that the rio grande is going to play a role in this border. the problem is, the river moves back and forth. decide to set fixed markers. that is why they made a fixed marker. this is one of the corners that will later become known as the gadsden purchase. this corner marker is at that time, 18 48, 1850, and actually the beginning of mexico in the end of the u.s.. the little community we are messia, go to, old there are people who do not want to become u.s. citizens. it is one of those instances in history where americans -- were not every mexican want to become a american. these folks jumped out of the united states into mexico. ia we should go to old mess and see this. alex: we have just entered the town limits. it is common to find cars driving or parked in and around las cruces owned by both anglo and hispanics alike. sometimes it'll have a translation, i am a trout -- proud miessian. they are proud to be here and it goes back to the history of them not wanting to become u.s. citizens after the war. >> talk about that. alex: before the gads

their response is always follow the same pattern just hours ago they crossed the rio grande by boat after paying the coyote for a fifty dollars per person journey. the border patrols intercepted them and that they don't have criminal records that's why they're permitted to live at the home of a relative or friend until a judge decides their final destination either within the united states for back in their own country. that supports or you. don't i don't know yet you know up with. manuel grew up in the land of drug dealers in honduras he had a banana plantation the one day a neighbor threatened him to hand over his land or end up in castellated along with his son manuel said goodbye to his mother and brothers and just after crossing mexico they boarded. it must be. simple i want to become a mentor and i wondered. what it. you. know most of the growth here lately more and you know the work he enters tell us i mean you are when you come in. and lay there out there and most of them are there. but you come enough little. better than most in the west. and they're going to buy you a hell of a

en rÍo grande city, texas, univisiÓn. >> llegamos al final, muchas gracias por su atenciÓn. >> gracias

the rio grande is much more than a border between texas and mexico it's a source of life and death. to the bodies of immigrants sprout from its waters. the river is for the moment the last obstacle the salvadorians and your ins and guatemalans have to face in their escape. mexicans on the other hand usually pass through border post with a visa and stay in the united states after their permit expires. if. they monitor every metre of the border for the americans they are the border patrol's for hispanics they are simply. there are about nine thousand in texas and president donald trump expects many more in the coming months. i just see i mean i. think you you. are. some people of course. see this with. us as. a little cool. in recent years border control measures have been stepped up. in addition to aerial surveillance with their ships and helicopters there are even sensors hidden away among the bushes and shrubs. many say they're already sufficient measures to make a wall unnecessary. and. that's. what appeared to be going on. there is that in the u.s. where you. see you know this th

the rio grande is much more than a border between texas and mexico it's a source of life and death after the bodies of immigrants sprout from its waters. the river is for the moment the last obstacle the salvadorians under ins and guatemalans have to face in their escape. mexicans on the other hand usually pass through border post with a visa and stay in the united states after their permit expires. back you know if. they monitor every metre of the border for the americans they are the border patrols for hispanics they are simply. there are about nine thousand in texas and president donald trump expects many more in the coming months. i just go see i mean i'm. some people of course. see as well. because it was. in recent years border control measures have been stepped up. in addition to aerial surveillance with their ships and helicopters there are even sensors hidden away among the bushes and shrubs. many say they're already sufficient measures to make a wall unnecessary. to get them. under a better. one of the but remember. that there is that in the u.s. where you. see you know they th

their responses always follow the same pattern just hours ago they crossed the rio grande by boat after paying the coyote for a fifty dollars per person journey. the border patrols intercepted them and they don't have criminal records that's why they're permitted to live at the home of a relative or friend until a judge decides their final destination either within the united states for back in their own country. that supports or. you know up with. manuel grew up in the land of drug dealers in honduras he had a banana plantation the one day a neighbor threatened him to hand over his leg and or end up in cased in lead along with his son manuel said goodbye to his mother and brothers and just after crossing mexico they boarded la bestia. first. quarter but it. he. better. whole underwhelm idea. he could go on but i wanted. to add to it. but you know what. his name is also man well and he to escape from honduras from a sense of impunity in a violent gang from poverty from anything that makes a twenty year old kid take the most dangerous trip of his life alone with a baby. on . a worker to

