right. right. and so speaking to that, we should not just focus on 1960, in 1958, bennett college allowed martin luther king jr to speak on campus and this was controversial because initially they wanted to speak at nc rht bennett college is for private institution anti is a public institution and so ty experienced government pressure and threats from the kkk and other members and not allow them to speak at anti and partially because bennett is a private school right they allowed or allowed they didn't have the pressures of government resources and things on them. they were able to have mlk kind of speak on their campus right. and so this happens in 1958, in 1959. so december of 1959, bennett college and their student newspaper, they post article says, do you stand? and they're really advocating people to do the work right? do something. discrimination and violence. we're experiencing right. take action. and this is happening before february first, 1960. right. so when the controversial moment is t

right. right. you hear about the brown versus board of education students, but we don't think about the actual children. right who had to desegregate or try to desegregate schools. right. we think about thurgood marshall, right. but so short in our essential to kind of this black movement as, people who are agreed by discrimination and racial violence. right. but also as and organizing great children, organizing students, organizing throughout the whole black freedom movement. okay. also student active is of all ages challenged oppression and other inequalities. the student movement was diverse in demographics with varying motivations, tactics and causes. and not all african-americans advocated for integration. some people advocated for equal resources while maintaining separatism. they advocated for black determination and power to rule over their own communities. right. so not all african-americans wanted interrogation in a large, white, central right was able to get a lot of resources strategica

right. and you actually wrote definitions of that. so let's kind of refresh our memories and think about what are the popular connotations of the word cult that operate our culture. now, when when say the word cult or we hear the word cult, what are the things that immediately jumped to mind? just shot them out. small, exclusive, exclusive if we what else? unorthodox, fanatical, fanatical devotion. now we're getting going. what else? charismatic. charismatic leader who's in seclusion? controlling, controlling maybe violent, violent or brainwashing? okay. yeah. lots of really good happy, positive thoughts that makes everyone want to be a part of a cult, right? i mean, so this this is the sort of dominant popular framework, the common framework that when we hear the word cult, these are sorts of things that we think and what we want to do today is think a little bit about why is the case and what are the. of that sort of thinking of the word cult. and this, of course, has a long history in rel

that one right there actually are right on the cusp james have of totality right now is just tracking the latest from nasa. and yeah, they've got the circle moving its way over the over the earth for the total solar eclipse is happening right now. that path of totality, start to come underneath it. it's not a very fast-moving thinks it's going to take a little while absent for the moon to fully eclipse the sun. and for us here in the bay area, we're going to start to see really within the next 15 to 20 minutes here that first little clip of the moon moving right over the got about another hour and 15 minutes until we reach our max coverage about 35%. so not to tell a guy. but with our crystal clear skies will still be 5. absolutely. and i know people are already lined up at various watch parties heading inside to take a look at some of these live streaming cameras and also to catch a glimpse of themselves. let's go outside because will tran is in san francisco along the embarcadero out at the exploratorium he's already got the glasses. hey, well. >> i am looking directly at the sun sa

right. but but he's infected, henry appleton is infected with a moral contagion. and because he is sick with a moral contagion, we can isolate him and we can regulate him without violating any treaty rights. and in a sense, that that kind of makes sense, right to this day. we may have the right to go travel to england or whatever, but if we are visibly sick with a contagious disease, they can isolate us until we're better. right. so this would not violate the treaty. he is, in fact, dangerous. and even though the judge disagreed the heavily with this argument, there were some legal rules that prevented him from freeing wilkinson up and then remain in jail for two more weeks. and the law that caused him to be arrested in the first place remain on the books for 40 years in south carolina. by the time we get to the civil war, seven other southern states have passed similar laws outlawing the ingress of free black sailors or on this concept of moral contagion. so what i want to do today and toni

right. we're of take that in right. and in many ways, we're kind of the survivors of an apartheid state. right. that still trying to untangle ourselves from. and where does all that come? and it comes from this this christian doctrine, i think, kind of really sitting with the reality of that is is is quite and it's with us i'll give just two quick examples. thomas jefferson writes, i was on a panel yesterday about first amendment freedom of religion. so thomas jefferson becomes president 1801 an 1802. he writes the letter to the danbury baptists in connecticut where you are who are worried because the state of connecticut does not have an explicit religious liberty guarantee its own constitution. right. he writes them and that's where we get the phrase separation of church and state. he uses it in that letter to the danbury baptists in connecticut. right. and he's saying that's how you should understand this that the u.s. constitution effectively built a wall of separation between church and state. so it kind of settles

