franklin roosevelt -- because hoover lost the election of 1932 to franklin roosevelt. and so the republican is out, the democrat is in, roosevelt, and his program was called the new deal. going to have a set of programs which he is going to use to try to come boot the great depression. so myth number two, fdr, or franklin roosevelt, with his new deal, used government effectively to help get the united states out of the great depression. franklin roosevelt with his new deal used government effectively to help get the united states out of the great depression. how many of you have had that taught to you in school? that's exactly what i had taught to me. that is the prominent teaching. now, there's sometimes some variations. some professors will say, well, the new deal may not have completely gotten us out but help. a movement in the right direction and then other things came later to help more. now, the new deal is always praised. a step in the right direction, and some will say it was really the whole way out of the great depression. or some part of the great depression

roosevelt. the's program perhaps best is the wpa the works progress administration to give jobs andid roadbuilding. there were a lot of roads being built that puts them to work and i you have roads built. so there is a familiar picture l about those people know it's like you are listening to a broken w record so those who had influence can get wpa funds those people not from influential states did not get iry much at all i have some quotations that the democratic countynt chairman of indiana said "what will help us change the wpa management from top to bottom. pet - - put man in there that are in favor of thesees projects that doesn't leave a lot to the imagination it is my personalha belief democrats should be holding those positions so we might strengthen the offense for the 1940ct election. so the wpa director in new jersey answered his phone always. he always answered democratic headquarters. because that is where you had to show yourself important to get a job in new jersey on wpa. the cong

you might think roosevelt is really pushing it. roosevelt wanted more. he personally want to the tax rate of 99%, 99.5% on all income over $100,000 and suggested that to his budget director. just to put this in perspective if you earn $200,000, you pay a lot on your first hundred but on your second hundred thousand, imagine you earn $200,000, you get to keep $500 and you said 99,500 to washington. when roosevelt proposed this his budget director said oh my gosh and then roosevelt said why not? why not? it was called the why not solution. the why not solution. why not? when i raise this up -- okay. i will be roosevelt. i think we are to have a tax of 99% on all income over $100,000. there you go, why not. when i raise this. that did not become law. roosevelt tried an executive order of 100% on all income over $25,000. that got repealed by congress. then roosevelt tried another attempt, 100.6% tax on millionaires. 100.6% tax on millionaires. what i'm saying is if you are a millionaire, according to this tax bill you would pay $1,006,000. in other words if

theodore roosevelt does not like it one pit. by this time i should see that leonard would is been promoted because of illness within the officers, even bumped up to take charge now leaves theater roosevelt is the commander of the rough riders which is kind of what he wanted all along. now he has his own regimen of cavalrymen. and so they are told to wait in reserve in the foreground of the location of the schedule hill. it is before you get to the san juan ridge. is they are waiting there, they're getting kicked off. their spanish snipers in the trees and a lot of theodore roosevelt are getting picked up. his only went horseback in this assault. is of the spanish snipers are trying to pick him off and all the shooting in him, there actually it is orderlies. but eventually, they get the order to advance but is the rough riders advance, they encounter the regulars who are up ahead of them beneath capitol hill and they haven't got those orders. it roosevelt says, if you are not going to go, then let my men through. all of a sudden,

ran into him and churchill says to roosevelt without missing a beat says mr.nt, you can feed the premises or of england has nothing to hide. >> the front tip between roosevelt and churchill is the most important friendship in american history. bret: then there was joseph stalin born into poverty rising through the ranks of the communist party using mass murder as a tool of statecraft. >> stalin is such an enigma and a fascinating figure. on one hand he's a brilliant military tactician and understands the levers of power in a way that few leaders did. bret: in 1939 he's done the best by west by entering into a nonaggression pact with hitler but in 19 for the one hitler attacked the soviet union anyway and effectively in allen greg heard the bloodiest battle in history. >> he had an activity when he would see what was going on and how to move the pieces on the chessboard but he was a murderous sociopath and kill anyone for any reason if it worked to his advantage. he operated in a completely different moral framework then either churchill or roosevelt. bret: chu

of roosevelt com come radios cog that fact yes. message for the world. >> he goes to missouri, makes the famous iron curtain speech he talks about everything he warned about the soviet union. >> then >> he can't

