research research center for compassionate economics in delhi that has studied the government's clean india campaign. i think industrial has a long way to go before it becomes deficient for the reason that i use and the reason i say this is because you know in months i'll go read you to read you to feel sturdy your 4 states understanding sanitation behavior among me and you found that 44 percent of them still defecate in the open now it seems unlikely that 10 months would be enough for open difficult to go from 44 percent to 0 percent. when i say open to question 3 i mean both construction of failures and use of friday it's now what we found in our field work is that video often this local village of fish is they are likely to. declared a place or deer open to fiction flee as soon as they had made their targeted target number of the list that was supposed to be constructed on paper and they were not likely to use not actually to count which to use as one of them this is 35 in declaring order of so i think there is some discrepancy there what is it that the government should have been doing in your view based on the research that your organization has conducted house of the government have been conducting the clean media campaign and this spot which was busy building toilets as part of the. you know if we have to understand why this so much open defecation in india. compared to other countries in the world the case with india is unique because it is associated with beliefs about cost this time went on to charity. so it's not about poverty or access not having access to quality so it would have been great to have government would have focused a lot more on. addressing these concerns this idea. so that you know people would have understood for example of why not a problem. traditionally has been for a particular group of people delegates so they could have done that they would have also been more. focused on you know are the behavior change. like for instance educating the need for having. it's right because a lot of people don't understand the reason why it's an alternate approach to colleges have to leave

i put that question from the research research center for compassionate economics in delhi but has studied the government's been. i think industrial has a long way to go before it becomes a point definition for the reason that i use the reason i said this is because you know in months i'll go read you to read you to feel star d. or 4 states understanding sanitation behavior among people and you found that 44 percent of them still defecate in the open now it seems unlikely that 10 months would be enough for open difficult to go from 44 percent to 0 percent. when i say open to question 3 i mean both construction of pioneers and use of products now what the founding of a field walking is that very often these local village officials they are likely to . declare of. open to fiction 50 as soon as they had made their targeted target number of greens that was supposed to be constructed on paper and they would not like you to use not likely to count it's use as one of the necessities in dick looting. so i think there is some discrepancy there what is it that the government should have been doing i

they will have a community research center at st. mary's research center in morocco. there will be a charging station at the lafayette police station from 9 am to 5 pm. >>> the tom lantos tunnel was closed. caltrain is using a generator. > om met with at home healthcare nurses and brief them on the new tools and resourto help medically vulnerable people cope during the outages. partnerships with companies like walmart and safeway. many companies taken measures to remain open during the power shut off. the government urged residents to be kind to utility workers and not take their frustrations out on. he told residents to listen to warnings from officials. >> when someone asks or hears there's been an evacuation order, go means go. do not put your life at risk, trust the experts. trust the assessment that has been made by those whose entire lives are consumed with keeping people safe. >> yesterday, the governor at $75 million for local and state governments to mitigate the impact of the power shut off. the governor called the pg&e shut off a new reality , one that every

every couple weeks the research center has research on these questions and will have the current topics. how many subscribe right now? a few. you'll face academics from harvard, university of chicag chicago, yuba city michigan, william and mary that do research on these things and we try to make sure people are educated along the lines i have been talking about. if you like to go back and talk more i'll be happy to talk to afterwards. crime research.org crime research.org. [applause] [inaudible conversations] >> good afternoon welcome to our seminar book talk and conversation it is a great pleasure to welcome back authors andrei soldatov and irina borogan the talks about russia's exile to be to distinguish investigative journalist

research at the pugh research center and reports on the public trust in science. views from energy and climate nd vaccines and we have ucla a sociologyist whose research how the life works. why people care about what they care about and how moral concerns relates to science and religion. i'm going to jump right in. we are gathered this week during the anniversary of humankinds scientific achievements, you can't escape, the apollo moon landing to discuss this issue of whether and why americans are turning against science. i would like to start with the panelist by asking is this new or something long been with us? has america's relationship with science been changing over time? i would like to ask erik to start? >> i asked for this start. people seem to think this idea that americans are turning against science is kind of new. but social science surveys that have been done for decades and one study from the 2012 dug into this idea of whether this is a new idea. using the general sciences, social science survey data from 1974 to 2012. and in the works, it was founded that back in 1974, people were skeptical of science and people who defined themselves as political m

the research center is almost hermetically sealed hardly anyone is allowed inside. here in the centers would it grounds to some way up the hill a new research reactor is under construction. we were the 1st german t.v. team permitted to film here. france wants to show that it remains committed to the nuclear project it also hopes that before too long it will once again get to sell reactors to overseas buyers. the research center enjoys a staggering budget of several $100000000.00 euros a year. every evening the buses take the employees back home. to russia's located near the pretty town of sound. which benefit significantly from its proximity to the research center that fills mayor with pride socialism is that the americans have told me that it's the best research center in the world the russians have said the same initials to seaview the older generation was afraid of atomic energy because of the bombs dropped on hiroshima and nagasaki as if that was a disaster but i can assure you that in ca to hush there has only been one accident since it was built 60 years ago and one casualty. sit. france has the most nuclear power plants of any countr

research at the pew research center and is also offered numerous reports focused on the public trust in science including views ranging from energy and climate to vaccines anvaccines andediting and last t we have jeff from ucla sociologist whose research integrates how life works. he studies why people care about what they care about and how the concern relates to issues of science and religion. i'm going to jump right in. we are gathered here during the week of the anniversary of one of humankind's greatest celebrated scientific achievements you really can't escape it thiss week. the apollo moon landing. just got this important issue of whether and why americans are turning against science, so i would like to start with asking is this a new phenomenon or something that has long been nsth us? has america's relationship with science been changing over time? i would like to ask eric to start. >> i asked for this question because one of the things people seem to think this idea that americans are turning against science is kindng of new but the have been surveys done for decades and one study found 2012 dug into this idea of whether this is a new idea using a general social science survey data from 74 to 2012 and one of the things he fou

center. they will have to jam more beds in each room. some hospitals will go bankrupt. >> and they don't have the money to pay for research. most of researchedical centers. you know how they pay for it? private understand. they don't use the medicare or medicaid dollars to pay for it. it's not enough. >> here is a woman running for president who doesn't have the ethical backbone to talk frankly with the american people. every time she is asked will this include a tax hike? she responds with weasel word. >> i want to emphasize what a wrecking ball this is which elizabeth warren and bernie sanders never talk about. they are assuming people don't want the health insurance they have from their employer. most of do. the employer gets a tax deduction and the employee says proudly, i have got my family covered. >> and there are no options here. this is a no exit system. this is outlawed. everybody has to get the same no matter how bad it is. >> rationing. we talked about rationing. by the time you get approved for the thing you want you already god forbid are in the hospital for the problem. that's something i have been encountering more and more

research center for testing. -- complete and they are to the glenn research center for testing. here is the challenge, with the sls rocket, european service model, we don't have enough delta v to get into low lunar , so we have to find more energy. we find that at the gateway, which is why we have accelerated the development of the gateway. the gateway is a command module, a command and service module around the moon permanently in a near rector lineal halo orbit where it can stay almost forever without much power required. that is a distant orbit from the surface of the moon, meaning we have to transfer from that distant orbit where it is balance between first gravity well -- earth's gravity well in the moon's gravity well. we have to go down to low lunar orbit and have to land on the moon, and then have an ascent module going from the surface of the moon back to the gateway. if we are going to go fast, we need to take advantage of the capabilities that current exist -- currently exist and are about to exist. and, having a human rated rocket and human rated spacecraft that can

i went to the johnson space center the national research council research associate you could say, the experiment i proposed, it was accepted, western study the changes in the fluid electromagnets absolutism. on loan all control, and space flight crews. you've got an experiment you can go to it. that was expecting it was just the beginning. getting the crews to participate on the people to get involved like we needed for the trainers as well as other medical people that was a big tried to do but we did it. i have studied at the college of medicine with researchers who had worked on the john i program, and that was the first time that we had done actual measurements on astronauts from space. we brought back you're in and blood sandals and food sandals and sandals and the idea was to study in great depth backer of the german i guess because we wanted to make sure that we kept sending a polo crew members to the moon and back without any problem. we worked on that frigid 90 did a great job. i came very interested in it so when i have the opportunity to get down ten to continue the studies,

introduce tonight's speaker, i want to share some revealing statistics from the key research center that i discovered while researching this book create in june of this year a pew research report revealed 68% of u.s. adults believe that "made up news and information" greatly impact america's confidence in institutions. 40% believe it's in having a major impact on confidence at each other. believe steps should be taken to curtail news. report revealed american sea made of news as a larger problem than violent crime, made immigration change and racism. in a crisis in discerning truth in america. we are not alone because this is an endemic problem in democracies across the world. it's these reasons we are --ited to have dr. rosenthal dr. rosenfeld. is reallyeld's work eye-opening in terms of providing contests. theia rosenfeld is professor for history at the university of pennsylvania. she is the author of several books, including the forthcoming "choices we make and the roots of modern read him your kono and she is the author of "common history."olitical sophia's articles and essays have appeared in the american histori

the smoke planning and research act would establish four centers of excellence at universities to researchthe risk of wildfires and direct the e.p.a. to provide grants to states and local governments to an respond to wildfire smoke. >>> highway 17 under a microscope route. there is a history of wildfires and roadwork hopes to prevent disaster. highway 17 is next crucial escape route in the event of wildfire so cal fire has been working on the sheeted you will break reducing brush along the highway to protect the evacuation route during a wildfire. the work began two months ago. >> it was something that was on our minds. everyone north and south of us is suffering right now. and we think about it. >> when the conditions temporarily stopped work but the project should be finished in the coming weeks. >>> twitter bombshell that could shake up the presidential race jack dorsey of twitter announcing the social media platform will no longer run political ads and this is how facebook ceo mark zuckerberg said is we believe deeply that political speech is important and should be able to be heard an

at oklahoma state university and the university of oklahoma health science centers, researchers at the oklahoma medical research foundation are using a novel three-dimensional model made up of human tissue to study the now respiratory -- and i'll get this wrong, syncytial virus. i won't try it twice, thank you, a virus that affects the lungs. this virus is a leading cause of pneumonia worldwide. it can take a particularly heavy toll on children affecting more than half of their first year of life and nearly 100% by age 2. the virus is highly contagious and for those with weakened immune systems from conditions like asthma, it can be dangerous and even deadly. these researchers hope to reveal what predisposes infants to severe infection and create a launching pad for therapies down the line. this lung in a petri dish model could prove to be valuable for studying other lung infections like flu, allergies and asthma. another area of focus for the foundation is lupus. lupus affects up to a million and a half of americans but a particularly heavy toll on african-americans, hispanics and native americans. lupus is an

