i guess i've known robert litwak for four years or so come something like. we were, not only were we roommates at harvard, we were office mates at london in the international institute for strategic studies, and when he was working with me at the nationals could counsel, rob played a critical role in getting the nuclear nonproliferation treaty extended in 1995, without which we would not have work we are about to describe in terms of stopping the world nuclear weapons. because i do have a day job which is not my scholarly job, i'm compelled to put up -- i'm not compelled to read out loud. i'm compelled to put all this think about forward-looking statements here but the real question presented is why are we all here today and what are the greatest challenges facing humanity? ♪ ♪ it could be in another lifetime, but this is the challenge folks, lots of projections out there. but a lot of projections show a doubling of electricity consumption by midcentury. mainly in the asian and african regions but a doubling of requirement for electricity. if you look at any