one of the most quotable founding fathers we have is roger williams. i will share some of those. fantastic. you do not have to guess where the man stands. remember, i believe we talked about worship being mandatory, legally. he had strong issues with that. he denounced mandatory worship attendance, saying, "forced worship stinks in gods tell us what you think. you are holding back. he denounced enforced religious conformity, believe what we believe or go away. coerced religion, he said, on good days produces hypocrites. on bad days, rivers of blood. ok? we are going to see in a moment why he says such extreme things, why he is so passionate about it. he said, "enforced conformity -- no man shall be required to worship or maintain worship against their will." maintain a worship, that means pay with tax dollars, basically. for a church or religious organization to which you do not adhere, ok? coerced religion confounds civil and religious liberties and denies principles of christianity and stability. -- civility. he had, as he began spouting beliefs, he had exchanges with the leade

let's talk about a gentleman by the name of roger williams.eard about him at some point in your high school history classes. he was a charismatic young minister, cambridge university educated. colony in massachusetts and nearly 1630's and became their minister at a northeast town from boston called salem. salem town, not salem village. you will learn very quickly they are two very different places, very close by. first really one of our few champions and what became the united states of true religious freedom in what we would understand as separation of church and state. and, we will look at some of his ideas about that and how he articulated them and why he articulated them and why he got into trouble because of that. very soon, he arrives in salem. 1633. unknowinge is already people. he did not take very long at all to do so. thatd a number of ideas annoyed the leadership in the colony. let's talk about those. all, he was settled among a people called puritans. and, he did not think they were appearing enough. enough.were pure you claim to t

the film is directed by roger ross williams, the first african american director to win an academy award. on tuesday, i spoke to owen suskind, his father ron and roger ross williams here in park city. owen, how did it feel to stand up at the sundance film festival after a film about your life and a half people giving you a standing ovation, not for one minute, not for two minutes, not for five minutes -- how many minutes to people stand and applaud you? >> a couple of great times. and i loved it. amy: how does a field have a film about your life? >> it feels wonderful, actually. >> are you surprised at how good it feels? >> yeah. >> iago owen has been thriving in front of an audience. the audience loves owen and owen loves the audience and it has been a joy to see. amy: roger, can you talk about why decided to make this film and how it all happened? >> ron and i have known each other for about 15 years. we worked together years ago on nightline and pbs. when ron was working on the book, he approached me and said, this is going to make a great film and i jumped on it. film about thea zimb

he is credited with renovating the roger williams zoo and getting the providence place mall built. he made national headlines in 1984 when he pleaded no contest to brutally assaulting his estranged wife's lover. he was back in the headlines in 2002 when he was convicted in a federal racketeering bust and sent to prison for four years. buddy sianci was at a providence tv station taping an interview last night when he was rushed to the hospital with stomach pains. flags will be lowered to half-staff in providence to mark his death. air. skyfox showing the smoke rising from this home on sagamore avenue in medford today it was a help from neighboring towns. a lot of damage was done to the home and firefighters explain to us why this one was so difficult to fight. the -- it was extended up to the second and third floors when we got here. >> there were no injuries. investigators are still looking into the cause. >>> this car went through a fence in norfolk overnight in the main street area and police say the driver was not injured, even though a large section of the fence pierced the win

today at the age of 74 he was first elected mayor in 1974 multiple terms recently as 2002. the roger williams zoo and getting the profits place small built he made national headlines in 1984 he pleaded no contest to brutally assaulting his estranged wife's alleged mother. sandy was back in headlines in 2002 was convicted of federal racketeering bust is sent to prison for four years. buddy cianci with the province tv station taping interview last night when he was rushed to the hospital with stomach pain. cause of death is not undetermined. >> knew it five midday fire since cruise crumbling as dark smoke bills into their sky fox showing the smoke rising from the home here in sagamore avenue medford today. that i was declared a two alarm fire that required extra help. you can see a lot of damage was done to the home we spoke to a metro wi-fi explained why this one was so tough to fight. >> because of the fire was extended up into the second >> there were no injuries and investigators are still looking onto the cause. >> another computer-generated hoax called here in weymouth this time the mayor