the -- i went to the johnson space center, i went as a national research counsel -- research associate, and the experiment that i proposed and was accepted was to study the changes in the electrolyte metabolism hormonal controls in spaceflight crews. okay, you got an experiment, yaw con go do it. well, that was just -- accepting it was just the beginning. getting the crews to participate and the people to get the involvement that we needed from the trainers as well as the -- all the medical people and all, that was a big chore to do, but we did it. i had studied at baylor college of medicine with researchers who had worked on the "gemini" program and that was the first time that we had done actual measurements on astronauts from space. we brought back urine and blood samples and food samples and fecal samples anded idea was to study very, in great depth, that crew of the "gemini" that's because we wanted to make sure we could send the "apollo" crew members to the moon and back without any problems. we worked on that for "gemini" and we did a great job. i got very interested in it. so w

researchers also warning against some of the top selling fruit dris for kids. the university of connecticut's rudd center for food policy and obesity has released its children's drink fat, it's for 2019. researchers say that 2 thirds of the so-called fruit drinks did not contain any for choose. get pictures of fruit appeared an 85% of packages. what the drinks did contain was a lot sugar. researchers sasweden for drinks contained at least 16 grams of sugar more than half of the maximum amount a child supposed to get for the entire day. a florida state senator now wants to ban some sunscreens that could hurt marine life democratic senator linda stewart has proposed a bill. >>that would ban the sale of sunscreens with oxybenzone and i did not say unless the customer has a prescription for those products twice tried to do this to researchers believe the 2 chemicals could cause coral bleaching and eventually kill reefs in coral reefs are home to 25% of all marine life. still at businesses across the us are struggling to >>for your money tonight, businesses across the united states are struggling to find workers a new report shows a growing labor shortage, due to baby boomers retire. kurz available to replace them today's consumer watch one market expert says increasing legal immigration could be the best fix. are people looking for work and economists say the shortage is due in large

research centers it's the northernmost settlement of its kind in the entire world. right now some of the scientists are getting ready to start their working day. we're going to do some field research. that's when we leave the village we have to take our rifles because of the polar bears you know. there are more bears on svalbard than people about 3000 you know sort of the center of here if they attack it can be life threatening we have to be ready as his limbs go far. research station manager peter cooper chef ski and meteorologist marion ma to really face this sort of danger every day. most of the research that's done here focuses on the local environment particularly the climate. more than 60 percent of the archipelago is common place yes the scientists observe and record any changes in this pristine arctic environment. this data can then be applied to the north polar region and the rest of the world. beyond her and mariam have left the village and will now head out into the wild but 1st beata loads the rifle with 4 cartridges just to be on the safe side. then the scientists move into polar bear territory there on their way to one of the measuring stations that marian looks afte

required it when we get grants but working at the university of oklahoma science centers, researchers at the obama medical research foundation are using divisional model made of human tissue to study the now respiratory -- i will get this wrong -- i won't try it twice. virus that affects the lungs. this virus is a leading cause of pneumonia worldwide. it can take a heavy toll on children affecting half of the first year of life, 100% by age 2. the virus is highly contagious and for those with weakened immune system, it can be dangerous or deadly. researchers hope to reveal what happens to create launching pad for therapies down the line. this lungs in a petri dish model could prove to be valuable for studying other lung infections like food, allergies and asthma. another area of focus is lupus which affects 1,000,0001/2 americans but it exactly particularly heavy toll on african demands, hispanics and native americans. lucas debate lupus is a chronic autoimmune disease that causes inflammation throughout your body. autoimmune disease is a condition in which your body's own immune system is responsible for the infl

center every day. it is also the casc, it has become kind of a research -- fertile ground for research. we are going through a process of piloting a program called changing her mind which is actually for folks who have mental health challenges to see how well an intervention can work with somebody with mental health challenges. capacity, the clinical case management on-site we have about 120 slots, that is eight clinical case managers. their hands on every day, in the community, in jail, sometimes going to, definitely going to meet people at their houses, or apartments, or meeting them in the community. we have a different level of case management which is a little bit lighter case management. in a capacity of a hundred and 50. want to highlight that this last year and through this contract expansion we have launched a medication distribution service. folks that are on case management come to the casc to actually get prescription medication that they need. the next is just a graphic to show the overlap of different challenges. the next page is just for you to review, at a different time

research fellow at the center for economic policy research and the manheim center of innovation. in addition to his work as an economist, he also received his diploma from the -- [speaking in a foreign language] our third witness is jason thurman, a professor of the practice of economic policy at the harvard kennedy school. before joining the faculty in 2017, professor thurman served as chair of the economic advisor during president obama's second term. he was an assistant to the president and principle deputy director. he currently served as a non-resident fellow as well as an advisor on digital market university. he received his phd from harvard university as well as his masters in science from the london school of economics. our final witness is rosalyn lawton. she served as a visiting researcher at a vice president of stran consort before continuing with aei, dr. layton worked as the director of search agency services at ibm. she's published dozens of times of numerous publications including forbes, u.s. news and world report and served on president trump's transition team in 2016 helping to establish his federal communications commission. dr. layton received her ba from american university, and her phd fr from auberg university. if you would please rise i would begin by swearing you in. tmesis raise your right hands. do you swear or affirm under penalty of perjury the testimony you're about to give is true and correct so help you god? let the record show the witnesses answered in the affirmative. thank you you may be seated. know that each of your written statements will be entered into the record in its entirety. summarize your testimony within five minutes. when the light switches from green to yellow you have one minute to end your testimony. commissioner, you may begin.

research center at the mayo clinic in nnesota. >> it is extremelyte disheng to have to sit in front of people to say, i'm sorry. >> researchers believeteins areus the likely of alzheimer's. in the brains of those afflicted,bnormal tau caccumulateating so-called tangles inside neurons. be-amyloid forms in clumps. for many years, alzheimer's researchers were focused on those. >> we need to look beyond, lloyd. we need to be doing more phase i trials. we need to take 99 shots, 100 shots on goal to find one that is good, i'm fine with that. >>. what if drugs weren't required? researchers haveul found focused asound alone can clear away plaques in mice. early data sugsts the technique may be doing the same for judy a>> to others. >> this area had ae decre compared to this area. >> is unclear why this happens. the ultrasound might trigger an immune response or the brains lymphatic system. in the case of the mice, their behavior and memory function improved. >> hopefully we can get replication of the animal studies. >> it is possible micmay not be a good model for humans in this case. arly all those failed trials began with promising results