ande start with the geology terrain, the rio grande, the river right below us is one of only five rivers on the entire planet that is in a valley that we did not create. it was there because it sits atop a rift. as a result of the rio grande rift, underneath the valley and parts of the river there is actually geothermal activity. there is magma. the river water comes into contact and he gets pushed up. so these springs, in additional to being hot and being geothermal, they also contain radium which has a radioactive half-life. it is reputed to have healing and medicinal properties. this is what has attracted people for thousands of years to this area. watch her in the desert and -- the water in the desert and hot springs. area as we are mountainst, there are in the right hand mountains in the distance. they are the highest in the area. between here and those two mountain ranges are villages and artifacts of people from the last ice age 10,000 or 12,000 years ago up to people from the archaic. -- 4000 6000 years ago or 6000 years ago. then of course, we have the spanish history. familiese

not by ruperto escobar belongs to a long resigned after texas ranches get his from overlooks the rio grande from there he extracts water to irrigate the crops to provide feed for his cattle give out when i said yes but that's. one of the four of the people here. and i give a little. while when. i get. what i said. when they are. like you seem to. see still there so is one of the hundreds of ranches affected by the possible construction of president trumps long and promised wolf one of his phone would be split in two and. it probably goes under restart until one year of us not. it's perceived. as

military outpost located near the rio grande river established to keep peace in the region. watch c-span's tour of las cruces, new mexico saturday on book tv and sunday at 2:00 p.m. on american history tv on c-span3, working with our cable affiliates as we explore america. >> announcer: next, virginia tech history professor americus james robertson shares his views on the arms debate. he also discusses robert e. lee's character and talks about the organizations and people who are seeking to remove his statues throughout the country. this hour 15-minute talk was at a conference about confederate icons host the by the shenandoah valley battlefields association. >> good morning again, everybody. thank you so much for being here in harrisonburg, virginia in the heart of the national historic district that is comprised of eight counties of the shenandoah valley. we at the shenandoah valley battlefields foundation are thrilled to have you all

manage the rio grande's water supply in a time of climate ange. and the scientific search for the ocean's memories. next on "pbs newshour weekend." >> pbs newshour weekend is ma possible by: bernard and irene schwartz. the cheryl and philip milstein family. sue and edgar wachenheim iii. the cheryl and philip milstein dr. p. roy vagelos and diana t. vagelo the j.p.b. foundation. rosalind p. walter. barbara hope zuckerberg. corporate funding is provided sty mutual of america-- designing ized individual and group retirement products. that's why we're your retirementdiompany. onal support has been provided by: and by the corporation for public broadcasting, and by ntributions to your pbs station from viewers like you. thanyou. from the tisch wnet studios att lincoln in new york, hari sreenivasan. >> sreenivasan: good evening and thank you for joining us. pope francis visited ireland today, the first papal visit to untry in almost 40 years he marked his first visit by acknowledging that church authorities failed in responding to rampant child abuse wor

military outpost located near the rio grande river established to keep peace in the refuge. watch c-span's cities tour of las cruces, new mexico, saturday at noon eastern on c-span2's book tv and sunday at 2:00 p.m. on american history tv on c-span3. working with our cable affiliates as we explore america. >> next, virginia tech history professor james robison shares his views on the confederate monuments debates. better informing citizens about civil war history. he discusses robert e. lee's character and the organizations and people who are seeking to remove his statues throughout the country. this 1 hour 15 minute park was part of a conference hosted by shenandoah valley battlefields foundation. >> good morning. we are comprised of eight counties in the shenandoah. we are thrilled to have you all

is still a big program out here. >> a tour of fort selden, a military outpost located near the rio grande river watch c- span city tour of loose crescent -- las cruces at noon eastern on book tv. working with our cable affiliates as we explore america. >>> next virginia tech history professor emeritus james robertson shares his views on the confederate monument to bait. mr. robertson argues for the need to better inform citizens about civil war history he discusses robert e lee's character and talks about the organizations and people who are seeking to remove statues throughout the country. this hour and 15 minute talk was a conference hosted by shenandoah value -- valle battlefield foundation. >>> good morning again everybody. thank you for being here in harrisonburg, virginia. in the heart of the national historic district. it comprises eight counties in shenandoah valley. at the shenandoah valley battlefield foundation are thrilled to have you here. we are doubly thrilled to have this amazing panel of speakers with us today to talk about the confederate icons, history memory and the fu