right. well, eddie, brother eddie, this was a real pleasure. a pleasure to read your latest book. and it was wonderful to have this conversation. and i'm hopeful that those watching this conversation will pick it up, learn for themselves and pass it on. ithanks for coming, everyone ths is my pleasure to welcome mickey huff for the second time. to the avid reader, we had him last year for the previous day, the free press, you know, 2023. and today i'm going to be discussing the free press 2020 before we have. he'll be discussing the book good discussing i think media and that of thing and then ron opened it up to questions afterwards so please welcome mickey one of the others thanks so much know thanks to everybody here at the avid and broadway in sacramento it's always delight to be here and it's been a really great place since i since i moved over here from sonoma county, where project centered was founded almost 50 years ago. project has been around for a while and so i'm going to probably

right? so uh you want to think about it as being like a kind of and it rides on top of the existing monitor system rather than bypassing it, i guess. so the net effect actually of promoting the ideology is that the, the conservatives of the normal monitor uses the cf money system. get more powerful because their message is being promoted via that. but i don't know if that makes more sense. now in that, and of course, your background doesn't have to follow just and a financial broker who nearly ended up in leaving brothers just ahead of the crash . clearly evident there and what you're saying that and, and i think you written about gold. this missed the how gold is taught in schools within the media. have john list to use it as the hey day of money when it wasn't the new liberal model of money you, you smash went to pieces a well look. i'm not like a economic coast star and that specializes in talking about every, at every era of the monitoring system, right. there's a lot of new on some stuf

right? so this is history outside. a field school in finding america so awesome. esther, we've been going to different places around campus and trying to think about what we see how the landscape impacts where we are and what we think about where we. so those big questions for the semester are, where am i? what's the next one? can you remember that one? so we got where am i? what happened here? and then how do i fit into that? now? all right. so we're going to do that today to think about where am i? what happened here and how do i fit into it? and so to set this up in the long term, i'm going to pull a quote from a book called ecclesiastes from the old testament, and i'll read it so that i don't mess it up, although there are a lot of different versions of it all. the rivers run into the sea, yet the sea is not yet full to the place from which the rivers came there. they return again. so one thing i want us to think about as we look at this creek that we're standing over is what happens to

right. and denies right. the legitimacy of other forms of political engagement that are not in so many ways co-opted and absorbed by the democratic party. now, this is just. just to be quick, just to be clear, this is just a kind of story is not an insular story about black politics alone. it's about it's just an example of what happens when ordinary people hand over their responsibility to political elites. yeah, i want to dwell on this for a moment, because i think this is a really important point. and i know that, you know, some people in the black community most certainly, they get their backs up. they are uncomfortable with criticisms of president obama. but one of the things that i think illustrates the point you just made very clearly, i remember the one of his last speeches to the graduating class at morehouse college, the famous hbcu all men school. that, of course, counts amongst its alumni. martin luther king jr himself. so this is probably in 2014 or 15. i've lost track of time. but i remember him

right. and from very beginning, mormon leaders, founding prophet of mormonism, joseph tried to make the case that mormonism was inextricably linked with the success of the american project. but most americans didn't buy it. and for the first hundred years of mormonism history, mormons were kind of chased from one state to another, driven into they established their kind of civilization in the desert because no other place would have. and so mormon ism kind of for most of its history, has defined itself by trying to be ideal. americans and well. and that's for better and worse, you know, a of the racism in the history of mormonism comes from mormons trying to reach for their place in the racial hierarchy the way that white evangelicals kind of already had right white protestants at least. but there are also good that came out of that. mormons have, a kind of civic minded belief in social cohesion. they have high trust in institutions. they have kind of a a a very kind of simple patriotism tha

there are people trying to defend human rights and exercising human rights.here are bad actors in the government or otherwise targeting them and trying to stopwo them. the quintessential problem remainse the same the tools available to bad actors have evolved teams within companies over time have become more resource to look at these things. and become attuned to each tracking we developed intel teams looking at how our bad actors trying to manipulate our technology and our platform to harm in particular our vulnerable users. i think companies have also sort of made more efforts to engage with the whole society to understandms exactly how the problems are manifesting and how they look different in different places around the world. different and the same. and so ultimately, yes we have ai and generative ai these things are the way they're using technology all those things are changing. a fundamental problem is thean same. how do we collectively work together and understand how problems are evolving to fight back against them. it is constant, right? the cuts a