research and teaching mission of the university so well he center for presidential history promotes the study of the u.s. presidency and it does o through it's teaching and research. through public outreach event such as this one and through its project which ry is an oral history run by staff who film and record archives of people who ad been in various administrations as well as local officials who work closely with those administrations. also runs a very robust postdoctoral fellowship program. effect for about five years and it's raply become robably the most influential and famous fell he ship program in this area of its kind. has published a a k or contracted a book at major university press. nd they all get jobs and we're very proud of that. [applause] for presidential history, tremendously the workts complements we do, their own teaching and complement the department of history as well as the center for southwest histories. there are a lot of history buffs here, we're bucking the national trend and we're getting more and studying history nd becoming history majors and that's great thing. [applause] to ow many of you have been some of the center's on the such as this before and we're thrilled. a hundred been over events in the past six years and as you know they are free of charge. e would like to have seen more people here. we had a very big waiting list for this event so one of the we're going to be doing in the future is roll out a donner's event, a special set of events for s and people who choose to support the center. this will be special lectures for these people. luncheons, events, and you'll have an opportunity to support study s who want to abroad on the center's program, they take a study abroad program. they do dj, britain, an france, and not all students can afford this.y for so we hope to have more students take this fantastic program. would like to introduce our panelists -- before i forget co-sponsored, and we're also in collaboration with he world affairs council of dallas-fort worth, president jim falk. i also want to call out to the is or of the project who with us tonight, that's here, give us a wave. [applause] >> our contributors on the panel the chief white of the "new ondent york times." [applause] >> timothy naftali who teaches contributor to cincinnati. meachem is a pulitzer prize and new york historian. [applause] >> and our own jeffrey engel, director of the center history.dential [applause] and just this month he was named the 2019 smu faculty member of resident y in students. [applause] moderated s event is by someone who all of you in dallas know. you've heard her voice many, times, she asks some of the most penetrating questions i heard, chris, co-host this fabulousf -- program. >> i just want to remind everybody, i have an ipad ecause we're accepting questions from the audience but we'll take them via twitter so as they filter to me come through. @cph @smu if question. a gentlemen, written. jeffrey, i want to start with you, the most obvious question one i know you like the least. that is what did the camers they created a provision for impeachment? intended a fail-safe in case there was ever an opportunity or a problem, that a were to have office and it was discovered that president that was damaging the country, in some way. not, and this is critical, i funny yet.d anything [laughter] jeffrey: not, and this is not a president who is just bad at his job. the term that's used and discarded was mal administration. simply sident was incompetent or bad, or had bad policies, the voters would take that.of what they really were concerned about was a president who was doing something that would the country in some way, which is really why they came up high his wonderful phrase crimes and misdemeanors which all of them completely understood. we don't. did.they but i think it's actually obvious if you go back and think aout what they thought about, high crime is a crime against the state. something that hurts the body of politic, which means, something necessarily an illegal crime but something which hurts the people. that's when you know somebody removed from office and they want it to be a high bar so they made it very difficult through the process but they did want the opportunity to make sure, it was discovered that hertment was dangerous, that removed.ould be >> living under teary? >> yes, they just fought a revolution. go back further in british history, they had a sense that and sovereigns were helpful some sovereigns were not. in fact, i think they were the n in many ways during revolutionary period by a real made a tion what sovereign government good and it was simply one that took care of the people, and a sovereign that himself above the people, or in worst cases, put himself at war with the people, did not people's needs, which is how the colonialists or olonists thought of themselves vis-a-vis the british king, of course, as the instigator for he revolution, that was a sovereign that should be discarded so when they thought about an executive, when they about a president that could be so powerful that he could go off the rails in some had a lot of historical reason to fear this because they themselves had just from a sovereign, an executive, who had, in their themselves at war against the american people. this up hey were set and making decisions this were people who had to be convinced that something like impeachment be included in the constitution. what were the arguments against it? >> the arguments against it are fascinating because, as i said before, they with the ideaense we can get rid of a president simply for mal administration, that any lso realized time that you give congress one competing branches of government, and we all know that the government was set up in a sense to fight against each for power ompete against each other, if you gave congress the opportunity, in any or form to say, we ave, no pun intended, a trump card over the presidency, that we're able to remove the fit, ent when we see that's a really dangerous idea, essence, you know, in if it just takes congress agreeing that a president should e impeached, to impeach him, well that means that congress in some ways could ultimately supreme over the presidency and that is not the situation they wanted as a balance of power. when we talk ay, about this entire framework of a fear of executive power, that's a more modern notion in many ways than the founders had. people at the constitutional actually more concerned and spent more time alking about a tyrannical congress, that congress was the one you really need to watch out for because they presumed the would be somewhat limited by the congress, but experience, ot of especially with the state legislators, where congress had imply run amok over the executive so they wanted to make sure impeachment was possible but very difficult. in the best of circumstances, abraham lincoln is an impeached possible act to follow. really no son was abraham lincoln. why -- abraham lincoln. [laughter] the one state in the union where you can make that joke. >> why initially were about thes optimistic chances that johnson would do what they wanted? well, they were the moment. remember, andrew johnson, i have i'm a tennessean later for n thank me your independence. f it weren't -- y'all used to be part of spain. i made that joke to george bush the first too many i met hip, is a great subject, and he was governor then -- impeachment subject, i said this nd he wept, that's pretty funny, ass hole. of a the beginning friendship. [laughter] >> he said mal administration an.ce and locky 12 years of graduate school, you get love ockean. sorry what was the question? > andrew johnson was, and i'm ust going to jump in here, we've only used his name as a adjective but voltimort, i think this moment johnson, where johnson was temperamentally erratic, nontraditional not ician if that he did have a natural political base in washington. tennessee. from he was a democrat. he had been put on the ticket in the border nce out states. so as not a republican, and for the republican party, to power, that e to 1865 le easter weekend in shocking, shock upon shocks. unfolded because of a disagreement about what the civil war the actually meant. it was saying it policy difference. and they went in search of a him.ext on which to impeach kind of is remarkable when you hink about it, that it took, what, 80 years from, almost philadelphia to the impeachment, for impeachment to be used as a political tool. i think it speaks well of the fact, , that it was, in this existential question. remember, johnson vetoed the civil rights act. vetoed the bureau act he opposed the 14th and 15th amendments. not a lot of revision work to do on johnson. here is not much there to admire. he believed that congress was in conspiracy against him. [laughter] denounced fake news. he didn't have very good hair. whole thing. resonates. in many ways, what i think the is that, ory tells us a weapon of s politics is very, very hard to execute. but at least, and i think this eparates my guy from tim and eter's, my guy, johnson was embroiled in a fundamental nature of the the country. nixon had jumping -- committed crimes, peter's guy cultural clash in many ways. was the most serious ebate because here was someone from the defeated region at the ockpit of power trying to undo the verdict of the battlefield. frustration, the republicans struck out, lashed mechanics of impeachment. of o violating the tenure office, very briefly, what was that? know.if i it is hopeless. david stewart, a colleague of a lawyer and historian, that was the beginning of a joke, there is parachute, lawyer story. even he never figured it out. he wrote a book on it. it was basically an attempt to to ail johnson's capacity remove lincoln's cabinet. it was basically about edwin linking and keeping the -- lincoln officials in power. are going tons clean house and bring in people to support this reactionary vision of what the country could be. americans,50,000 which is now the number we pretty much agree on, had died trial.g over the fiery it was the ratifying struggle of the american experiment. by a constitutional and political happenstance, a president is in power who wants to undo that. ferocity and chaos of that political moment, impeachment was what they settled on. >> how do johnson survive? >> bribery mostly. [laughter] >honestly, it's a little mixed. there was the story about inrently in boston -- curly boston who said, "never write down what you can say and never say what you can gesture." [laughter] story.s kind of the there was a lot of money flying around in the conviction trial. a verynt kennedy wrote and totally wrong chapter in profiles and courage about the deciding vote in the conviction trial. i don't know if you agree with this, but the back story is, kennedy was under extraordinary political pressure because he had managed to avoid voting to censure joe mccarthy. he was in the hospital. he did not even pair of his vote. hero iced it alienated the northern wing of the party. he needed something to clean up his national reputation as he went into the 1960 campaign. he wrote profiles encourage. he could have won in the south if you are a democrat, a southern hero, and that was the profile. as if there was some great principle stand here. not wantingy about impeachment to be used, as jeff was saying, too often. the basically johnson bought his way into survival. >> you said the nixon impeachment began not with a break-in at the watergate, but with the saturday night massacre. that is what pushed the country over a psychological line. talk about that. that john f. kennedy wrote "profiles encourage" to be the vice president. he wanted to be the northern are liked by the south. because he was not fully committed to civil rights when he was running for vice president. that is why when you read about johnson, he said some wacky things about andrew johnson. just as john says, it speaks extremely well as a country that it took 80 years for the country to go through its first impeachment crisis. it speaks even better of this country that it took over 100 years to have a second one. i think, for those of us who are suffering from ocd, because every day there is a crisis. imagine what peter has to do. [laughter] right. peter is a harrowing dealer. -- heroin dealer. [laughter] and that's why we need the wall. [laughter] i want to make this point are and are au certain age, this will shock you. any for older this will -- -- his trouble started in the summer. for a congress devastated by democrats to be -- for a by democratsn over for impeachment to begin. 16 months. , thet of the reason is lesson that the washington community learned about impeachment from the johnson era was you don't do it. it is anti-democratic. traumatic for the country, it's traumatic for members of congress. it's not the way you deal with a bad president in the case -- president. in the case of andrew johnson they did an election year. they could have waited. nixon, it's nixon who pushes the washington community and many americans over a psychological edge. forces thet when he justice department to fire archibald cox and the deputy attorney general says no. bork, who i interviewed for the next in lobby, he did not want to do it either. but he felt the president have the authority of article two to do it. .nd he fired archibald cox that raised the question of president nixon's legitimacy. i think that is the key part of the story that interested me. we have a lot of writing about nixon. jeff asked us to do this but together, the story i wanted to understand, the cousin the current political moment we live in, with everybody partisan in 1974, ny republicans voted against richard nixon. that is what interests me. we all have to wonder sometimes, ?an we be bipartisan the nixon story is interesting because nixon pushed republicans over the edge by his misconduct. there is questions as to whether a sitting president could be indicted for obstruction of justice. has that question been resolved? try am not a lawyer and i very hard not to be one on tv. but i can tell you the story of how that was looked at in the nixon time. story from henry roots. and from some memoirs that have been published. the members of the special committee's, the watergate special prosecution staff all agreed that the president could be indicted. with one exception. the special prosecutor himself disagreed. disagreeds why he very depending on who you ask. it seems clear that he decided not to litigate the issue because the impeachment proceedings had already started. cox.places archibald he just did not want to deal with the issue and decided, let's not deal with the issue, we would just let congress manage it. congress decides what to do it nixon, if he's a private citizen we can indict him. a factcan tell you for is that you had this extraordinary moment in american the judge that was overseeing the grand jury indictments, and his wall clerk, the judge who is no longer with us, but his law us, and theh special prosecutor all listen to the famous cancer on the presidency and concluded by january of 1974 that richard nixon was a criminal, and that he should go to jail. the problem was, there was no procedure by which you could do anything with that knowledge. as jack describes brilliantly in his section, committing a crime is not a sufficient cause for impeachment. the problem was how do get information about the fact that richard nixon was a criminal -- by the way, the judge was appointed by dwight eisenhower. he was no democratic partisan. was a democrat, but a conservative democrat. in fact, that's why the nixon white house chose him. they both concluded nixon is a clerk. the problem is, how do you get that information to the house? one of the weaknesses in the constitutional approach to impeachment is that it is not president a criminal does not have enough power to prevent evidence that would prove them to be criminal to get to the house. sense, the constitution rests on the assumption that either the data you need to make this judgment is available to everyone, or the president will willingly handed over. and the problem here was that richard nixon was engaging in an active cover-up of up structure and of justice. , becausethey heard nixon wanted a stay after the setter night massacre. he turned over the tapes that were requested. but there were many more, including the smoking gun conversation. the problem for these independently minded, dopartisan people was, how you get this information to the congress? i never wondered about this problem. to a certain extent, this is a problem we will always face when we have a criminal president. arehe way, presidents innocent until proven guilty. just imagine if a president was proven knowingly criminal. think of the tools they have at their disposal to prevent that information from getting to congress. there was nothing in the constitution that forces their hand. sorry, that is a little depressing. gethat does it take to republicans to a line against this? i am writing about john f. kennedy as president. write a wonderful story about the profiles the republicans and southern democrats in the summer of 1974. that theyle decided felt richard nixon should be impeached. they knew their constituents did not want it and the base did not wanted. the president retain 30% support until the very end, but that does not tell you about support. there was an intensity of support for him in the south, and there is an intensity of support for many republican districts outside of it. people decided that their responsibility was to us as constitutional officers that they were like grand jurors, and that their job was beyond party. considera duty to thater this was a moment one of them described as a safety valve. precedent that would undermine the rule of the and our constitutional order going forward. should that president survive through the end of his term, that is sending a signal to all future malefactors that you can get away with it in the united states. republicans who came to this conclusion, and i know this because some of them kept hadies, decided that they no choice, despite the fact that their constituents would not be happy, but to remove this man because he was a threat to our constitution. men, there is a very important woman in the story, and this will surprise you, her name was robert jordan -- barbara jordan. she was not prepared to impeach nixon. she was among those who was uncertain. republican andhe southern democrats about this. ultimately she made her decision. part of a small group that rewrote the articles of impeachment. she did not make up her mind until late in the process. the huge burden of making this decision rested on her shoulder. she knew that as a constitutional officer she owed it to the american people not to choose on party but on principle. the rest of this group were men, they were white, and they were from various parts of this country. they were people we necessarily would like for other reasons. for example, one of them was george wallace's campaign manager in the 1968 campaign. his name was walter flowers. i'm not sure we would like his views on a number of issues. the he decided that even though richard nixon was good for his richard nixon is the origin of the dog whistle, richard nixon was undermining the structure of this country. the corns were from belt. another was from roanoke, virginia. one was from rural maine. one was from upstate new york. these were the real heroes of 1974. one would hope that should we ever be in a similar presidency again, that those kinds of heroes are among us. if he had destroyed the tapes, would he have finished his term? >> yes. no doubt in my mind he would have finished his term. so why didn't he? -- this ishat makes really, really interesting and important about this era. richard nixon self sabotaged. not because he wanted to leave office as he said. i will not do that anymore. i was the director of the nixon library when it became a federal institution. nixon was a temperamentally -- was temperamentally ill-suited to be president and that he was an introvert and an extra efforts job.- extroverts what he did not know, other than being sneaky and running it cover-up, he was not very good at creating public sympathy for himself. he, might other presidents who have come under scrutiny, he actually withdrew from the public space. any social media, but he was a near recluse in 1974. he used surrogates to get his stories out, and his surrogates were not like certain surrogates in this era. was very sick with pneumonia. --n alexander butterfield alexander butterfield was the man who put the taping system in the white house at the request of the president and his chief of staff. when alexander butterfield tells of the watergate committee about the taping system, he also tells white house lawyers that he just did this. so white house has a little bit of notice before the public knows. is sick with pneumonia. his lawyers and its chief of staff gather around his bed to discuss what to do. this is july of 1973. you cannot make this up. they are debating, and the all kindsis getting of stuff. vice president spiro agnew who has not yet had to resign for taking bribes when he was governor. his advice is, burn them. , coming from a state that creates some of the best barbecue in the world said, build a bonfire. is president's lawyer worried about an obstruction of justice charge against himself as well as the president. and the lawyers out there will notice is a challenge. if you know something is going to be subpoenaed and you destroy it, you actually could be charged, the court will find you guilty. you could be charged with obstruction of justice. everybody in that room knew the tapes would be subpoenaed. his lawyer said, no. that two things mattered most. one, the president's chief of staff, a man named bob holder -- holderin.er in the mostown as effective chief of staff in said,y, he is not, he don't worry mr. president, the case will exonerate you. [laughter] in what universe? that says a lot about him. haag is always a source of a good story. 50% of them are true. i don't know which side this this at, but he told us the next of my worry. but he said, the president turned to me and said, would you destroy them? keep in mind, we are talking 4000 hours of tapes. old is a room in the executive office building. think about the problem of this. he says, will you destroy it? and he says, i cannot do that to my family. he said, could you get your valet to do it? actually havemay considered doing it, but the logistics of destroying this many tapes were in our mess. in any case, it was not fully there. he was not well. the hospital and alexander butterfield testified. i am convinced that had the tapes been destroyed, everything else we have discussed, the special prosecutor would not have been fired. ,e were not have the grand jury the judge of the grand jury concluding the president had engaged in obstruction of justice. the conversation that the judge listened to word all came clear to him involved the president's hush money. when john dean expected the president cannot do this, he says, how much will it cost and he came up with $1 million. if you have seen austin powers, it was a lot of money. instead of the president saying this is outrageous, he says, we can find that. so you would not have had that on tape. you would just have john dean's word against richard nixon. when it is a word of a staffer who is facing imprisonment versus the president, the american people choose the president. i think nixon would have ended his term. >> let's talk about what happens when an extrovert and it extroverts job finds himself facing impeach meant. [laughter] it point has been made that was 80 years before the first impeachment, another century before the second, what do we make of the fact between it was -- that it was 25 years between nixon and bill clinton's? people that were involved in the previous impeachment now engaged in the same issue. the nixon case was involved in johnson's. the first lady herself served on this house of the judiciary committee. she drafted memos and was involved in personal research. , sam of the other figures from the watergate prosecution toomes the ethic counseled kenneth starr who is pursuing president clinton. members of congress who had served in 1974 were still there in 1998 and 1999. this is not a distant memory for them. the same -- this is a really been -- living event in the country. how do they treat the allegations against bill clinton? they tossed out the johnson precedent. it was so long ago and so different and was so political that they decided it was not that useful to them and trying to figure out a roadmap. nixon was different. nixon was the model for what they did. majority of the house decided they would pursue articles of impeachment, they literally took the nixons ones and cut in place -- cut and pasted language. his name is the password for the computer when they were drafting the impeachment of 1998. they were very consciously modeling what they were doing on nixon. the problem is they are trying to fit a square pay into a circular hole,

