier is linked to the outcome of the brexit negotiations which are themselves uncertain. but businesses in the north and south will be hoping that the politics of peace, which dismantled a hard border in the first place, will triumph over politics brexit. just a line of news from the usa concerning all the various allegations about a supposedly between donald trump‘s presidential campaign and russia and the kremlin and the firing of the fbi

or czech republic currency then it would work here., so value of the pound has diminished, so has that attraction. what was especially notable was the number coming from the eu eight countries, those like the czech republic and poland that joined the those like the czech republic and poland thatjoined the eu in 2004. the number arriving was down a third, 8000. the number leaving, up by more than half to 40 3000. the difference, net migration to the uk from those countries, was 5000, the lowest it has been since theyjoined the eu. eu numeric aid tapping coming to the uk in large numbers since 2004, and it seems evident now that some of those may be starting to go elsewhere. today we learned the economy, on revised estimate, grew by 0.2% in the first three months of the year, a sharp slowdown than previously estimated. what we don't yet know is whether or not slower immigration played a role. there were angry scenes at ukip's manifesto launch, as party leaders accused theresa may of being partly to blame for the manchester atrocity. the

long live the republic, and long-lived france.se] >> emmanuelle macron -- emmanuel macron, the new president-elect of france. speaking to the people who made party on, putting his the map. he talked about the challenge being immense. he says it starts tomorrow, tom, and he is not getting. france has a large to do list, but he also has the presidency. >> what an extraordinary reinvention of democracy in france. with all the controversy he has faith, the immediacy and the suddenness, the various children of the family are coming out. i read today in germany, in the united kingdom, and now in france we have leaders with no direct children. they are now stepchildren, adopted children, all that. they are a modern presidents. -- they are a modern family for a modern president. >> this is significant, but i think there will be many skeptical voices across the eurozone over the next several months over what he can actually achieve. and he deliver that kind of reform? yes, he has the appetite to deliver it, can he deal with pushback when i

our republic must give every individual his or her place. at the same time we must fight, have sew tolerance for terrorism outside or borders and within our borders. and make sure that every individual find his place in our republic. but today our republic does not give all young people a place in society. through failure at school, social and economic failure so we have a share of responsible. we must examine our own conscious when our own children want to destroy our own republic. and for me this is the most important thing. as the head of the army, as head of security, i will be determined and i will fight in every way against the slimmist terror. what they expect the trap is the trap you are made to fall into, civil war. what the terrorist expect is we should divide ourselves. they want to hear hate speech. and mr. help per a famous academic said assad in 2005 in a text is our biggest wish is that no one should come to power in japan. they're seeking for e rad climbization, silver war. you are promoting civil war fighting against terrori

candidates will have to sign up to the republic on the move's parliamentary group. >> the aim is that group wins an absolute majority in the national assembly so that macron and the government he names has the necessary means to put into place the project for which he was elected. >> the new party is also after access to public funds, which is determined by the number of mps it has.. candidates cannot run on two tickets. it's a token of thanks from macron after he dropped out of the presidential race to support him. the parties 577 candidates will be made public thursday. laura: the niece of the failed presidential candidate marine le pen says she is quitting politics. she won't be seeking reelection in the legislative elections. she is one of two national front lawmakers in the lower house of parliament and is one of the party most popular and well-known figures. immigration dominated this presidential campaign. police swooped on a migrant camp in the north of the city, moving thousands of homeless people from places like sudan and afghanistan to temporary shelters. this, as europe c

that's easy, dominican republic. i started, how many of you remember the dominican republic in 1965? two professors. bunker could see i was puzzled. he smiled. please understand, johnson over committed himself to the dominican republic. i got him out. troops wentican home, and he remembered. then it clicked. i have known something about what happened after bunker had an appointed. you may remember in the spring of 1965, there was a political controversy in the dominican republic. the military was split in the two groups, a conservative and left leaning group. the left-leaning group had pulled a coup. the conservative group is organizing the fight back. castro apparently was ready to bounce, johnson ended up with 42,000 american troops in the dominican republic in the space of a couple of months. how do you get them out? you stabilize the situation -- anyway. bunker was there as the ambassador of the organization of american states. he worked on a strategy to create a coalition among different sections of dominicans t

and every republic's die. we're the longest standing republic and they all died on the same thing, fiscal impropriety. >> we'll hear from the democrats line katherine in ohio. >> good morning. you are a true politician because you speak out of both sides of your mouth. sir, you were the elite in washington. if it was so bad, then why didn't you try to do something at the time? you spent the money. you were the good steward who donated or decided where the money would go and then you spent it. and now you act like i'm the guilty one because now i'm at social security age and because the money is not there, i've done something wrong. no, sir, you were supposed to be the good steward. you were there with the money. you are the one that's responsible, not us. now, it's time to pay the piper. we worked our entire lives, sir. i started working when i was 16. i lied. i was the oldest of five and to have a winter coat i had to go to work. when i got 18 and got out of high school, i got a job at the kroger company. and