i think there ought to be a right to take legal action under that right, the right without a remedy isg, as we know from our first year in law school which for me, it was quite a few years ago but i have seen repeated again and again in real life as a prosecutor, as an advocate, as a litigator. i would also like to focus on a complementary remedy which could be watermarking or identification, attribution, giving credit. not just the deepfake and the right to recover as a result of the use of it without attribution or credit, so to speak, without watermarking. but also that kind of identification, public crediting of a work. i'm asking not only in the abstract, i had a different subcommittee privacy, technology, and the law. the ranking member of that subcommittee and i, senator josh hawley of missouri, set forth a framework, it is the most comprehensive bipartisan framework right now. we should do more adopting the kind of measure senator and others have proposed. it would provide a requirement for watermarking as well as an entity to oversee >> bill take it. >> thank you for all of yo

right, right right. however so thank you for that correction. very important that the launch on warning policy entwined with sole authority are both inherently dangerous perilously dangerous and must be reexamined. and there are a number of ways to do that. as you know, executive orders having, you know, the congress. take a look things but they need to be unpacked and unwound. but first they have to be discussed because. if no one knows about these policies, the president is never going to think they're important enough to address. and then they would be, my opinion, sidelined into politics. the reason i avoid policy is because i just write about policy. for example, president the united states. yes, i have always written about the produce, but i don't write about politics and a result. i have just as many on each side of the aisle. and to me that's the ultimate compliment, because no should be for nuclear war and everyone should be for a strong democracy. little know. and so too, to my eyes as a journalist, it's just leave the politics the pol

right, right right. however so thank you for that correction. very important that the launch on warning policy entwined with sole authority are both inherently dangerous perilously dangerous and must be reexamined. and there are a number of ways to do that. as you know, executive orders having, you know, the congress. take a look things but they need to be unpacked and unwound. but first they have to be discussed because. if no one knows about these policies, the president is never going to think they're important enough to address. and then they would be, my opinion, sidelined into politics. the reason i avoid policy is because i just write about policy. for example, president the united states. yes, i have always written about the produce, but i don't write about politics and a result. i have just as many on each side of the aisle. and to me that's the ultimate compliment, because no should be for nuclear war and everyone should be for a strong democracy. little know. and so too, to my eyes as a journalist, it's just leave the politics the pol

>> right, right. so i think that, staying in touch with your college counselor, hopefully you have one at your high school about what's happening with these changing policies, if you are someone who had set yourself on a course to not pursue testing, which is a larger chunk of students than it had been in the past, you might need to revisit that decision now and think about, starting some prep and at least sitting for one test. so you've got a score in your back pocket to keep your broadest options open, again, as i noted earlier, that can be a little harder in the immediate future, than in other parts of the country, given how precious those test settings are. i do know that at this point last year, towards the end of april, act announced and opened up the fall sitting registration, for both their july and into the fall of 2024 sittings and then sat should open up their, fresh amount of seats in may. so you've got to keep an eye on those websites, get yourself booked for something, and then probably

right. but we're not studying those kinds of cases in this class, maybe in a crim law class at umbc or certainly in law school, you study procedural due process cases, but not in an undergrad con law class. so instead, we're focusing on other due process, due process oriented cases, which we refer to as substantive due process, substantive due process stands for the notion that even if government follows the procedures, that it is obliged to follow it in treating people fairly, giving them warning, all that kind of stuff. the resulting law might still be unconstitutional based on what the law does, based on the substance of the law and the reason is you can trace the notion of due process all the way back to magna carta. 800 years ago. and due process wasn't just about, you know, a fair set of procedures. it really meant in the old english in violation of the law of the land or being consistent with the law of the land and the law of the land included certain rights that at the time englishm