research and we're getting it. what is the drug entries pain that does not addictive. how you affect the pain centers of the brain that went out affecting the addiction centers of the brain. that research is going on right now. number two, i want you to know that they far short recent will. we come to my office, they would invite me out to dinner and invite me out on trucks. they would have lectured some puzzles lectured by people at the in the lecture coming see wait a minute, there's only one drug in the world that works. and that's all opioid. they would have advertising. you want to sleep through the night. take this opioid and we know all know which one that is. that is not something that is accurate medically. >> just to be clear dr., the farmer or the drug distributors there is a difference. >> the drug distributors would amp up the amount that would produce in the pharmacies would be flooded and no pharmacist would see, wait a minute because pharmacist can see to me, why are you prescribing that. what is the condition. and they do all of the time. does your patient really need the antibiotic. they were staying that about opioids. so it was a drug manufacturer in the distributors and the pharmacies. >> we see you need more research but drug company now is going to go into pain research medication knowing that they are, look we just have these companies pay billions of dollars dollars to settle these. what drug companies are going to go into research when they become public enemy number one just by prescribing the pain medication. >> jonathan, i have never disagreed with you publicly but i want to tell you there is a huge backing because pain it's not going away and we need to treat it. it is very i'm going time for a drug company or university to be getting down to the starting blocks and staying, what can i come up with to treat pain. >> i want to ask a question that comes out of left field field here because we're getting breaking news. no ps is announcing they may get into drone delivery of drugs working with "cbs 2" and a couple of other companies. what you think think about that. >> i have mixed feelings about that. if they can ensure delivery to areas that you couldn't otherwise get the drugs to and they d

research center at the mayo clinic in rochester, minnesota. >> it's extremely disheartening to have sit in front of people like i did earlier today to say, "i'm sorry, we haven't had any succes" >> reporter: researchers believe two proteins, beta aloid and tau, are they likely causes of alzheimer's. in the brains of those afflicted, abnormal tau accumes, creating so called tangles inside neurons. in between the neurons, beta amyloid forms in clumps, so called plaques. for many years alzheimer's researchers were focuse on thyloid plaques. >> we definitely need to look beyond amyloid. we need to be doing more of thia phase one , looking at different targets. we need to take 99 shots, 100on shotoal to find one that's good, i'm fine with that. >> repter: but what if drugs weren't required to begin the r's?t against alzhei researchers have found focused ultrasound alone can clear away plaques in mice. early data suggests the techque may be doing the sam for judi and two others.ar >> thi had a decrease in plaques as compared to this area, which we did not tat. >> reporter: it's unclear why this happens. the ultrasound might trigger an immune response, or the brain's glymphatic system, which clears out wae.

research, analysis, and creative policy ideas on current and emerging threats. fdd has launched three centers on american power, expanding the work we have done in the past providing research, analysis, and creative policy ideas on current and emerging threats. we share these ideas with policymakers from both parties, administrations, congress, the media, and the security community. fdd focuses on military and political power and cyber power and economic power, all are doing cutting-edge research and analysis. led andnters are staffed by thought leaders of varying backgrounds including academic and military intelligence. we are immensely proud to have them as colleagues. you will hear from the chairs of our three centers, all who have served by providing analysis at the most senior levels. h.r. mcmaster the chair of our center on military and political power. he previously served as the national security advisor to president trump. dr. samantha, is the chair of -- vice chair of the president's advisory board and served as a deputy security advisor to vice president cheney. and the chair of our economic and financial power chair served previously as the deputy assistant to the president and deputy national security advisor for combating terrorism. america's adversaries are determined to reshape the world order and to diminish and displace the united states in any ways that they can. these nations and nonstate may employ hybrid and gray zone tactics, operating against the united