he is credited with renovating the roger williams to getting the providence place mall built with big hand in the revitalization of downtown cianci made national headlines in 1984 when he pleaded no contest to brutally assaulting his estranged wife's alleged lover sandy was back in headlines in 2002 is convicted of federal racketeering bust and sent to prison for four years. he was at a profit tv station taping an interview last night when he was rushed to the cause of death has not been determined. >> live look at the radar what were focusing on this evening as the rain to our south and the snow to our west. fox 25's chief meteorologist, kevin lemanowicz is telling us we get a little bit of that tomorrow. we will some some rain snow showers around here but not a direct hit from the system as we were tracking 112 w. that has snow with it and to the south there's a developing nor'easter come off the coast intensified but it's too far south for us to get a direct hit will be on the northern front of that system had to happen for the storm system coming out of the great lakes a dive sout

on the right now see roger williams, a republican from texas district that includes fort hood.ft, karen bass from california. welcome to you both and thank you for joining us on cnn today. >> thank you. >> thank you. >> congressman williams, you called any efforts by the obama to enact gun control an attack on law-abiding gun owners, but nationally there's support for background checks. why not follow the will of the people? >> well, i don't know that that would be the case, the will of the people. the surveys we see don't show that. more important than that, what he's trying to do isn't going to work. you're penalizing the good guys, and the bad guys will do bad things anyway. i think what we see is an extension of the anti-gun legislation, and he's using situations like california, fort hood, to get that point across, and i think he's dividing americanings. the truth of the matter is that the anti-gun legislation is what he's promoting. and like i say, it's not going to work, and i wish that he would focus on what i think is important, and that is fighting terror in this coun

steve: actor william rogers, remember this space known as trapper john for his role on the show m.a.s.h. has passed away. he died yesterday in los angeles from complications from the money. he appeared in the first three seasons of m.a.s.h. as the sidekick of alan alda. he was 82 years old. alison: investigators looking into clues and a massive fire that broke out in the luxury hotel in downtown dubai. there are reports that flames pretty authorities say witnesses saw -- on the ground level. 14 people injured. steve: times square back to normal after last night's new year's eve celebration. once more than a million partygoers cleared out and a heavy-duty cleanup with dozens of sanitation removing more than 40 tons of trash including party hats noisemakers confetti and paper streamers and lord knows what else. alison: a little bit of a mess as morning. a baby boy born in coney island hospital entering the world at the stroke of midnight. sharon crowley. reporter: meet the face of 2016. zaden no wellborne at the stroke of the night is the first baby of the new year at coney island hospita

serena williams, roger federer and novak djokovic all advance easily. the biggest upset so far was eatut ed ierby reuben who dispateaed 1 bh seeded in straight sets. the 19-year-old reuben ranked 328th in the world, captures his first ever win in the main draw of a grand slam event. i have known reuben for years. well, sort of. i first interviewed him in the year 2000 at arthur ashe kids' dasiy at the u.s. open. he had the talent back there as

that was sent by william rogers. >> and we have two of many children. look at them enjoying the snow. their mom says they are trying to smile, but their faces are a little frozen. >> they are wearing hats. that matter -- >> that's right. >> maybe an ear muff. 'tis the season for snow in spots wood, new jersey. a wreath covered in snow. somebody didn't finish up with christmas just in time. >> i wouldn't have known what that was. >> we can explain it. >> and then the nypd helping a stuck car on 41st. this is a great picture. 41st and 1st in manhattan. nypd out doing their job. >> yeah. and that's no many feat. >> we have got one more. a giant snowman in new jersey. they must have gotten to work right away. wow. that is a very smooth looking snowman. we're not sure what they used for the eyes. >> i don't know. >> and we've got some more. in harlem they are ready for a battle with the snow fort. look at these guys. nice. look at the little chunks they did. >> that really brings back memories. my brother and i were small, we tried to do this. were not so su

now still ahead on "way too early," serena williams and roger federer weigh in on a new bombshell reportnnis world. players accused of throwing matches for money, and apparently eight of them are competing in the australian open right now. >>> and rocked by a diversity issue the head of the academy awards takes action. now all eyes are on this year's host chris rock amid calls to boycott. those stories plus bill karins is tracking what could be the first major winter storm for the east coast when "way too early" comes right back. to help pay for her kids' ice time. before earning 1% cash back everywhere, every time. and 2% back at the grocery store. even before she got 3% back on gas, all with no hoops to jump through. katie used her bankamericard cash rewards credit card to stay warm and toasty during the heat of competition. that's the comfort of rewarding connections. apply online or at a bank of america near you. here's a lieat well,thy advice. live well, and take of what makes you, you. right down to your skin with aveeno® aveeno® daily moisturizing lotion with the goodness of activ