right? so those who are condemned and convicted. otherwise exploited or excluded by algorithmic systems. and so the focus is, how do we liberate the coded how do we actually make sure that the benefits of artificial intelligence are for all of us, especially marginal communities and not just the privileged few? and so what are some of the ways algorithmic bias and discriminate are being a part of the excluded could be impacting all of our lives. i mean, think of a ism and it's there, right? so you can think of a i deciding who gets hired, who gets fired. amazon had a hiring tool where they that if you had a women's college listed you got deducted. there have been other hiring tools that have been evaluated. if your name's jared, you play lacrosse, you might get some points, right? so so that's one kind of an example. i also think about ai systems within medicine and. so you have these race based clinical algorithms that aren't actually based on the science. people get denied vital. so that's

right that's the argument. right, right. and in a similar way, whatever in that frame when we say in the beginning x right that the rest of the story kind of falls out from there. and so it's really important we have in this room, i think, one of the biggest, you know, gifts the 1619 project gave us was blowing up that frame. right. and saying, wait, no no, no, not a bunch of white guys in philadelphia. right. that's not the american story, because if it is there's a very narrow lane, right to tell that story going forward. but in our view. if you remember back, how many of you can recall there was there was another image in the original new york times publication before it became a book, before it came of curriculum. right it was in the new york times. you might remember the image it was. so it's interesting. it a monochromatic image. right. and it was a a horizon line an infinite horizon line of a kind of black ocean and a gray. that was the image. right. so a very different kind of thing than the happy guys with their qui

so my right to live, my right to not be killed, your right to live, your right to not be killed, youlks voting democratically on whether or not innocents, stephen, should die, that's not their right. and we see the same for preborn children in the womb. the science is clear that, at the moment of fertilisation, you have a unique, individual human life. human life doesn't begin at birth, the science is clear it begins before. and if we believe that human rights are universal, that they're inalienable, that they're for all humans, then that must extend to children even before birth, who have the right to live and not be killed. abortion is a direct and intentional... i just want to be clear about... if i could just finish? abortion is the direct and intentional killing of a human life. so, first of all, because americans, i think, need more education, i think there's been a pro—abortion lobby in this country that's been well—funded. you know, our government gives hundreds of millions of dollars to the biggest abortion chain every single year. hang on, you said something very important

right? right. yes. absolutely. yes. is there a reason why your analysis of this period of change ends in 1920? that's a very good question, because really. to be honest the book really after 1900, it's crazy because you can see, as i said, the 89 days and the crucial decade when all this comes apart. but in this book, i to make the claim that history is also women's history and. just because women like the formerly enslaved were not of the body politic, it didn't mean that their actions and words didn't matter. and you see the emergence of a suffrage movement. you see the division in the suffrage movement over the issue of race and black men's. and i wanted to end the book also on a high note instead of that dismal note, i ended the book with the 19th amendment. and the reason i did that was because i argue that the 19th amendment should be as the last reconstruction amendment should not be seen, just as a progressive era. reform, because the suffrage movement really takes off during reconstruction. it comes back togeth

all right. all right. so literally person this time, if trans one were dominating sports, don't you think? you'd be able to name more than two, right? i would actually challenge people to name even two non trans women just. women athletes. okay. so do we care about women's sports and we care about controlling women. but so let me bring it to the other point, though, which is so what do we do. i read the book read the book. women could what do we do? so i genuinely believe that education is a big part of. this because it had so many conversations, even good friends and we'll sit down, especially year and not this past year, but the one before that, leah thomas, a swimmer at university of pennsylvania. she swam for three years on the men's team and one year on the women's team. and during that one year, she won the 500 freestyle at the 2022 national championships. the world blew up in. everybody died. it was horrible. the all right. it was a very everybody had a panic attack. right. and what happened was the

right. puck calls her their maga expert an insider. previously tina has served as a white house reporter for politico, a staff reporter for vanity fair. and before that, she was a journalist for a number of right wing publications like the daily caller, where she her start in journalism and in her earlier was mentored by tucker carlson. so it's it's okay. she's survived. wow. all right. she is a graduate of claremont college and her book, the maga diaries chronicles her personal experiences within the right wing movement and media media enterprises. we welcome tina is the author maga diaries. my surreal inside the right wing and how i got out out. is that except for getting out or right. we'll get to that. we'll get that. so our third panelist this morning is stephen vladeck who is the charles allen wright chair in federal courts at the university of texas law school, a nationally that i know. that's okay. okay. texas longhorn. well, this is going to take long time. so he's nationally recogn