research director could come on up, kristi. [applause] mike who is the dean of the college of urban planning and public affairs at the university of illinois of chicago and director of the government finance research center. [applause] without further ado, welcome to the national league of cities and we look forward to learning about what is going on in our nation. thank you, kristi and mike. >> thank you, clarence. thank you all for being here. another year and it's pretty hard to believe that mike and i pinch ourselves each time we say it. now here we are. how many of you have read the city fiscal year report for the past couple of years? awesome. that is pretty much all of you. thank you. i think the key point to mention although i know you've heard the headlines around a recession and will get to that in a bit but city fiscal conditions and the trends we see with city fiscal health is that there are slow-moving ships. if we see big junctures and big changes and trends relating to city finances we know we need to go back to the drawing board prayed what we will talk about today is the trends we have been been in conditions again over the past 34 years and most recently since the prior recession and we will talk about how what we are seen aligns with the realities we saw in city fiscal conditions around the time of previous recessions. before we get into topline results i how this report developed. worked with the finance officers from around the country to survey them and ask about fiscal policy and core budget actors both positive and negative and we also asked finance officers and budget directors provide us with tangible physical data and information whether budget documents but mike and his team as well as our colleagues here the national league of cities supplement that data for the largest 200 cities by going to online documents and collecting that data by hand. we are proud of the report this year and proud of the partnership we have with you i see and we will jump right in. some of the topline fiscal trends are beginning to align with some of the negative economic trends we've seen in past downturns. we will go into these in more detail but mental revenues are not only slowing but general fund revenues are not only slowing but budgeted to decline for the first time in seven years. expenditures are continuing to outpace revenue and property tax receipts are showing signs of weakening, notably in the midwest. i will turn it over to mike who will go into a deep dive on our year-over-year changes in general fund revenues and expenditures. >> thank you, kristi. as you can seat with this graphic -underscore this is the -underscore for the municipalities but only the general fund and the general fund of this composition and the purpose of the general fund of various from city municipality municipality to serve look safety, transit rotation and everything else. it does not tend to include although there are some exceptions but does not tend to include the capital improvement fund and would certainly include the [inaudible] but for the most part the general fund does account for summer in the neighborhood of 55% of all municipalities. it is the general fund and most of what the city spends most of what is in the news media. this is where city council has its biggest debates over the general fund. second thing to note is these are year-to-year changes and constant dollar terms. we use with the bureau of economic analysis refers to the state and local price inflator as a way of deflating or reducing the current into something more comparable across time and you can see on this graphic that this is showing year-over-year changes and constant dollar revenues and you look to the right side of this which is the last few years expenditures have been robust on a constant dollar basis growing annually at 4% in 2015 to around two and 3% and revenues on the other hand has been declining since 2015 and it doesn't mean 2019 the revenues were in decline but the year-over-year growth has been less. a point that is not in the report the point i wanted to make about the general fund as you can see in the years during the great recession, 2006, seven, eight, nine and ten for cities the fiscal recession hits primarily because of the lag in property tax receipts by couple of years. the revenue line comments by 2010 and it's less than the prior year so i think an important point to make about the fiscal point of municipalities today is that if you add about the changes in the general fund over the last several years we have not returned or this can be the first year they return to a position where the general fund size is roughly what it was prior to the great recession so it's taken a long time for municipalities, fiscal position, to return to what was 12, 13, 14 years ago. to contrast that the federal government fiscal position returned pre- recession or doubles and the physical connection between what municipalities and the growth in the underlining economies and in this statistic that we only now have begun to proceed where we have been at the start of the great recession in 2006, 2007. >> just to unpack that i think i mentioned and clarence mentioned that because we had such a great response rate we were able to break out the responses by publishing categories as well as regions. looking specifically at how the city's very that are in the midwest, south, or northeast. in this chart you will notice the green dollar signs represent revenues and the gold reps and expenditures and you will notice that in all regions across the country revenues have increased in fy 20 however, the midwest is seen extreme decline around 4. 4.4%. when we look at population, specifically general fund revenue growth and fy 18 through the smaller midsize cities but in the on the spending side clearly our cities saw this rise and that is to be did to the general factors putting budget pressures on other cities including pension, healthcare, wages and other sources but as well [inaudible] >> yes, i think it's a really important chart to show for municipalities to compare themselves with other municipalities i've been associated with the fiscal condition survey since 1991 and we always get the question about can you compare the city to that city and primarily the answer is it depends. some cities don't have access through the same general taxing authority as other cities. for example, very municipalities that have access to all three and considered to be the broad-based general tax on retail, sales or income and wages and on real estate. you -- you will hear from one of them today after we are finished and it's the city of new york and a city that has such a large general fund and i think i was told it was $93 billion that and the rest of our analysis because it would overwhelm the data. that said, this demonstrates for than anything the volatility of each of the general tax sources across time and how they react to changes in the underlying national economy. what you will see during the great recession is that sales, not surprising, sales tax and income taxed drop dramatically and immediately as the recession hit. by around 2014, 15 they begin to grow at a fairly robust level of around five, 6% a year for a couple of years will be found in the last two years, 2018, 2019 is even though there's a positive growth rate in all three general tax that all three have slowed rather considerably so that by 2019, which is a budgeted year, all the other data referred to what we pull from the financial reports so these are actual audited data from the prior years. when he 19 is what the cities have proposed and these are there in approved budgets and they might pretty close to what we think will be close to audited amounts. if you look in particular at sales and income taxes hovering around 1% growth anything about the growth in the national economy or at least the way we measure the gross domestic product which is the measure of the national economy would expect those numbers that the growth would be pretty strong but in two of the cases sales and income meager and even in property taxes is not as large as you might have expected given the growth of the economy. part of that is -- consumers what effects the fiscal condition of state, local governments is the reports on housing are fairly all around the place and there are some markets that are strong in markets that are weak and the growth hasn't been as robust in the postrecession years as it has been in the previous recession eras and part of that plays itself out in a very cautious market or at least buying and selling of real estate and probably has a much too with the real estate property tax numbers have something to do with the fact that there is manufacturing, at least manufacturing increases not been as great as the losses were after the great recession so we are losing that land and plans to where it would've been tax before and real estate. that the average across the board and that varies by nina's apologies and some cities are doing quite well and others are struggling and even within the same city such as my city as chicago we are seen both areas of struggle and growth and that is what christie will pick up on. >> that's an important point in terms of that variation. as mike mentioned particular changes in manufacturing while residential property has significant variation across country and that impacts property tax revenues particularly with a decline in property tax revenues for the midwest reported for fy 18 although they are reporting revenue growth in fy 19 in the midwest as well. just to note, we don't have it here but in the report 19 talks about the differences by population and notably we will talk about later but the largest cities are the only group that anticipates lower tax receipts. and then, again, the ability to meet needs. we have seen variation over the years particularly looking at three quarters of the reporting that their community is better able to meet the financial needs and we talked about their suspects for next year as well. >> yes, what is interesting about this and i appreciate it the cfo municipality are apparently optimistic about this year's budget compared to the previous. we asked them about the next year and the numbers dropped a bit only 61% of cfos thought next year would be better than this year which i think, from my perspective at least, a fairly optimistic on their point parts but we will see what happens but these are really strong numbers in the eyes of the cfos. >> then we question why they do anticipate the next recession and where will it occur? we are showing this information by population size because that's where it is striking. you will notice around two, three large city finance officers with budget directors with cities greater than 300,000 in population anticipate a recession in the next one, two years prayed this information is coming from folks who are day in, day out thinking particularly around large cities with access to forecasting and modeling tools and resources and potentially other cities may have. this is not necessarily that they are putting a recession into their forecast going forward but that the variables they use to inform their models are telling them in the next one, two years they will see revenue decline so for them that's a keen indication. then you will see fewer financial officers that anticipate a recession in the next one, two years. >> this is an interesting question about everyone's crystal ball eventually there will be a downturn whether a collapse again 2007 or more moderate than we experienced in the .com bust of the recession of 1991 or a larger one in the late '80s but it still is interesting that we are getting that there are forecasting something that will happen soon and how they prepare for it is the important take away for this. another is that i think we are probably getting differences based on the size of the staff you have that can take the time and look into the future to see what the future looks like or rather where we are trying to get to the end of the month to make payroll and do we have time to think through for another six months, 12 months, 24 months so part of it may be the capacity of the staffs to do that. >> we don't know when the next downturn will hit. we see there is variability across the cities of different sizes and regions and even different structures for that matter. in your experience, mike, what have you seen in terms of how cities perhaps compared for the recession based on what they learned from the prior recessions? >> what we used to publish and i don't think it is in this report but we do continue to track what [inaudible] does for the states and what the reserves are in general and how those reserves have changed over time and it's a nice way of looking at how cities maintain an expenditure level to keep services going even when there is a decline in revenues. what we've been able to track since the early 1980s that there has been a continuous growth in the percentage of, in the reserves a percentage of expenditures that indicates the cities are not spending all they have which is smart and prudent and it's in anticipation of something. in some cases we talk with the cfos and mayors and managers they are letting us know were not sure what our state will do which states do during recessions. some cities do not want to go into the bond market which in today's, i'm not sure the wizened considering the borrowing rates but some only want to purchase capital facilities but the cash they have on hand and so the reserves are large and growth because of it. i think what we have seen this year the continued growth and reserves as a percentage of expenditures in the general fund just that cities are well-positioned to whether a short downturn in their underlying economy and that is how they are preparing for it. it gives him an opportunity because there is still some growth in revenue to address those pressing needs. we always can take an opportunity to maintain and repair infrastructure rather than using it as a cash cow and pushing the cost off onto our grandchildren. it requires us to continue to make annual contributions to our pension funds. i'm sitting here from chicago and there are a lot of cities that are challenged, no more than the city of chicago, but this is a time when you have reserves of that magnitude to begin to transfer those over to your pension funds. also, we were talking before this about the needs of many communities to address a growing homeless now is the time to be thinking now is the time to be thinking about what to do and how to sustain it over time. >> thank you, mike. with dad that concludes the report over the portion of the event today but we do want to open it up for a few questions from the audience. these questions should be specific to the report and the data from the report and you will have an opportunity to have conversation, dialogue and questions with the panelists as well but if there are any questions please, raise your hand, state your name and who you are with removal, microphone coming around for questions. there is the microphone. >> hello. allison with a congressman from michigan. in terms of the breakout the regional, i think we all saw midwest just straight down, did the tax revenue graph, how much was influenced by that stark slow drop in the midwest? is there any correlation or is there a thought of pulling out the midwest in particular in terms of the revenue aspect of this? it seems to have a pretty different outcome than the other three regions. >> we have a sizable number of respondents from the midwest so clearly that affected the results for overall which is why then we thought it was a portent to show the regional breakouts. we do not so the regional breakouts. >> it would make a difference mathematically. how much it would make, i'm not sure. if you think of where the largest cities are located they tend to be located on the coast and they are the ones that are fewer in the midwest than there are in the midwestern census region. >> to -underscore mike's point about large cities, when we look at the municipal sector we make a special effort to make sure the larger cities are included in the data and that is because were looking at aggregate numbers across city budgets. large cities would weigh more heavily on the result. >> hello, marissa, city budget director for the city of philadelphia. questions about asking predicting the next recession, do you have historical data from previous reports on how good were those finance officers at predicting and how much weight should be put into it now? >> this was the first year we ask that question. i think it's telling that we ask about the financial needs to be met and you can see clearly around post recession but again what mike said about property tax lag you can see significant drops in the percentage that they are better able during the time when property tax receipts are declining as a result of the recession. we would anticipate this question would be weathered as well. sir. >> hello, art with the american public transportation association. you made reference to the earlier recessions caused by the .com and the housing bubble but this seems to be more based on general trends, nothing particular driving it. is there anything of a fragile nature that you could equate to those megatrends the cost earlier recessions? >> great question. i think this is much more -- is that tariffs or trade or globalization things that are making the cfos wary? i'm not sure if that affects what year they picked the recession. but you are right. there's not one singular event that has triggered it in their minds something, some event that would call for a downturn in the economy. ... in 2015. again that is into new growth that's over growth starting back in 2015. so, i, it may be that sort of general economic conditions, slower moving trends are sort of underway. >> natalie cohen, national research. i was a little surprised about the slowdown in elections. what happened to the internet sales tax surge? >> i think we will hear a little bit about that on the panel. my sense is that it hasn't been that cash cow that they were hoping for but also there's the reality not all cities collect sales taxes. a good chunk of them do, but not all of them do, so that is to be determined. >> city of gaithersburg council. one of the things that affected municipalities and state governments, state revenue is most clearly the last couple of years are the changes in tax laws, tax cuts, deductibility is, state and local taxes had a big impact on revenue and also planning in the state and fiscal level. if you addressed this and then the second question follow-up is one of the traditional responses to the recession is for congress to cut the taxes yet again. can you address both of those questions? >> i know in the previous survey we had asked about finance officers, budget directors what did you fee

research director. come on up. thank you again. [ applause ] and mike pagano, the dean of college of urban planning and public affairs at the university of illinois at chicago and director of the government finance research center. [ applause ] >> thank you, clarence. >> without further ado, again, welcome to the national league of cities and we look forward to learning about what is going on in our nation. thank you very much, christie and mike. >> thank you so much, clarence. well, thank you for being here. another year, 34th annual city fiscal conditions. it's hard to believe. mike and i need to pinch ourselves every time we say it's may again. now here we are at exciting times. how many of you have read the city fiscal conditions report this year or over the past couple of years? awesome. that's pretty much all of you. thank you. i think the key point to city fiscal conditions, although i know some of you have heard headlines around recession and whatnot, we'll dig into that a little bit, but really city fiscal conditions and the trends we see with city fiscal health is that, you know, they're a slow-moving ship. if we see big junctures and big changes in trends relating to city finances, we know that we ne