military outpost located near .he rio grande river -- cityspan city tours stores of las cruces, mexico tours of las cruces, mexico. >> next on lectures in history, texas a&m university professor lorien foote teaches a class about popular culture during the 1840's. she talks about the importance of theater to all classes of society during this period, including shakespearean performances and minstrel shows. she also describes the high literacy rate in the united states and the rise of serialized novels and ladies' journals. her class is about 45 minutes. prof. foote: so our topic for today is popular culture. we have been talking about the social changes that go on in the 1830's and 1840's in the united states. and what we are going to do today is we are going to look at how popular culture reflects some of the conf

and i haven't also crossed the rio grande by boat. up to the mexican red nose. the boat was punctured and began to sink just as they reached the shore of macallan . that was their single stroke of luck after twenty minutes of walking in the sun they were seized by the immigration service. the man on your bottom line on how president of n.d. . yes i am just glad. you don't want to. run for. your field. even your round. the room. to think our. visit there was an elephant. almost out of. money but. make it a serious turn in. the cooler marked the start of his second run away attempt. today off to several missteps in court builder is enjoying a temporary permit to stay. she'll see it in a couple of months but her lack of faith in the system is why she spends most of her life within these fold walls. fragile in appearance but strong in spirit hilda isn't giving up primarily because she is determined not to return to guatemala to mistreatment and threats. but secondly and vitally because she wants to be there when her ivan receives his doctorate in medicine or whateve

flowing through his the waters of the rio grande river, making the surrounding area ideal for agriculture. , we will explore the city and the surrounding area -- surrounding area. coming up, we will visit the white sands missile range outside the city to hear about this u.s. army kasai and its site and- army test its role. >>

you can walk to restaurants, you can walk to the old historic rio grande theatre. you can walk to the bookstore. you can walk to all of the museums. >> we had been all around the las cruces area. we talked about its history, we saw what the early summer start and now we are here in the modern downtown. what would you like to see next for southern new mexico? >> the next thing really is to make a reality the idea of making this a destination for specifically cultural and ecotourism, heritage tourism. i really think that we are poised for that. i think with as great or even greater potential for that than any other place in the southwest. >> alex, thank you so much for showing us around the area today. >> thank you. >> twice on c-span cities tours takes booktv and american history tv on the road to explore the literary life and history of a selected city. working with a cable partners we visit very literary and historic sites and we interview local historians, authors and civic leaders. you can watch any of our past interviews and tours online by going to booktv.org

sheldon, tour of four a military post located by the rio grande river to keep peace in the region. watch c-span cities tour of las cruces, new mexico, saturday at noon eastern on c-span two's book tv, and on c-span3. working with our cable affiliates as we explore america. >> next week on american history tv on c-span3, watch the first of our nine part series "1968 america in turmoil," where we look back 50 years to the to mulch was year -- tumultuous year. tuesday, a look at the presidential campaign of that year. wednesday, civil rights and race relations. on thursday, a discussion on liberal politics. friday, conservative politics. saturday, women's rights. watch "1968 america in turmoil," next week at 8:00 p.m. eastern on american history tv on c-span3. all nine programs are available on spotify as a podcast. or watch anytime on c-span.org on our "1968" page. c-span's washington journal, live every day with news and policy issues that impact you. coming up saturday morning, stars and stripes reporter nikki wrestling discusses top issues facing robert wilkie. then house editor d

their response is always follow the same patent just hours ago they crossed the rio grande by boat after paying the coyote for a fifty dollars per person journey. the border patrols intercepted them and that they don't have criminal records that's why they're permitted to live at the home of a relative or friend until a judge decides their final destination either within the united states for back in their own country. that supports or you think i don't i don't know yet you know up with. the significance of it all going to get up out of. money well grew up in the land of. dealers in honduras he had a banana plantations one day a neighbor threatened him to hand over his land or end up in cased in lead along with his son manuel said goodbye to his mother and brothers and just after crossing mexico they boarded. the governor's. race in the. simple i want to. run i wanted last. quarter but it. was almost over the groups. and the was he. going. to. do it all. better off. by. a long. but you know what. his name is also man well and he to escape from honduras from a sense of impunity in a viole

military post located by the rio grande river established to keep peace. watch saturday at noon eastern on cspan 2's book t.v. and sunday at 2:00 p.m. on american history t.v. on cspan 3 working with our cable affiliate as we explore america. >> professor aidan lewis teaches a class about omaha beach and normandy france during world war ii. he describes the german strategies as well as the command structure on each side and the challenges faced by american troops when trying to land on omaha beach and argues the outcome was not inevitable. this class is about 50 minutes. >>> questions number 7 and 1. describe and

still a big program out here. >> a tour of fort selden comic a military outpost located near the rio grande, established to keep he's in the region. watch the cities tour of las cruces, new mexico saturday at noon eastern on c-span two's book tv and the sunday on american history tv on c-span3. working with our cable affiliates as we explore america. >> now we take you to the carnegie endowment in washington for a look at russia's involvement in the middle east. first, a panel on russia's relationship with israel and iran, as well as a panel on russia's use of private military companies in syria. posted by the jamestown foundation, this is about two hours.