they'll vote the right way so we can complete the job on the equal rights amendment. and then secondly, the importance of the ratification of the equal rights amendment. because most -- many americans say, you know, it's 2024. do we really need an equal rights amendment in the constitution? the answer is clearly yes. and we need to educate the public as to what's happening in our courts and the needs, the different scrutinies that are available if the equal rights amendment becomes part of our constitution. >> hi, senator cardin. my name is katy, i led the advocacy group, the coalition of advocates in virginia for the virginia ratification. sen. cardin: congratulations. well done. >> thank you. many of us would love to see this important human rights discussion held in the larger understanding of our international reputation. in your final time as senator will you schedule a hearing about the e.r.a.? sen. cardin: that's an interesting point. i served as the chair of the helsinki commission, a group for europe, central asia and north america. we have used that forum to

right. all right. today we're going to pick up from the post. the post american revolution era. so we're going into the 1780s in i'm calling this the development of the republic. so we're coming out of this out of this war. this conflict. i needed you to make sure that understand why revolution happened and not just why. but now we're with the aftermath of that conflict. so within chapter seven and eight, these are some of the themes that we need to be to deal the ideology that all men are created equal. now we know that there's some issues with that coming out of the declaration of indepennc 1776, going forward. we do know th. there were folks that were excluded it from full citizenship ship even before we really really get started. let me bacupne. this of mob rule we talked about who finally answered the revolution the native aristoacthat it was their commit admit even in declaration of independence that they were pledging their lives and their fortunes to this. now they've got to live up

right? there are plenty of space between the cars and it is getting brighter by the second has i c sun race piercing through the cloud cover. so right now it's a good time, not windy. the puddles probably will be clearing out just a little bit. but we know this is far from over as it is expected to be a pretty much damp thursday. but right now, not too bad. you can see the cars pulling into this parking lot. that person didn't even have her windshield wiper on. so if you're leaving your house at this time or maybe over the next couple of hours, it dodged a bullet because this morning, not her ranch or rain, but a good state of rainfall throughout the morning. fortunately, looks like today is the heavy lifting. and then tomorrow things should clear out a little bit just in time for the san francisco giants home opener. so get wet today. all smiles tomorrow when the giants come back to town to start playing for the first time at oracle park this season. so right now, look at this. nice and dry

that's about right. right. and the egghead comes in and says, well, let me write i can write 10,000 words about why my vision of justice is different from theirs. it doesn't get through right. the moral revolution in the way we're supposed to understand the relationship between privilege and non privilege in the underdog and entrenched power and all of that gives them an incredibly effective tool, even when people sort of have misgivings like. should the six foot two 200 in town, 10 pounds hulking person, ambiguous gender actually be competing against five foot four biological women? you know, common sense is not probably that doesn't seem right but if you frame it as a moral issue as civil rights imperative of our time, as i the president called it before he was president, and if you if you guilt and shame them into thinking that, you know you're you're against progress, you're against the disadvantaged, the they can kind of i think maybe not fully genuinely but they can be made to feel misgivings that overcom

charles: all right.enny, are you buying any of the mag-7 at all or mag eight, mag 4, fab four, whatever they call it these days? you buying any of this today? >> apple, i said yes on the pullback, down 50%, why wouldn't you buy apple. nvidia still trading still trading higher, not yet. it has to pullbacks more for me. microsoft, not yet. names significantly, and these mag-7 names or the tech names if they're correcting better than 10% you you have to start to look at them for sure. charles: i think so. that is what the segment is b everyone with deep pockets ready to dump on any dip. kenny, last word to you. >> right, that's the point, that's the point, we never get the dip because doesn't 3% we have to get in. charles: these days, down half a percent. let me jump in this bad boy. kenny, thanks a lot. >> exactly. >> bring in wells fargo advisors svp mark smith. mark, you were big on the mag-7 names most of last year, beginning of this year. one thing we do see it was all about mag-7, they deserved it. th

all right, drop glasses. all right. so now i'm going to jump up to the in the war and then we'll see. all right. here we have atlanta had been a small town before the war, but expanded in the years to follow an influx of black and white people into profound ruptures, forced into existence, profound of racial order, black, unfettered by enslavement, moved about the streets, rolled streetcars cars, peddle goods open and businesses and built homes. they forged new sense of collective self in the city, free black citizens in a world that only recently consider the concept to be a front to law and nature. despite the promise of atlanta, the majority of georgia's black population remained in rural areas. some, however with no promise of refuge employment or even greater justice struck for the gates city in hopes that they will find a wider sense of freedom community safety. an opportunity migrations. the city was not exclusive to black people. many local whites were particularly hostile black newcomers. many use alarmist lang