roosevelt is opposed to it. the bulk of the american people are opposed to entering the war and getting involved in feeding. the reason why, there is a great fear it will be a backdoor war. to war,' . roosevelt asked for neutrality legislation to be revised in september of 1939. this cranks up the big fight between the interventionists and the isolationists. hoover sends people from the american friends service committee, which he had a great relationship with as pointed out by george and by bert. he sent teams to germany who asked for permission to visit the government general. one of the teams got permission to do that, although they went with minders, because nobody had been in the government general, and nobody knew what was going on. i don't think -- they could report back on the destruction that had taken place on the conditions that existed in warsaw, but they were not allowed to see a lot. they knew the german army was killing civilians. i don't think they knew at that time it was mass murder already occ

and woodrow wilson before another roosevelt adopted and distorted the word liberal.forces of free enterprise must be regulated. i am opposed to business monopolies. i believe in the right of collective bargaining without any interference and the full protection of that obvious right. i believe in minimum standards for wages and maximum standards for hours, and believe such standards should constantly improve. i am in favor of the regulation of intrastate utilities and banking, the security markets. i believe in federal pensions an adequate old-age benefits, and in unemployment allowances. i believe the federal government owes a duty to adjust the position of the farmer with that of the manufacturer. if this cannot done by parity -- cannot be done by parity prices, than some other method must be found without too much regimentation of the farmer's affairs. i believe in the encouragement of cooperative buying and selling, and the full extension of rural electrification, and i believe the federal government owes a very strong obligation to preserve our natural resources

in 1900 when mckinley and roosevelt are running for office, roosevelt takes a train ride across south dakota, and bullock joins him on the train for a week. and roosevelt liked to have old roughriders with him to, you know, found the charge and all that. but bullock rode with him and helped him campaign. and there's a somewhat famous story, they stopped at butte, montana, and butte, montana, was william general its bryant -- jennings bryant town. and bullock was worried or when teddy roosevelt took the stage, that he'd get a very nasty reaction. but indeed, roosevelt took the stage, and the crowd was quiet and respectful, and roosevelt later said he thought his or to have call skills had the crowd mesmerized where, in fact, bullock had kept the crowd quiet while roosevelt spoke. now, everybody says that story's true. why not? [laughter] roosevelt rages for mckiply to appoint -- mckinley to appoint bullock forest supervisor. he got the black hills as an independent forest, and for four and a half years he runs the forest. and bullock was a man that roosevelt wanted. he wrote him a lett

by vote of the majority of citizens of the united states, franklin roosevelt is elected president for a fourth successive term. ♪ american history america"l is winding back the clock to look at elections. people, i 1940 republican campaign film for wendell wilkie that argues against an unprecedented third term for fdr. rings] ♪ narrator: here, a century and a half ago, our nation was born. here was adopted the declaration of independence, which proclaimed our freedom. all men are created equal. they are endowed by their creator with certain inalienable rights. these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. narrator: the constitution of the united states guarantees our freedom, determines neither king nor dictator, but only we the people shall rule. ♪ franklin, you have just come from the constitutional convention. what have we got, a republic or a monarchy? if you can keep it so. narrator: a prophetic statement from benjamin franklin is the constitutional convention ended in september 1787. a republic, if you can keep it so. it was here in philadelphia the george washington pen

when roosevelt died in the 1919 kermit roosevelt wrote it was a terrible blow. the great hero was his father. so when roosevelt passed away bullock negotiated with the black hills pioneers and they bought land on the top of the mountain. they renamed the roosevelt mountain. they built it out on this mountain. does bullock wanted it to look out of the planes of the north. and then just months later we are here in deadwood in september 2019 seth bullock dies. dies just dumb help from moran. in his home on van buren street he is hauled up the hill where we are. it doesn't stop. outside the cemetery there is a place up there and he arranged for the black hills pioneers to defy and he's buried up there. at that location you can look over and see roosevelt tower. so he could look at the tower and in essence they could look back at him. the place of honor on the hell and he can look at the domain. what did it mean to the black hills. he got out the wild west if you well. there was a guy who is a sheriff before and you can say so the wild west. that he became the entrep

today roosevelt was in the white house, etc. at a young not so young, democrat like glass, nobody ever heard of him him. he was very much of a non- entity. he liked your the farm relations committee, which is interesting to him. foreign relations company. but instead they sent him to a bank committee. if i'm right, there's not been a major bill since the civil war. so glass sent to a complete no man's land, but being a very bright studious and energetic guy, glass viz. the years reading everything he can find his hands on about finance. so he becomes an expert. both of anybody knows that, i don't know but glass really reads everything. at that time, beginning of the 20th century, united states was the only major industrial country that did not have a central bank to manage the currency and fight panics. nobody thought about it very much. there were a few professors and reformers this edgy we had have a national bank. things were going so long pretty well and the republicans who control the government wonder if you know intereste