t william rogers who was chairman of the chal learning astronaut commission with kneel armstrong at the side speaking to reporters about the commission's final report. their investigation into the explosion. >> absolving or blaming, as i said, eric, i think in a sense this is kind of a national tragedy that a lot of us are to blame for. think that in a sense the administration, congress, the press, if you'll excuse the expression, all of us were too optimistic, too willing to accept the fact that this was operational. i think we all learned a lesson. we learned a lesson that it isn't operational. we have to be very careful. we have to be sure that when we continue this program, which we all hope we will, that it's a safe program. i don't think that anything is to be gained by trying to assess who is to blame. we know what happened. we know it was a tragic event. now that the report is out, everybody has a chance to look at it and study, we hope that nasa can continue on with the program which has been very successful in the past and will be in the future. host: the challenger accident s

he also spread gay rumors about his own first century of state william rogers, calling him a fake. g. he called someone he met a white house function and obvious ag.ring f he also said referring to all in the family, you should not glorify homosexuality on television anymore than you whores. co this was the most tolerant man in the administration. [laughter] the bookchapter of explores how the fbi dealt with gay liberation. front and thetion gay activist alliance. the liberation was a departure homosexualted home movement of earlier days. transformational of american sexuality. cooperation with other radical groups such as the black panthers and a rejection of the traditional gay subculture. they would use confrontational protests unlike the homosexual movement of the past. to they are in new york city. the fbi surveillance was also used from the past. by the late 1960's fbi director hoover has restricted the use of intrusive investigative techniques like illegal break-ins and wiretaps and microphones. public protests as a result of the vietnam war heightened the concern. hoover no

william rogers, texans chief. feeloes the pentagon today that barack obama views them, what is the dynamic of the relationship? there was some bad blood over whether or not it would search troops into afghanistan. that the house felt pentagon was leading them down to a vietnam-like quagmire. , it ispentagon side still basically the same people at the white house. the white house is wary of the pentagon and what it is proposing. is not looking to get involved in any more wars injured. charlie: generals hate war more than anybody. david: that is true. going into a hate it because they had a much more realistic understanding of what is going to happen even if they win. all the unintended consequences and the people they train with will end up getting shot. bushie: dick cheney was 41's secretary of defense. powell was chairman of the joint chiefs. david: there was that great line about vice president dick cheney is not the dick cheney i know. i could say the exact same thing. charlie: he might say 9/11 changed me. dav

is next on channel 6, "action news" continues at 10:00 on phl 17 with brian taff, sharrie williams and ducis rogers. and then please join us for "action news" at 11:00 here on channel 6. for the "action news" team, i'm jim gardner, we hope you'll join us for "action news" at 11:00. ♪ ♪ with the name trusted for nearly 80 years, you have the courage to enjoy the ride. independence blue cross. live fearless. >>> tonight, breaking news here. the u.s. naval vessels with nearly a dozen sailors held by iran. we have late details coming in as we come on the air. martha raddatz standing by. >>> also tonight, the pileups on america's highways. the chain reaction collisions on icy roads. drivers caught in whiteout conditions as a major arctic blast now moves east tonight. >>> the deadly new terror attack. authorities say isis targeting westerners. >>> the race for president tonight. and new numbers this evening, is hillary clinton in trouble in iowa and new hampshire? and donald trump takes aim at ted cruz, and then, the hecklers. >> this is not your stage. >>> the young american woman murdered overseas in f

william rogers is a perfect example.isan interesting well about how the commander-in-chief use the pentagon. how does the pentagon today feel that barack obama views them, what is the dynamic of the relationship? david: there was some bad blood back during the debate over whether they were going to surge troops into afghanistan. the white house felt that the pentagon was leading them down the trail to another vietnam-like quagmire. on the pentagon side of the river, all the layers had changed since then, but it was still basically the same people at the white house. i think that the white house is always wary of the pentagon and what it is proposing. look, the pentagon is not looking to get involved in any more wars either. charlie: that is the interesting thing, david. people say that generals hate war more than anybody. david: it is true. -- because they have a much more realistic understanding of what is going to happen even if they win. all the unintended consequences , and those are people they have trained with you