right next to the super bowl right next to the world series right next. stanley cup finals hot. you can see these pop-up taking advantage of their celebrity and grown men like me and you who idolize tom brady, the goat and want to fist and maybe get an autographed jersey for ridiculous amount of money or if you want to weigh back idolized hold hogan from the wwf days. but of course, now it's aww. >> ii, which i understand they just had their wrestle mania. that was like bonkers ratings. >> yeah. ww af used to be in world. wildlife federation had a girlfriend did the graphic was way back. i 25 years so the loss, the pacman that once there, the wnba, the part of t which is also tied the cage fighting or and then that fighting right. so tonight in philly ww ii, 40 just wrapped up attendance was up 78%. 245,298 fans came from all 50 state. 64 different countries. viewership was up. 41% merge at the event was up 20% white. but wait, there's more of these events are getting super big. there was the wwe experience where you and i can get in the ring and and hit each other with chairs t

right. all right. let me just what i mean. even the bible, i'm a priest that she is, even the bible says you should submit one to another. so it's not about the most. i'm missing to you, the man, but you guys got to submit to each other. i have to come to a nikiya bucks for that. um that last of so i may do one to another. is other places while we're talking about and then sorry, let me just go back a bit. which on to it was plugged in. she mentioned, i bought my house myself in so that there was some way of i have this fax to do and i'll call you on all of that for that move. it's actually a my is let me go fill in when it comes with a list of mets in the morning or in the home that she'll be hit. and that is a resume. and that's not if we have precedents, right. i will, there are work in place if we have bosses right. let me know who that should be a hit. okay, so because you mentioned president, i mean, if this is your position, right. how did you feel when liberia you left to the female presidents? did you feel it was also

right. that's all it was trying to do and what was remarkable about it was that it worked. unlike those other things that came before this one actually worked in solving the double spend problem. and it off this spark that has caught on like wildfire and captured the imagination of people in many industries with far reaching not just for finance, but for every single industry in the economy. so the internet is entering a new era, and with it the web is entering a new era. now, i know that like the same thing. i'm just going to clarify it. the internet was invented in the 1960s as a project of the us government to build a communication network that stay up and running in the event of a nuclear attack. but it wasn't until the 1980s and nineties that the internet became commercialized thanks to the invention of this called the world wide web. so the first era of the web, i the web that anybody over 35 probably remembers, we call it the dot com era, the dot com era, because we used to use comput

. >> all right. let's get to that breaking news in the traffic center here at 08:00am in case you're an east bay community are going want to know michael's been actively talking about this mess out there on the track front. good morning, michael. >> hey, good morning, everyone. that's right. we're dealing with really big mess over in the san lorenzo area. and you can see if you're in the east bay, you may want to find an alternative route. it's at the connector where to 38 northbound in 8.80, southbound meet that connector for the southbound lanes completely closed off the northbound lanes are open. however, it is causing major delays all around this area. and again, san lorenzo, we have a live look right now of what the roads are looking like earlier this morning. it happened at around 3 or 4 in the morning. a semi actually overturned. and right now the chp is trying to clean up all of the fluids in oils that coming out of that semi as to when it's going to be cleared up. well, only time will tell.

it is to make sure that everybody has basic rights. for instance, basic rights to be healthy. that is why president biden was so involved in the inflation reduction act, which ultimately brought the price of insulin down to $35 a month for seniors, as well as put a cap on prescription drugs to $2000 a year. and he was instrumental in getting the affordable broadband act passed so that there would be a discount on broadband for everyday people. this is really important, you know? yeah, you point out that there is a wealthy person who may feel uncomfortable about some policies, but i tell you, wealthy people employ people who may not be so wealthy. there is a huge and growing wealth disparity gap in this country with -- of the haves and have-nots. and our country doesn't work very successfully when there are so many in the have not category. so, we need to equalize that and that is why we reduced the price of insulin. that is why we know we have to make prescription drugs affordable. that is why we have to cancel student debt for the most needy. these are important quality-of-li