we're going to cross the rio grande and stop by a historic landmarker, which basically is a monument to the signing of the gaston purchase. >> we have pulled off literally into the dirt on the side of the road to see this small marker and although it's tiny, it has big role in southwest history and american history. what is this. >> the u.s. goes to war against mexico, 1846 to 1848. mexico loses, and actually they lose the -- the moment they decide to give in and to say, okay, let's stop fighting, give up, was right everybody this battle and the little community is just south of us in the valley going toward el paso. they have to decide where is mexico going to end and where is the u.s. going to begin. so the mathematic and industry true instruments they had to century stray -- sauer survey and measure, they were still off so they decide that the rio grande by play a role in the border but the problem is the river movers back and forth. so they decide to set some picked marks and decided to make an actual fixed marker here and this is one of the koshers of what is later to become kno

so i almost think that if we allow this to blow around in new mexico and it right lands in the rio grande a river there's a chance it could go into the ocean. and pick it up. holland chalks up her climate policies in part to memories of her grandmother's pueblo at a time when there was no electricity or running water. and i knew a time yeah i mean that's kind of where i i learned to be very conservative with with our natural resources because when you're the one that has to go haul the water in buckets and bring them back to the house you know you try to make it last as long as you can. she's promoted solar energy and keeping fossil fuels in the ground zero one zero zero zero and her message of protecting nature is one that resonates here you can tell there's a dry patch in one affair it's very dry the fear of climate change. to save this place deb holland is drawing on a long history of defiance to fight for her community and for her moment in the sun . to. this reputation her. arsonist believed. to tyrants. the roman emperor nero. to be just get bad trends. renowned historians are reexa

. >> a simple vista podría parecer fácil llegar desde la carretera al río grande. >> comenzamos a buscarcuchas? >> el hijo de santos no recordaba la última vez que él había bebido agua, por lo que el oficial comienza a dar comando al señor santos. >> mueve un dedo. >> eso indica que si está escuchando o algo. >> aguántame, santos!. >> sin agua, no recomiendo nadie que trate de cruzar. la vida es preciosa para uno y pueden perderla. >> por otro lado el hijo de 20 años de edad, afortunadamente sobrevivió a la travesía. >> qué lamentable!. >> vea esta imagen. dos niñas se quedan atorados en las escaleras eléctricas. >> implementa nuevas medidas de seguridad en todas las escuelas al sur de la bahía, con el fin de evitar la entrada de sospechosos armados. >> condiciones bastante bonitas en este tarde de verano. le tengo pronóstico de tiempo a la vuelta. >> mire usted, quedó captado en cámara lo que pasó en china, donde estos dos jóvenes quedaron atoradosescalera mecánica. es campistas llegaron a la escena y liberaron de la pierna a una de estas jóvenes. >> este oficial de la policía que golpe

they decide that the rio grande will play a role in this order. the problem is at the river moves back and forth so they decided to set fixed markers. this is one of the corners of what would later become known as the gaston purchase. this corner marker is at that actually the beginning of mexico and the end of the u.s.. mesilla exists, there are 15 to 20 families at this time who do not want to become u.s. citizens. --is one of those instant periods in history where we can say not all mexicans want to become americans. these folks jumped out of the united states into mexico. >> we should go to old mesilla and see this. >> it is real common to find cars driving or parked in and andnd, owned by both anglo hispano alike that have a bumper sticker that say yo soy mesillero. sometimes it will have the translation that is i am a proud mesillan. they are very proud of it. it all goes back to the history of them not wanting to become u.s. citizens after the war. purchase, gaston about 50 to 60 hispanic families up their take belongings and leave their ho