tonight is next with dave muir and "action news" continues at 10:00 with brian taff, sharrie williams and ducis rogers, and please join us for "action news" at 11:00 here on channel 6. for cecily tynan, adam joseph, ducis rogers and the entire "action news" team, i'm jim gardner we hope you'll join us at 11:00. >>> breaking news tonight. the video of american sailors. their hands on their heads. iran putting out the images. the americans needing and apologizing. tonight, how did they end up in iranian waters? and critics now saying iran is humiliating the u.s. >>> breaking news, your money. the stock market and the deep dive today. tonight, what this means for your savings and your retirement. >>> the escape from the economy. powerball fever tonight. we're just hours away now. $1.5 billion. and word this evening, the chinese buying powerball tickets, too. could they win this jackpot? >>> she's the fast-rising republican star. tonight, donald trump taking aim at governor nikki haley after her message to trump, as millions watched last night. >>> and the water emergency. the national guard now called in

news is next on channel 6 and "action news" continues on phl 17 with brian taff, sharrie williams and ducis rogers, and please join us for "action news" at 11:00 here on channel 6. for ducis rogers and cecily tynan, i'm jim gardner, we hope you'll join us for "action news" at 11:00. dear fellow citizen, i know what it's like to buy a house. i know how it feels to be stressed about money. i understand what a scary word "retirement" is, and i can help. because i'm not just a fellow dad, fellow mom, fellow saver, i'm a fellow citizen. who gets up every day and tries her best. just like you. sincerely, elizabeth trackler samantha parke robert kennedy deanna morrison jared duemling alex payne winter is hard on your nose. from first sniffles to endless runny noses. puffs plus lotion is soft. they help soothe irritation by locking in moisture better so you can face winter happily. a nose in need deserves puffs indeed. and try puffs softpack today. >>> breaking news tonight. donald trump's new attack. the scathing video about hillary and bill clinton. the massive lines at this hour for block, hoping to se

what he later discovered was that he had kind of been set up by william rogers, the guy who was talking on that clip that you showed, and had kind of been played like a violin. they already knew what was wrong and what happened, but they needed somebody to bring it out in a politically acceptable way. the last thing i would point out is the columbia crashed because of damage from foam coming off the main fuel tank. and john young, my all time favorite astronaut, was on after that with bob crippen, both john and bob flew the first shuttle. and john young said rather soberly that after they flew the first shuttle, one of the engineers had told him the tiles on the shuttle that they had flown had been damaged because of insulation coming off the central tank. lessons were learned and lessons were not learned. host: linda, knoxville,town tfpblet john in louisiana. john, you're our also this morning. go ahead. share your memories with us. caller: fellow pilot, i was in the air force for 28 years. a fellow pilot was at barksdale air force base that morning watching the shuttle. we both flown

channel 6 and "action news" continues at 10:00 on phl 17 with brian taff, sharrie williams, adam joseph and ducis rogers. then please join us for "action news" at 11:00 here on channel 6. for cecily tynan, ducis rogers and the entire "action news" team i'm jim gardner we hope you'll join us for "action news" at 11:00. having lots of devices in your home can really slow your internet down. so keep things moving with 100% fiber optic fios, the fastest internet and wi-fi available, with speeds from 50 to 500 megs. it's no wonder we're ranked highest in customer satisfaction by jd power. now, for $79.99 a month online, get 50 meg fios internet, tv and phone for your first year. or with a 2 year agreement, get $300 back. go to getfios.com or call 1.888.get.fios. >>> breaking news tonight. trump versus fox. donald trump, a no-show this evening. holding his own event up against the debate. and his fiery moment with bill o'reilly. >> i told you, up front, i said, don't ask me that question. >> taking aim at megyn kelly, too. fox says, the show goes on without him. >>> at this hour, authorities racing to the sce