research demonstration and evaluation center for the aging network. this center will be responsible for conducting, promoting, and coordinating research, including evaluation and demonstration projects, and related technical assistance through the act. the center will increase the repository of information on evidence-based programs and interventions available to the aging network. the bill improves economic opportunity and engagement for older americans. it includes individuals who are just as involved as the priority population for the senior community service employment program. the bill also encourages the inclusion of arts education and cultural experiences among other supportive services, and further allows for demonstration funds to be used for multigenerational collaboration projects that provide opportunities for older individuals to participate in multigenerational activities and civic engagement activities. finally, this bipartisan legislation seeks to improve services for historically underserved and marginalized individuals. including native americans, holocaust survivors, and lgbt seniors. for example, it will create a national technical assistance center dedicated to expanding the aging network's compass to the deliver person centered trauma snfed service that is meet the needs -- informed services that meet the needs of survivors. it recognizes the ongoing importance of work and improves the data collection and outreach for all resource centers that focus on population meeting additional or unique services. this bill provides a rare bipartisan opportunity to help millions of older americans across the countryle spend less of their limited income on costly care and just as importantly to empower every individual to age with dignity. i'd like to thank education and labor committee chairman bobby scott and ranking member virginia foxx, as well as my co-leads on the bill, representative elise stefanik, subcommittee ranking member representative james comber, and refives susi lee, suzanne wild, and johnson for working together to bring this bipartisan bill to the floor. i also want to thank the hardworking staff, especially carry and ally from the committee. my personal to the office staff. and the staff on both sides of the aisle. i encourage my colleagues to join me in supporting this legislation so we can better care for those who have cared for us. thank you, mr. speaker. i reserve the balance of my time. the speaker pro tempore: the gentlewoman from oregon reserves the balance of her time. the gentlewoman from new york is recognized. ms. stefanik: thank you, mr. speaker. as the representative of a district that has one of the largest constituencies of older americans, i am proud to rise as a co-author of h.r. 4334, the dignity in aging act. bipartisan legislation that re-authorizes the older americans act, which will directly benefit the seniors in my district and the seniors across the country. since 1965 this statute has provided a wide range of social and nutrition services for americans aged 60 years or older. in addition to well-known programs like meals on o wheels, the older americans act support services that include nutrition programs providing meals at senior centers, schools, and churches. care to prevent abuse, negligent, and exploitation of seniors. family caregiver support systems, and community service employment opportunities for older americans. this legislation is full of bipartisan agreements and priorities and during times of stark political you divide it is encouraging to be here today with my colleagues on both sides of the aisle to speak in support of the dignity in aging act, which is the product of a diligent congenial effort that embodies the good that can come from working across the aisle. the bill before us today provides states the flexibility to spend funds on the issues impacting their senior communities, which includes support for older americans who have become caregivers of younger relatives due to the devastating toll of the opioid epidemic in our communities. it enhances the cost-effectiveness of critical programs, ensures program accountability and integrity by prohibiting the renewal of grants that do not demonstrate effectiveness. it assists formerly incarcerated old oer individuals re-enter the work force rather than reoffend. and ensures that funded programs are evidence-based and effectively serving seniors. additionally, this bill includes long overdue updates from the younger onset alzheimer's act that i co-led with my friend and colleague from new york, congresswoman kathleen rice. those under 60 with this heartbreaking disease face unique hardships for themselves and their families of the the current support structures for individuals with alzheimer's are focused almost exclusively on seniors. leaving the 200,000 americans living with younger onset alzheimer's without access to these critical services. this bill ensures individuals of any age living with alzheimer's receive full access to the services and support provided by the older americans act. i am also very proud to say that included in this bill is language from another bipartisan legislative proposal that i co-authored, encouraging the use of caregiver assessments to identify the needs a family care delivers. this individualized approach to care will ensure both caregivers and those who require assistance are provided tailored support to achieve the best possible health outcomes. there is another group of older americans in this country that we must not forget. the nearly 80,000 holocaust survivors who live among us. as victims of the very worst of humanity, holocaust survivors deserve devoted care and support to address the unimaginable horrific trauma they experienced. sadly one third of our country's holocaust survivors live in poverty. during the markup process in the house education and labor committee, i was honored to work with my friend and colleague, representative bonamici, on a provision that works-to-dress the needs of aging holocaust survivors. institutional placement can present a unique challenge to those who have suffered the trauma of the holocaust. it is critical these individuals are identified for the services necessary to support independent living. our provision will ensure local outreach efforts place a special emphasis on holocaust survivors and other at risk for institutional placement. additionally, the bill recognizes the specific needs of this community by ensuring that nutrition programs should meet the religious, cultural, or ethnic dietary requirements of all older americans. these men and women have survived un-able suffering yet many continue to live with physical and emotional scars from the horror they faced. together we acknonl their resilience and seek to offer opportunities that allow them to live healthy, dignified, and independent lives through their elder years. mr. speaker, i'm encourage the by the bipartisan effort from the education and labor committee that resulted in the meaningful slayings before us today. i strongly encourage all of my colleagues to vote yes on h.r. 4334, the dignity in aging act n doing so we reaffirm our commitment to our nation's older generation. i reserve the balance of my time. the speaker pro tempore: the gentlewoman new york reserves the balance of her time. the gentlewoman from oregon is recognized. ms. bonamici: mr. speaker, i'm pleased to yield three minutes to the chairman of the education and labor committee, the gentleman from virginia, mr. scott. the speaker pro tempore: the gentleman from virginia, mr. scott, is recognized for three minutes. mr. scott: thank you, mr. speaker. i want to thank representatives bonamici, stefanik, lee of neverauskas, comber, wild, and johnson of south dakota for their work on this bipartisan bill. i wranto specifically recognize -- i want to specifically recognize miss bonamici for and the -- ms. bonamici for her leadership we are here to consider the dignity in aging act and to re-authorize the older americans act and thereby support an investment in our nation's seniors. the congress first passed the older americans act in 1965, along with medicare, medicaid, and other civil rights legislation as part of president johnson's great stoig -- society. 54 years later this 45 years later, it continues to support programs that support 11 million americans maintain independence and avoid institutional care. this includes three million americans who regularly use o.a.e. services to address basic needs, especially food, transportation and social action. unfortunately it has not kept pace with inflation and the growing population of aging americans in 2010 -- americans. n 2010, the annual funding was 40 per senior. it's now $27. this weakens the services at a time they're in high demand. according to a g.a.o. report the services failed to reach a vast majority of low-income americans who have food insecurity. this investment will allow us to not only help senior with us also help us save money. o.a.e. services allow older americans to delay or altogether avoid costlier care by promoting healthier behaviors and promoting critical support of services. the bill funds o.a.e. services at record levels, focuses on the vital role of family caregiverers as direct workers and allows those with early onset als himmers to benefit from the act. as the number of older americans continues to increase, the dignity in aging act is an opportunity for us to strengthen essential services that allow millions of americans across the crunt toy age independently and with dignity. i urge my colleagues to support the dignity in aging act of 2019 and yield back the balance of my time. the speaker pro tempore: the gentleman yields back . the gentlewoman from new york is recognized. ms. stefanik: i yield two minutes to mr. comer, the rank egg member of the civil rights committee. the speaker pro tempore: the gentleman is recognized. mr. comer: today's life expectancy is at a historic high which is great news but it also means we need to be doing all we can tone sure americans have access to services to allow them to live independently in their homes as long as possible. since 1965, the older americans act or a.a. -- or o.a.a. has governed the delivery of services throughout the country. with more than 41 million americans age 65 and older the social and ewe nutritional programs offered by o.a.a. are critical to helping them maintain independence. the reach of this law is substantial and covers many aspects of elder care. in addition to well known programs like meals on wheel, o.a.a. support services provided by more than 300 state organization and approximately 20,000 local providers some of these include nutrition program prossviding meals at senior centers, schoolsing churches, care to prevent the abuse, the flect and -- neglect and exploitation of seniors, and employment programs -- employment taunts for older americans. these programs offer valuable assistance for america's seniors and we must ensure the law is aging as well as the people it serves. i'm proud that our committee has worked together to produce bipartisan legislation, effective legislation to support our nation's seniors. specifically, the dignity in aging act we are considering today eliminates the arbitrary cap on percentage of funding area agencies on aging can use to provide services to older aer givers raising younger relatives. these provisions will be beneficial for my constituents in kentucky where in the midst of the opioid crisis, many older relatives have taken on the responsibilities of raising children whose parents are not present or are unable to take care of them. as an original co-sponsor of this legislation and the ranking member of the subcommittee of jurisdiction, i appreciate the work of chairwoman bonamici and my colleagues on the ecommittee on education an loy boar to advance the dignity in aging act of 2019. i urge all my colleagues to support this legislation to build upon the flexible policies found in the older americans act to promote consumer driven independent living for our nation's el ler i -- elledler i -- elderly population. thank youened i yield back. the speaker pro tempore: the gentleman's time from kentucky has expire. the gentlewoman from new york reserves. the gentlewoman from oregon is recognized. ms. bonamici: thank you, mr. speaker. i'm pleased to yield one minute to a member of the education and labor committee, the gentlelady from illinois, ms. underwood. the speaker pro tempore: the gentlewoman is recognized for one minute. ms. underwood: i rise in strong support of the dignity and aging act of 2019. this is a strong bipartisan bill to re-authorize the older americans act which provides vital services and support to seniors an their families in our communities. re-authorization has been an important local priority in my community in northern illinois. during the august work period, i held a round table on the issue at the fox valley older adult services with local stake holders. their priorities included increased fund, transportation, legal services and support for seniors to age in place. and their care givers. and that's why i'm so proud that the bill we are discussing today among other improvements increases overall transportation program fund big 35% and improves access to that funding, increases availability an accessibility of meals for seniors an strengthens support for family care givers including those cares for individuals with younger onset alzheimer's disease. i'm so proud this bill includes my bipartisan amendment to ensure that programs that serve seniors are ready to respond to outbreaks or other public health more thans. i urge my colleagues on both sides of the aisle to support the dignity in aging act so that our seniors have the services an support they need and i yield back. the speaker pro tempore: the gentlewoman's time has expire. the gentlewoman from oregon reserves. the gentlewoman from new york is regular niced. ms. stefanik: i yield two minutes to the gentleman from georgia, mr. allen, the ranking member on the subcommittee of early childhood development and aging. mr. allen: 54 years ago, our country made a commitment to older americans and their families. in 1965, the older americans act was enacted to provide a range of services for those over the age of 60678 by passing this legislation, congress made a promise to help provide compassionate care to our nation's most vulnerable adults who are sometimes exploiting, abused or neglected. this legislation is vital to georgia seniors and it supports many important community-based services like nutrition programs, churches and family caregiver support. i've seen the benefits of these programs firsthand as i've had several opportunities to deliver meals on wheels to those who are unable to grocery shop or prepare a warm meal for themselves. what a privilege as a member of congress to visit with these older adults and talk to them about their contribution to this great country as we deliver these meals. this legislation upholds the dignity of those who are aging and has received bipartisan support for more than 50 years. today should be no different. as we have a responsibility to uphold the promise that was made to support