taken here, the challenging one, roosevelt. selected by the artist, but he guy at he most popular the time. he selected theodore roosevelt canal, so the panama he took the nation from being oceans and expanded us to international. he was also the president who standing for the common man. and both those things resonated with the artist. now, two of the four were slave owners and so does that engender a discussion as well amongst, and you all talk about in your interpretation of these presidents of washington jefferson. >> some of the presidents were slave owners. there is discussion that pops up about that.roperty it's not as much discussion as you might expect because you a major ll, that's controversy. it's certainly something that we tep forward and we're talking about. all of our interpretative programs here, any time you here talking about something, presenting a program, they did their own research, program their own together and do their own presentation. thee don't focus on -- it's passion of the interpreter, and they h

the challenging one, theodore roosevelt. but hed by the artist, was not the most popular guy at the time. borglum selected theater roosevelt because of the panama canal. he took the nation from being bound by the ocean and expanded and went international. he was also the president standing for the common man. both of those things resonated with the artist. >> two of the four were slaveowners. and that bring discussion do you talk about that with your interpretation of these presidents? >> some of the presidents were slaveowners, there is discussion that pops up about that. it is not as much discussion as you might expect because you might think it is a major controversy. it is certainly something we step forward and talk about. all of our interpretive programs, any time you hear a park ranger talking about something, they did their own research, it put their own program together and do their own presentation. we don't focus on one thing particular. focuse had some, their was slavery and what it meant to the country. not just

roosevelt did that. the weird thing is that it worked and roosevelt himself had a great media following to make sure he got the best press and the very good officer starting off as lieutenant colonel and became the kernel so ran the regiment on that day and then comported himself very well especially keeping them man in line as a siege after the battle and he kept them inhe line. americans saw this and what was going on and the war as a whole as an immoral war. people saw this as a humanitarian intervention this is what america does this is the rule but these stories and there was a terrible were going on in this insurrection were hundreds of thousands and there is a justification to do something but it became the story that the regiment like the roughriders came together change the way they saw the military and what it meant to serve and to have power not only to cart on - - conquer the world but to free them this doesn't change overnight but to put in place a way of thinking about ourselves the 20h cen

we might have had a different roosevelt as a 4 term president, if the roosevelt had not died at age 60. we had a test case, real hard. single-member district, all at doral college, structural factors. my argument in how america's political parties change is there is also the fact the parties -- they provide a home for people who identify the core constituency, pharmaceutical americans but a majority of the population, they had a home for people, one thing or another, that has persisted over a long period of time. 165 years. >> host: we welcome our radio audience on c-span radio, streamed on the web, c-span.org. on serious xm, potus channel 124, 7:00 to 10:00 eastern. joyce, thanks for waiting. charles in south carolina to me are on with michael barone. >> caller: what i'm wondering, what a typical republican is. from my point of view, i have lived 70 something years from new england and always was a democrat. now i am independent but they are always concerned more about their taxes than anything else, always the issue. i can tell who is republican by their point of view on taxes. i liv

we will have live coverage from the roosevelt room when the signing begins. this afternoon, former cia director and retired general david petraeus will talk about u.s. military strategy in afghanistan. we will have that live here on c-span. canada's political leaders will take part in a debate in quebec ahead of elections in two weeks. live coverage of today's debate starts at 7:00 p.m. eastern. we will have that here on c-span. this opening day of the 2019 term of the supreme court, we discussed aggressive efforts at federal court reform. viewers might recognize you from work in the obama administer ration justice department. you have found it "demand d "demand -- founde justice." grassroots and awaken them to the crisis we believe is recurring in the -- occurring in the federal judiciary. probably the longest legacy that donald trump will have will be his lasting imprint that he left in terms of the judges he has nominated. he has confirmed 150 federal judges, including two supreme court justices quite famously. it is not just the number of the judges at th

interesting because it focuses on a project that came out of the 1930's and specifically out of the roosevelt administration's attempt to do something to create work for all different types of occupations. it created a number of arts projects to put unemployed writers and artists back to work. it happened in the 1930's that they created the federal writers project and decided to start collecting testimony. the 1930's with the last opportunity to collect oral histories of the last generation of african-americans that experienced slavery firsthand before they passed away. they have created through that project, it only lasted a few ears, 1936-1939. it created the latest repository of this testimony that we have in the u.s., winding up with over 2300 interviews that are largely available online at the library of congress website. anyone interested can use those, and scholars have used them to dramatically transform the way they write about the history of slavery and emancipation and reconsider that. my book took a slightly different tack by looking at the ex-slave project. to look at the racial