." >>> and stt between serena williams and miahare poevau. poevau. semifinalsnd roger federer had litt timtio e semina and the warriors steph curry with aoes eo end thitzle da t e y up and goltate donateth spurs 0 poi romp, fil 1290. >>> in new orans, pels star ahonyav sfered a concussion late in the first half. he left the game as his pelicans fell to houston 112-11 finall cck out t sign. d said 13 score oy birthdayweet aog a that 13 is cam akinsho just has to s hat t as they beat montreal,5-gus the little girls getting her pup afterall>>> and need saving situ a hand t answer >> anduess what roll miley cyrus just snagged..s always othe rise. sytoms worsen because your hearisn't mping well. (water fling room) about 50 percent ofeoe die (d whimpering) wiin 5 years of getting diagnosed. but there's something you can . talk to your doctor about heart failure treatment options. becae the more you know, the more likely you ar.. (dog whimpering) to keep it pumping. , i'm heresome vice fthfutu don't bumake tt tttoin, its u.simplessp it floats over lin and you look beautiful s

channel 6, and "action news" continues at 10:00 on phl 17 with brian taff, sharrie williams, adam joseph, and ducis rogersand please join us at 11:00. for the entire "action news" team i'm jim gardner. for the girl scout meeting... okay. for the soccer team... for the girl scout meeting... how many meetings are you having?! at giant, prices are down. savings are up. which makes the checkout lane, victory lane. my giant. >>> breaking news tonight. a state of emergency already declared. the blizzard watches in effect at this hour. the major system. it could be historic. two feet of snow in some places. one governor desperate to avoid a scene like this again. and the new track right now. >>> also breaking, the wild ride on wall street. at one point, plummeting more than 500 points. tonight, oil prices. saving you money at the pump, but punishing your savings, and your 401k. >>> sarah palin onstage for donald trump, and addressing her son's arrest on domestic violence charges. >> i guess it's kind of the elephant in the room. >> pointing to the treatment of veterans with ptsd. >>> 24 hours aer

channel 6 and "action news" continues at 10:00 on phl 17 with brian taff and sharrie williams, and adam joseph and ducis rogersd please join us for "action news" at 11:00 here on channel 6. for cecily tynan, ducis rogers and the entire "action news" team. i'm jim gardner we hope you'll join us for "action news" at 11:00. >>> tonight, the sprint to the finish. six days now to iowa and donald trump and the new poll tonight. why even ted cruz says if donald trump wins iowa and new hampshire, he could be unstoppable. and the question from a young man to hillary clinton about dishonesty. >>> the fbi sting late today. under arrest today. authorities say he was planning to kill dozens here in the u.s. what the plot entailed. >>> a deadly school bus crash. a 22 year veteran principal killed and children injured. >>> a prosecutored chilling warning, calling one suspect

roger federer avanzÓ a la segunda vuelta. en la rama femenina, selena williams eran tipo consolas con las cuatro patas y bocinas. reportero: desde pequeÑo ya sabÍa lo que quería. estudiÓ ingenierÍa elÉctrica en la universidad del pacÍfico, su primer intento para ingresar a la nasa fracaso, lo mismo ocurre la segunda, la tercera y hasta la novena. le tomÓ 10 aÑos para ingresar a la nasa y luego de eso superar todas las pruebas. >> cuando se termina la cuenta regresiva que ya es tiempo para lanzarse, inician las turbinas y todo se empieza estremecer. de estar bien silencioso a hacer eso, si te viene un poquito de miedo. tuve una reacciÓn muy natural. jairo: cuando dejÓ la nasa, probÓ suerte en la polÍtica pero no ganÓ. dejo por ahora su sueÑo de integrarse la polÍtica. en este momento tiene una organizaciÓn llamada alcanzando las estrellas. queda claro que todo es posible cuando la educaciÓn y determinaciÓn van de la mano. presentadora: asÍ concluimos esta ediciÓn de noticias univisiÓn 65. recuerda que regresamos hoy a las 11 con mÁs noticias. en segundos comienza

serena williams playing followed by roger federer, and djokovic also in action. and now officials hope that tennis would move beyond the allegations of match fixing from a now days ago. and andy murray criticized the organizers making this the first slam to have a betting agency as a sponsor. >> not really proud of that, i don't think. i think it's a little bit hypocritical, really. i don't believe the players are allowed to be sponsored by the betting companies, but the tournaments are. >> now we have reports on the practice known as court siding. >> big names have made tennis big business. that goes for betting on the game, too. with hundreds of tournaments and thousands of matches there is almost always a game that is set on match point on which the game stakes. placing the tennis betting market at $5 billion, and it's led to shadowy practice known as court siding. information is sent from the court side to someone who can place a bet. >> millions of dollars have been traded online. it's happening in tournaments all around the world. and at each tournament the