our nation's seniors. i urge my colleagues to once again re-authorize the older americans act. thank you and i yield back. the speaker pro tempore: the gentleman's time has expired. the gentlewoman from new york reserves. the gentlewoman from oregon is recognized. ms. bonamici: i'm pleased to yield three minutes to the gentlelady from new york, miss rice, who along with representative stefanik, were lead sponsthoferse early onset alzheimer's act included in this legislation. the speaker pro tempore: the gentlewoman is recognize for three minutes miss rice: i rise in support of h.r. 4334, the dignity in aging act of 2019 which includes key provisions from our bill the younger onset alzheimer's act. this will amend the holder americans act to ensure hundreds of thousands of americans living with early onset alzheimer's receive the care they deserve. the older americans a act was enacted in 1965 and supports a range of home and community-based programs to support those age 60 and older. it includes meals on wheels, in-home and adult day casework transportation service, legal aid, elder abuse prevention and vital assistance and support for family care givers. these programs have become absolutely essential to those living with alzheimer's and their families. however, today, 5% of americans living with alzheimer's, approximately 250,000 people are living with younger onset alzheimer's, a disease that has a particularly devastating effect on families with diagnoses coming in an individual's 30's, 40's, or 50's when they still have young children, new homes an growing careers. they're in the prime of their lives an they don't always have the financial stability to leave the work force which is usually inevitable. and because of their young age, they are currently ineligible for all o.a.a. funded programs. virtually overnight these families face unimaginable and unforeseen strain and are denied access to programs we know work and that so many people with alzheimer's rely on every day. by including major provisions from our bill, the dignity in aging act will ensure that younger alzheimer's patients and their families have access to critical programs and support. before i yield back, mr. speaker, i want to take a moment to acknowledge two of my constituents who helped bring this issue to my attention. karen henley and connie wasserman. karen lost her husband, mike, to younger onset als himmers in 2012. he was diagnosed at the age of 36 and passed away at 47. karen, mike, and their two children experienced firsthand how challenging it is for people with this disease to find affordable and quality care. connie wasserman is the associate executive director of social services of the jacobson s.c.c. in new york. she's played a crucial role in helping families of those living with young onset alzheimer's. because the gth doesn't fund alzheimer's programs for those under the age of 60, connie had to start her own and relies almost entirely on private funding. connie and karen have become tireless advocates for those with younger onset alzheimer's and worked closely. states should have it, today is karen and mike henley's wedding anniversary and in honor of them i ask my colleagues to support the dignity in aging act of 2019. i want to thank my friending, my colleague, and fellow new yorker, ms. stefanik, and with that i yield back the balance of my time. the speaker pro tempore: the gentlewoman's time has ex-er food -- expire. the gentlewoman from oregon is -- the gentlewoman from oregon reserves. this gentlewoman from new york. ms. stefanik: i yield two minutes to the gentlelady from north carolina, dr. foxx. the speaker pro tempore: the gentlelady is recognized. ms. foxx: thank you, mr. speaker. i would like to begin by thanking representative stefanik for her leadership on this legislation before us today. i rise today to speak in support of h.r. 4334, the dignity in aging act, which will re-authorize the older americans act through 2024. for over 50 years the older americans act or o.a.a. has helped provide social and nutrition services to older americans. more than 40 million americans age 65 and older, the programs and services offered by o.a.a. are helping them maintain independence and the data shows overwhelmingly that these programs help older americans live higher quality lives. the reach of this law is substantial and covers many aspects of elder care beyond just well-known programs like meals on wheels. o.a.a. supports services include nutrition programs providing meals at senior centers, schools and churches, care to prevent the abuse, neglect and exploitation of seniors, family caregiver support systems and services to help older americans move into employment. this re-authorization is the product of bipartisan hard work with members of the education and labor committee and shows the good that can come from working together. through productive conversation and compromise we have successfully authorized grants for states and area agencies on age, a.a.a.'s, responsible for coordinating services for older individuals. specifically the supportive services program funds a wide range of social services aim at helping our older population remain independent in air own homes and communities. these services include case management, adult day care, and other numerous activity of senior centers. additionally, states are required to devote a certain portion of funding to access services home care and legal assistance. furthermore, local agencies implement the law on the ground will receive additional clarity about cost-sharing policy designed to increase the cost effectiveness of o.a.a. programs. the bill also infuses additional candlelightability other hardworking taxpayer funds into these programs by requiring programs to demonstrate they met their stated goals prior to receiving a renewal of their grant. in addition to funding for supportive services and nutrition services, h.r. 4334 also provides for caregiver support. the bill continues support for the national family care givers support program which provides funds to states to support americans caring for aging family members. the program provides a range of services including information and assistance to care givers about available services, counseling, organization of support groups, and caregiver education. respite services to provide families temporary relief from care giving responsibilities, and supplemental services to complement care provided by other care givers. the bill also provides increased flexibility to states by lifting a cap on the percentage of funds that can go to older relative care givers which allow for additional support for those seniors who have taken responsibility for caring for family members due to the growing problem of opioids in our nation. mr. speaker, i'm very encouraged by the teamwork and bipartisanship that went into this bill. h.r. 4334, the dignity in aging act reflects congress' commitment to our nation's seniors and builds upon the laws -- the law's flexibility policies, allowing older americans to age with health, dignity, and independence in the communities of their choosing. i'd like again to thank representative stefanik for her diligent work on this legislation an thank chairman scott for his commitment to bipartisanship. i strongly urge all my colleagues to support this re-authorization that will benefit an entire generation of older americans and with that, i yield back. . gentlewoman from new york reserves. the gentlewoman from oregon is recognized. i'm onamici: mr. speaker, pleased to dwreeld three -- yield three minutes to the entlelady from pennsylvania, ms. wild, a passionate advocate for suicide prevention. the speaker pro tempore: the pennsylvania is recognized. ms. wild: thank you, mr. chairman. president 5 when lyndon johnson signed the older americans act, congress codified into law an essential and universal truth, that each a responsibility to protect and support those who for us.nd have cared these bonds of solidarity tie our society together. we are stronger, both as individuals and as a nation, up. we hold each other the objectives of the older mericans act were to secure adequate income in retirement, the best possible physical and services without regard to economic status, uitable housing and transportation, restorative services, and employment pportunities free of discrimination. the programs funded through the immensely popular, but funding has not kept pace. 2010, o.a.a. funding was pproximately $42.95 per senior in today's dollars. oday, it is just $27.25 per senior. every time funding fails to meet demand, the foundation of our society is chipped away. every time funding fails to meet of nd, we run the risk malnutrition, unsafe living conditions, and social isolation our seniors. fortunately, there is a is tion, and that solution the legislation we are voting on today, the dignity in aging act 2019 is a bipartisan re-authorization of the o.a.a., o.a.a. programs an immediate 7% increase in iscal year 2020 and a 6% increase every year thereafter. reflecting the fact this is a priority, transcending differences of party and politics, three of my republican colleagues, representatives dusty johnson, representative representative comer worked alongside as origins co-sponsors of this egislation, which was introduced by my colleague, representative bonamici. ritically, this legislation includes provisions that will guide o.a.a.'s nutrition rograms like meals on wheels, programs that meet an urgent need across our country. to include language that will benefit our seniors by nsuring access to nutritional services that are culturally sensitive and reflect the diverse needs of our communities. i am particularly proud that this bill updates the o.a.a. by on ing a greater focus countering social isolation. empowering local organizations solutions and incorporating social isolating health andnto mental supportive services that seniors receive. that's why i proposed an unanimously adopted by the education and labor committee as part of the legislation to add screening for suicide risk to the disease prevention and promotion services offered under the o.a.a. older americans are among the at-risk members of our population when it comes to the uicide epidemic across our nation. we must stand with these fellow americans and offer them our as we all work to break the stigma around suicide and as we all worknd to build a society in which we mental health just as we do physical health. with that i thank you. the speaker pro tempore: the entlewoman from pennsylvania yields back the balance of her time. the gentlewoman from new york is recognized. i'm prepared to close if the gentlelady is prepared to close. like to yield i'd myself such time as i may consume to enter into the record supportowing letters of and then i'll be prepared to close. 'd like to enter into the record letters of support from aarp supporting h.r. 4334, a jewish rom the federation of north america letter ng h.r. 4334, a from the alzheimer's association and alzheimer's impact movement supporting the legislation, a from 72 national organizations representing older adults and caregivers across the a letter from meals 4334.els supporting h.r. it's attention to the impact of social isolation. reserve.e to the speaker pro tempore: without objection, the gentlewoman from oregon reserves the balance of her time. the gentlewoman from new york is recognized. ms. stefanik: in closing, i'd like to, again, thank my good riend, the gentlelady from oregon, ms. bonamici, our colleagues and our staff on the education and labor committee all of their work on this bipartisan bill that will help improve the lives of millions of across the country. as i said at the beginning of debate, my home district isct is home to one of the largest constituencies of older americans. so i could not be prouder to have led the re-authorization of the older americans act, which tangibly tly and benefit the seniors in new york's 21st district and seniors country.e our nation's seniors deserve to age with health, dignity, and communities in the of their choosing and, again, i urge a yes vote and with that i yield back. the speaker pro tempore: the new york yields back the balance of her time. the gentlewoman from oregon, ms. recognized. ms. bonamici: thank you, mr. speaker. i urge all of my colleagues to upport the bipartisan dignity in aging act of 2019. o.a.a. that the programs, meals on wheels, programs, eal protection against older abuse help older americans live their dignity.h once again, i want to thank representatives stefanik, lee, johnson, for leading in this effort. again, thank chairman scott and foxx for mber supporting this legislation as it moved through the committee process. the bipartisan engagement and involvement of many tomittee members was crucial to achieving this legislation to successfully address many priorities that incorporate the stakeholders.ous i'm grateful for all those support passage of this bill today so we can better older american to age with dignity. again, i urge my colleagues to i port this legislation, and yield back the balance of my time. the speaker pro tempore: the gentlewoman from oregon yields back the balance of her time. question is will the house suspend the rules and pass the 4334 as amended. those in favor say aye. those opposed, no. chair, 2/3ion of the having responded in the affirmative, the rules are suspended, the bill is passed, and without objection, the motion to reconsider is laid on the table. the speaker pro tempore: for the gentleman es from oregon seek recognition? mr. defazio: mr. speaker, i move the house suspend the rules the bill h.r. 2440, the full utilization of the harbor fund act, as ust amended. the speaker pro tempore: the clerk will report the title of the bill. a bill to h.r. 2440, provide for the use of funds in the harbor maintenance trust the purposes for which the funds were collected and to ensure that funds credited to the harbor maintenance trust used to support navigation, and for other purposes. the speaker pro tempore: pursuant to the rule, the oregon, mr. m defazio, and the gentleman from arkansas, mr. womack, each will 20 minutes. the chair recognizes the gentleman from oregon. mr. defazio: mr. speaker, i ask unanimous consent that all members may have five legislative days to revise and and include remarks on h.r. s material 2440, as amended. the speaker pro tempore: without objection. speaker, i : mr. yield myself such time as i may consume. the speaker pro tempore: the gentleman from oregon is recognized. askdefazio: mr. speaker, i unanimous consent to enter into the congressional record a letter from chairman john yarmuth, the house committee on waive agreeing to consideration of h.r. 24 # 40 -- 2440, as amended, as well as my yarmuth for irman orking cooperatively on this legislation. the speaker pro tempore: will be covered under general leave. mr. defazio: ok. a long time coming. ronald reagan worked with the congress and passed a tax, tax paid by every american, americans in arkansas and every other state. every time you buy an imported through a ame container into our country, you pay a minuscule sales tax. don't know that. but congress is well aware of it. has or