before crossing the rio grande, they paused for a snapshot.rossing, they were hoping to join arnovis's brother in kansas. did you know that you fad possible separation when you came across the border? >> smith: arnovis and meybelin surrendered to border patrol and were taken to processing center in mcallen, texas. but 24 hours after they arrivede they were rated. (arnovis speaking spanish): (muffled voices on radio) >> smith: the last time central americans fleeing violence made big news was during the obama administration. (banging) (man speaking spanish): >> smith: in el salvador, rival gangs ms-13 and 18th street were at war with each other and the police. (reporter in spanish): >> smith: bodies showed up every day. (reporter in spanish): >> smith: the violence spread to neighboring honduras and guatemala. tirens blaring) during obama's firm, many of those fleeing the violence were young people traveling without their parents. and the numbers were steadily increasing. >> the government releasing stark new numbers from the crisis on our sout

Árido, cinco personas perdieron la vida en los Últimos dÍas y por los menos 10 mÁs en el valle del rÍo granderaciÓn de familias inmigrantes en la frontera llego al escenario de los premios mtv. ♪ hey, ¿qué quieren escuchar? hip-hop. (niño) reggaetón. no, edm. electrocumbia. (thomas) family can't agree, huh? imposible. (luis) exacto, no a todos nos gusta lo mismo, por eso verizon liberó el plan familiar. ahora cada uno elige un unlimited diferente y podrían ahorrar dinero. mamá puede videochatear cuando viaja fuera del país, y gaby puede ver en hd sus videos de cumbia& electrocumbia. i love that guy... i've got of all his albums. (luis) let's go. (anunciante) obtén 45 millones de canciones con 6 meses de apple music gratis, solo en verizon. cámbiate y ahorra $300 en nuestros últimos teléfonos. ♪ ilia: la causa por el respeto a la comunidad inmigrante fue protagonista durante la entrega de premios de vÍdeos musicales mtv. el rapero llego al escenario la voz de protesta contra la separaciÓn de familias. la acompaÑaron activistas, padres, e hijos afectados por las duras polÍticas migratorias del

al menos, 10 mÁs en el barrio de rÍo grande. >> son ambientes no aptos para humanos. el rÍo se notifica las autoridades locales para determinar las causas de la muerte e identificarlos. >> trabajamos en conjunto con el condado tratando de identificar por lo menos la familia en su paÍs, centro amÉrica, méxico lo que sea, que por lo menos pueden saber quÉ habÍa pasado con sus seres queridos. pedro: las muertes se producen en medio de un fenÓmeno climÁtico conocido en el sur de texas como la canÍcula. ocurre durante los 40 dÍas mÁs cÁlidos del aÑo. el >> algunas personas creen que las heridas no sanan de igual manera en esta Época del aÑo. existen otras creencias, por las cuales las personas consideran no hacer actividades de manera comÚn. pedro: mientras se mantenga las altas temperaturas en la frontera, la posibilidad de mÁs muertes en la zona serÁn bastante grandes. >> hablamos con sin precinto seguridad que a lo mejor vamos a ver mÁs muertes aquÍ. pedro: martes pueden ocurrir en el interior de caminos de carga, donde son ocultados cientos de migrantes mientras cruza

aranza: agentes fronterizos encontraron a un grupo de inmigrantes a lo largo del rÍo grande de texas. fronteriza, habÍan sido abandonados por traficantes en el desierto. enrique: a pesar de haberle lanzado cafÉ caliente en el rostro a un mexicano, la mujer que fue captada en cÁmaras mientras cometÍa esta agresiÓn en california, dice que ya no es racista supuestamente dice que sintiÓ miedo de que unos desconocidos tratarÁn de entrar a su edificio para robar. la vÍctima que grabÓ el altercado dijo que la mujer les habÍa advertido que no podían entrar porque no le gustaban los mexicanos. juan carlos gonzÁlez nos cuenta esta historia. juan: han pasado aproximadamente dos semanas desde que ronda arrojÓ cafÉ c caliente sobre miguel angel sÁnchez y la controversia ha ido en aumento. "mi sea arruinado, me han dicho que no regrese a casa porque es peligroso. todos creen que soy racista", dice la presunta agresora. su abogado dice que lo ha perdido todo. "el el impacto de las redes sociales ha arruinado la ida de mi cliente. ya no le permitieron que siguiera en el gimnasio donde entrenaba, perd

por la polÍtica de separar menores en la frontera, decenas de abuelas viajaban hasta el valle de rÍo grandemas