williams is seeking her 7n australian open title. roger fedderrer also advancing to the semifinals, seeking his fifth title there. and those warriors look like they're a shoe on in for another title in the nba. that was supposed to be a great game, and not even close. >> jim: thanks, amber. >> marie: up next, how a strip headliner could soon be the headliner in your living room >> rachael: new year, new you. >> once you kill the fat cells, they are not coming back. >> rachael: slimmer legs, do a >> jim: finally tonight, you've seen his face on the

today roger federer said it is time to name names. williams. >> i could only answer for me. i play very hard. >> reporter: the allegations are based on leaked documents from a investigation showing evidence of match fixing by gambling syndicates in russia and italy uncovered in 2007. the same-year-old novak djokovic said members of his team were approached by throwing a match. the sports' top officials are accused of ignoring the claims and failing to investigate. >> the tennis authorities absolutely reject any suggestion that evidence of match has been suppressed or not thoroughly investigated. australia, it is not just players taking center court, so are questions of corruption. miguel almaguer, nbc news. >>> still ahead tonight, growing back backlash over the oscar nominations. why some of the elite are boycotting the star-studded award show. >>> and sad news for jake reese, " day to feel alive" jake reese, " day to feel alive" jake reese, " day to feel alive" this is joanne. her long day as a hair stylist starts with shoulder pain when... hey joanne, want to trade the gi

roger federer se metiÓ en la prÓxima ronda. en la rama femenina, serena williamssona más fuerte. pero hay ayuda gratis disponible con un asesor certificado. visite www.makinghomeaffordable.gov. el embargo hipotecario no es la única opción. ♪ ♪ julio:la tasa de obesidad entre la juventud latina es mÁs alta en comparaciÓn con otros grupos. claudia: yoselin cualquier madre estÁ enamorada de sus mellizas de cinco meses. conoce muy bien lo que quiere para ellas. >> yo quiero que mis niÑas crezcan con la oportunidad de tener parques como otros niÑos para que salgan a jugar. claudia: sin embargo un estudio de la organizaciÓn salud amÉrica indican que los niÑos no tienen la oportunidad de ser activos por la falta de parques en sus comunidades y esto estÁ contribuyendo al alto nÚmero de jÓvenes latinos obesos en el paÍs. >> 4 de cada 10 niÑos latinos son obesos. van a tener problemas de salud bien serios. claudia: no tienen espacios libres para realizar actividad fÍsica. >> uno de los problemas principales es la vida sedentaria. una de las razones es porque no hay a donde

it's serena williams against aggie radwanksa of poland. for the men, it's against number three roger federer. gael monfils of france didn't make it to the semi finals...but he could probably play third base in the majors.- check out the way he goes to his knees to get in front of this shot struck by milos raonic of canada.-but it was raonic with a series of powerful serves and backhands that won it...he'll play andy murray in another semi. hockey tonight downtown at us bank arena. the cyclones play indy at 7:30 and now here's julie dolan with what's up on nine on your side at seven. there could be changes in how accused criminals are charged in the state of ohio.what a hamilton county judge is doing that could have an impact on the future of the criminal justice system. we'll have that's 9 on your side at six for this wednesday breaking news, weather and

williams and mariahare poevau. and 6-4-6-1 and heads for the semifinals and roger federer hadttle time getting to the semifinals. and the warriors steph curry with a steal goes end to end with a little the lay up. and golden state dominated the spurs with a 30 point romp, final >>> in new orleans, pelicans all star, anthony davis suffered a half. he left the game as his pelicans fell to houston 112-111. dad said if 13 scores on myay, we get a dog and that 13 is cam attkinson who just happens to score a hat trick as they beat montreal, s the little girl is getting her puppy afterall. >>> and need saving from awkwardns? chelsea handler has the answer for that. s e your heart isn't pumping well. (water filling room) e (dog whimpering) within 5 years of getting diagnosed. but there's something you can do. doctor about heart failure treatment options. because the more you know, the more likely you are...v (dog whimpering) to keep it pumping. hi, i'm here with some advice from the future don't buy makeup that settles into lines, it ages you. get simply ageless makeup it floats over lines and easy, breezy... ...beautif