decades, congress been stealing that money. the money was intended to harbors and our ports, critical to our maritime critical to our competitiveness in the world economy, and our ports are in condition around the nation. as we hear so much about our crumbling infrastructure, the working on, i am you know, our waste water, our drinking water, we don't have any money. we have the money. we actually have money. we have taken it from the american people. tax.ve paid that but congress is stealing it. harbors.pplying it to now, this has been a bipartisan problem over the years. his is not something that was republicans or democrats who created this program. and it's been democratic republican ons, administrations who have been diverting these needed funds. on a daily basis, our largest have only about 38% of their authorized capacity. that means longer lines of ships out to sea, more costs in the movement of goods. particularly for our exports. now, i note this bill is supported by the alabama, senator shelby, and senator shelby of the need ecause to export from his state. thoseess what, a bunch of exports come from the state of arkansas. why would someone from that state, where half of their is exported, you know, where they have $3.1 agricultural exports be opposed to more efficiently moving their goods out of the and adding costs to their farmers? i don't understand. who here are some people think ports don't affect them. orts affect every single american every day. costs hat are imported more when our harbors aren't properly and our trade deficit grows when we are not world tive in the economy. so has been coming -- i started working on this 23 years ago guy named bud shuster. his son, bill shuster, succeeded as chair over the last six years before we took back over the house as chairman of that committee. twice we moved that bill out of the committee unanimously, spend ng provisions to the harbor maintenance tax on harbor maintenance. to that's a radical idea some people inside the beltway in washington, people who just right here in washington. they are not focused on the nation, the needs of the nation, of their farmers, the needs of others who are exporting and importing goods. maritime nation that's falling behind. that isn't going to be ready to ships the largest new because we don't have the money to dredge the harbors. we have the money. in billion is sitting over the treasury. there are those here who don't the money on its lawful purpose. oh, my god, it breaks the budget caps. really? the budget caps? year ow, the deficit this was $397 billion higher than left resident obama office. now, be who's been in charge of the last two years? wrote those budgets that put us up to nearly $1 trillion? afford to we can't dredge our harbors. shut them down. shut them in. jetties decay. we can't afford it. we can afford it. his is one place with bipartisan support where we can infrastructure needs without raising a new tax on the american people. administration actually had some concern about underspending of the tax and the diversion of the money to he treasury so actually the president's propused to cut the -- proposed to cut the tax. written by mick mulvaney, the president's chief o.m.b.f and the chief of staff when i said we had $10 billion, mr. bank, ent, sitting in the ready to be spent on infrastructure needs at our he turned to kudlow and he said, spend that money. hat's where the president stands. that's where senator shelby stands. he's been trying to get into any and every bill moving through senate. every one of these budget deals he's been trying to get it in. hear arguments we can't afford to spend the tax that was taken from the american people on the purpose for which it was intended. i do not agree with that argument. with that i retain the balance of my time. the speaker pro tempore: the gentleman is recognized. mr. womack: i rise in opposition to this bill to no surprise to my friend from oregon. let me help him a little bit with how i give opposition in context. as the ranking member of the budget committee, mr. speaker, it is not possible for me just to consider how we're going to get soybeans out of arkansas as the sole limiting factor on how we budget. it is important. it's important to my producers. but at the end of the tai we are 23 trillion in debt. $23 trillion. and the deficit this year to add to that $23423 trillion is expected to approach $1 trillion. h.r. 2440 would disrupt the recently enacted budget agreement. now, mr. speaker, you know that we did months of negotiation on some agreement to keep the government open and operating. this body established discretionary spending caps for the next two years with the passage of the bipartisan budget act of 2019. the bill before us today breaches that law. it increases that deficit. is my question is what was the point of us going through that arduous process of negotiating a bipartisan, bicameral agreement with the president so that just three months later we could shoot a $10 billion hole in it. this bill would increase the deficit by up to $10 billion, which i believe is unacceptable given our fiscal condition. according to the congressional budget office, the annual deficit this year will be $1 trillion, adding to the already $23 trillion in debt. now let me be clear. i acknowledge that there are structural budgetary challenges associated with a harbor maintenance trust fund. they need to be fixed. i think everyone agrees that this is not fair that our shippers are required to pay a tax for harbor maintenance but then the funds can't be spent on the very service they are supposed to provide. that, we can agree on. the work is critical to american jobs and the economy, we need to fix the flaws in the trust fund, however this bill is not the answer. it's no a long-term solution, it's just a quick fix. i'd like to work with members on both sides of the aisle to assess not only the harbor trust fund butal guft -- but all government trust funds and evaluate their funding mechanisms to make sure they make sense. this is an attempt to spend more money without offsets and increase the deficit. there's a determined opposition in the united states senate. senate budget committee chairman enzi and i released the following joint statement in opposition to 2440. reads the bipartisan budget act of 2019, which increased spending caps for fiscal years 2020 and 2021 was enacted less than three months ago. instead of prioritizing additional funding for harbor maintenance activities under this agleam, h.r. 2440 would further increase spending by as much as $10 billion over the next two years. this approach is irresponsible and would not provide a lasting solution. with annual deficits in excess of a trillion dollars for this foreseeable future congress should be working on reducing the deficit rather than increasing it. i believe 2440 is fiscally irresponsible and i urge my colleagues to vote no and i reserve the balance of my time. the speaker pro tempore: the gentleman from arkansas reserves. the gentleman from oregon is ecognized. mr. defazio: i yield myself such time as i may consume. can't do it now, like to do it another time. i've heard that on the floor for the last sick years when we did the water resources development act, became a bipartisan, unanimous, out of the transportation committee when the republicans chaired it. and this year when i chaired it. bipartisan out of the committee. we'll fix it later because the technical budget act is going to be violated and the caps are going to be violated. i'd observe that i believe the gentleman was here and the gentleman voted for the tax cuts. when obama left office we had a deficit of $587 billion. this year it's $984 billion. due to principally the tax cuts. so waive all the rule whence it comes to cutting taxes but when it comes to collecting taxes, not just from shippers, but every american pays more for every imported good that comes through a port, with the intention in a bill signed by ronald reagan, that that money would be spent to min tain those harbors. as i pointed out this has been a bipartisan problem. clinton, bush, clinton or ba ma, all of them. even the budgets proposed by mick mulvaney in the name of the president would further cut harbor maintenance. we would continue to collect the tax from the american people if harbor maintenance and continue to quert it over -- divert it over here. how can you increase the deficit when you're spending taxes that are already collected deposited in the treasury of the united states and can only be spent on harbor maintenance and you're not spending them, that's increasing the deficit? seriously? oh, come on. now i would note that in a rare moment of -- we have a list here of 70 organizations who support this legislation. including the association of general contractors of america who are going to key vote this issue. they realize how critical this is for the future of the american economy, a great maritime nation. the association of general contractors will key vote this issue. we also have the national grain and feed association, and a long list of others on here who support this. so you know, it's just -- we can talk a lot about making a major investment in infrastructure, we've been hung up on how are we going to pay for service transportation, 47,000 bridges need repair or replacement. 47% of the national highway system ede-tieror ated to the point we have to rebuild, not just recoat it and tch a $100 billion backwilling in transit to bring it up to a state of good repair. those are just the needs in surface. then you go to wastewater. then you go to airports. then you go to drinking water. but guess what? for every single one of those things, we're going to have to raise revenues one way or another. this one thing, the need to invest in our harbors, we have the money. it's sitting in the bank and we're being told because of budget caps it can't be spent. seriously? and the president himself said when i was there, spend that money. so if we get the bill through the house, if they don't derail it, and it gets through the senate, the president will sign it. plain and simple. this is commonsense. outside the beltway. but just budget weirdness inside. with that, i reserve the balance of my time. the speaker pro tempore: the gentleman reserves. the gentleman from oregon is recognized. mr. womack: mr. speaker, i yield myself 30 seconds. the speaker pro tempore: the gentleman is recognized. mr. womack: in our process, it's not as simple as just spend the money. it has to go through a process. we call it the appropriations process, mr. speaker. you're well aware of it, having serve thond eappropriations committee. here's the deal. the budget a greement is indifferent as to the source of that money. whether it's harbor maintenance trust fund issue or whether it's spending that is were roed from china or from the international bond market it's indifferent to it. it goes through the same process. this bles a $10 billion hole in the deficit that is just three months away from the agreement we had three months ago. with that, mr. speaker, i'd like to yield three minutes to the gentleman from utah, pli friend and colleague on the appropriations committee, mr. stewart. reporter: the gentleman from utah, mr. stewart, is -- the speaker pro tempore: the gentleman from utah, mr. stewart is recognized for three minutes. mr. stewart: i'm prows to -- proud to rise with my friend, mr. womack, to speak in opposition to this measure. if you're going to pull something tell us why. this bill would break the spending caps this body agreed to just a few months ago. this is laughably unacceptable. i also need to point out and i know this is going to shock many people, that the budget caps they agreed to were hardly a model of fiscal discipline. quite the contrary. they were very liberal, very generous. i have no problem with this particular funding. i want to be clear on that i have no problem with this particular funding. it may be a very wise use of taxpayers' money. but if that's true, then have the courage to stand up and say this is how we're going to fund it. this is how we're going to pay for it. adjust pts agreed to the spending caps adversely impact our ability to monetary dis-- monitor discretionary spending by awe log -- -- allowing them outside the caps. while it may be true the trust fuvend needs to be fixed this is not the way to address the issue by adding $10 billion to what is, what, a $22.5 trillion deficit. for our children and grandchildren, this is not the way to move forward. now i want to mention one other final and experience would show certainly a reasonable fear. and that is this. h.r. 2440 sets a dangerous precedent for other programs looking to operate also outside of the spending caps. if we bust the caps for this, what other reasonable programs must we fund outside of the budget caps? everyone has a special program they want to fund. everyone's got a sacred cow they want to fund. sadly, there are no many cows in heaven because all the sacred cows are down here in congress trying to find a way to be funded. we must remain defiant toward adding onto our already existing and as has been pointed out including by our friends in the opposition, our already existing exiss ten rble threat from runaway spending. i stand in opposition to that and with that, mr. chairman, i yield back. the speaker pro tempore: the gentleman from utah yields back the balance of his time. the gentleman from arkansas reserves. the gentleman from oregon is ecognized. mr. defazio: name another program -- gentleman from utah, ok, he can't -- i'm going to -- a question. name another program with a dedicated tax where we're diverting the money over to the treasury instead of spending it on a well-documented need? just name another program -- >> i would be happy to research that for you. mr. defazio: i reclaim my time. thank you. you can't. we are taking this money, it's a sales tax. the american people are paying it. like some of you live in sales tax states. i don't live in a sales tax state but my people are still paying this sales tax on imported goods. and they expect the money as ronald reagan signed that bill to be spent on maintaining our harbors. i can list the needs in my harbors that aren't being met today because the corps of engineers is underfunded. but we hear we can't d this. the other argument here is, this -- -- this busts the caps, breaks the agreement. no. all of this money which has been taken from the american people and deposited in the treasury is subject to appropriations. it gives discretion to appropriationors to determine whether or not we will finally honor our compact with the american people and spend the harbor maintenance tax on harbor maintenance, not on illusory deficit reduction. with that, i retain the balance of my t

research centers it's the northernmost settlement of its kind in the entire world. right now some of our scientists are getting ready to start their working day. we're going to do some field research and that's when we leave the village we have to take our rifles because of the polar bears you know. there are more bears on fall apart than people about 3000 are sort of the center of here if they attack it can be life threat.