. >> smith: in mid-june, young woman and her son from el salvador took a raft across the rio grande intoern texas. >> that one looks pretty young... >> yeah, buthey've been trying all day to... ho>> smith: after several urs of wandering in the hot sun looking for help, they found some border patrol agents and asked forum asyl after 24 hours in a holding cellthey were released. (people talking in background) i met them at this s in mcallen, texas, maritza amaya and her nine-month-old son wilfredo. de donde viene? de el salvador. >> smith: de el salvador. they crossed the border at a retime when many families being separated. so tell us your story about why you came at this time? (speaking spanish): >> smith: were you aware of the risks of being separated from your child when you came? >> no. >> smith: the day i met maritza isppened to be the same day president trumed his executive order halting more separations. families would be allowed to remain together while their asylum claims were considered.hi and so what is is it uncomfortable? >> smith: in the meantime, maria wears an ankle brace

texas donde se presenta el mayor nÚmero de fallecimientos por insolaciÓn en esa zona del valle del rÍo grandedan dar su ubicaciÓn y de esta ma manera puedan ser rescatados. se han registrado 85 muertes y 1400 rescates . >>> en mÉxico la red social facebook fue el medio elegido por varios padres de familia para denunciar el acoso al que han sido vÍctimas sus hijas gimnastas. >>> estos padres aseguran que les tomaron fotos y vÍdeos sin sus consentimientos . >>> tenemos mÁs detalles, adelante . >>> un saludo desde la ciudad de mÉcode un grupo de gimnasia rÍtmica que es el club oro subiÓ un vÍdeo a las redes sociales donde denuncia que trabajadores del instituto del deporte de veracruz las acosa y se dicen vÍctimas de un grupo de trabajadores que les toman fotografÍas, videos sin su consentimiento. vamos a escuchar la denuncia de estas pequeÑas . >>> no queremos mÁs acosos. >>> las niÑas no deben aconocer los nombres de los presuntos acosadores predijeron que despuÉs de que presentaron esta denuia ya no les permitieron la entrada al instituto del deporte. la respuesta de las autoridades es que se

military outpost located near the rio grande river, established to keep peace in the region. watch c-span cities tour of lost cruises, new mexico. saturday at noon eastern on c- span's book tv. -- working with our cable affiliates, as we explore america. >> up next, american civil war museum historian, john koski, talks about the history of the confederate battle flag, and how it's perception has changed in the years since the war. mr. koski also looks at how the battle fike has been used overtime, including a pop culture and advertising. this hour-long talk was part of a conference on confederate icons, hosted by the shenandoah battlefield foundation. >>> without further ado, i would like to introduce our next speaker, mr. john koi.

and i haven't also crossed the rio grande by boat. up to the mexican red nose. the boat was punctured and began to sink just as they reached the shore of macallan . that was their single stroke of luck after twenty minutes of walking in the sun they were seized by the immigration service. the man on your bottom coming or not doesn't have any. lasting money i'm just glad. you don't want to piss on nothing i don't want the. money i'm your feel. even your round. the room as the new one you think for. the defense and the reason. the most out of. the money. make it as soon as needed turning more guns than. the cooler mark the start of his second run away attempt. today off to several missteps in court building was enjoying a temporary permit to stay. she'll see it in a couple of months but her lack of faith in the system is why she spends most of her life within these full walls. fragile in appearance but strong in spirit hilda isn't giving up primarily because she is determined not to return to guatemala to mistreatment and frets. but secondly and vitally because sh

military outpost in the rio grande river established to keep peace in the region. ur, las cities to cruces, new mexico on c-span. working with our cable affiliates as we explore america. thetor bob casey was one of speakers today at the annual aviation safety forum hosted by the airline pilots association labor union in washington dc. he spoke about his desire for congress to take further action to ensure cockpit doors withstand intrusion. also talkingis about increasing penalties for sexual salt on board commercial airliners. this is about 25 minutes. >> later and gentlemen, please join me in welcoming the head of the airline pilots association. >> good morning, everybody. we had an enthusiasm discussion and debate yesterday on many topics. i'm completely certain today will be equally productive. we begin our second day with who wasbob casey, elected to the senate from pennsylvania in 2006. he has been a great friend alpa, and airline pilots across our profession. he is one of our biggest champions on working to secure mandatory,s with physically-install secondary