theodore roosevelt, who among many other things was a historian. he wrote a great work called "the winning of the west." a settler colonial title if there ever was one. he talked about two american revolutions, or we would say two usonian revolutions. the revolution is a twofold character, americans who struggle for independence in the east, and in the west, war of conquest, or rather a war to establish on behalf of all our people, the right of entry into the fertile and vacant regions beyond the alleghenies. fertile and vacant regions beyond the alleghenies. he has already erased native people, except he has to explain you have to fight native people to get into that fertile and vacant region west of the appalachians. here is where it gets really racist, but reveals something important. the most ultimately righteous of all wars is a war with savages, although it is apt to be the most terrible and inhuman. the rude settler who drives the savage from the land delays all civilized mankind under a debt to him. it is of incalculable importance that ame

theodore roosevelt. he was an historian. he wrote this great multivolume book called "the winning of the west." two american about and --ions or two sony usonian revolutions. fertile and vacant regions beyond the alleghanies. the nativedy erasing people. here is where it really gets racist but reveals something important. the road settler who drives the --age from the land don't put this in front of your students directly or at least make them take about it before they read it. most starkg in the terms this is all about white people claiming the land that belongs to them. >> i have a question. why not use the term imperialist instead of usonian? because ultimately, it is about who will be the imperial power and take over. daniel i would argue the : settlers want to be the ispower and their struggle against great britain. not invoke the idea that -- whatrialist, racist is wrong with that? daniel there's nothing wrong : with that except that we have the settlers battling the existing imperial power to replace them with another

roosevelt was not alone in that, but roosevelt continued to remind people that charles de gaulle was not elected, in the united states could not recognize charles de gaulle as president without a democratic process. we can identify with that to a degree, but despite roosevelt's reluctance to recognize charles de gaulle by the spring and summer of 1944, as i said, most had accepted de gaulle as their leader, including the various resistance factions in france, and there were many. there were many, but they had decided to set aside their political differences for the moment to present a united front against the german occupiers, and they collectively became known as the french forces of the interior, or the ffi, and they acknowledged fair for the moment fairde gaulle for as their leader. in france, and more specifically in paris, over that summer of 1944, tensions begin to rise in the city, especially after the day when the allies landed in normandy. on june 14, bastille day, the french equivalent to our fourth of july, and paris, spontaneous demonstrations broke out in parisians start

national concept of the four freedoms that made visible, tangible, real the concepts that president roosevelt expressed in 1941 in the state of the union address. >> this is freedom of speech and expression. everywhere in the world. the second is freedom of every person who worships god in his own way everywhere in the world. the third is freedom from want, which translated in the world forum means economic understandings which will secure to every nation a healthy peace-time life everywhere in the world. the fourth is freedom of -- from fear. which translated in the world terms means a worldwide reduction of armaments to such a point and in such a thorough fashion that no nation would be in a position to commit an act of physical aggression against any neighbor anywhere in the world. [applause] john: what people forget today is that the concept of four reedoms did not take immediate hold on the national psyche. a few artists made images of freedoms. there was talk of freedoms, but it didn't capture the imagination in any way that people would be excited about until norman rockwell. rockwell'

they had a roosevelt, who among many other things, of course, was a historian. he wrote this great multi volume work called the winning of the west, a similar colonial title if there ever was one, and he is well talked about two american revolutions, or, we would say, to usonian revolutions. the revolution is of twofold character, he, said making of american struggle of independence in the east in the west, a war of conquest, or the right to self on behalf of people the right of settling the fertile regions beyond the alligators. he has already erase native people, except that he has to explain that in fact, you do have to fight native people to get into that vacant and fertile region in the rest of the appalachians, right? and here is what really gets races but reveal something important. the most ultimately righteous of all wars is a war with averages, the most terrible and inhumane. the root, fear settler who drive savidge from the land leaves all mankind a debt to him, it is a uncomfortable importance that americans in siberia should pass out of the hands of

. >> bret: claiming he was still in danger stalin implored roosevelt to stay at the embassy offeringn. william, the american ambassador to the soviet union was skeptical. >> so there are some who believe that the assassin story was a ploy to bring him inside the embassy grounds. i think it was real. i think they were concerned and they made the right move. they moved him into the embassy. >> this was good news. he wants to spend time alone with stalin. that's his goal. he is particularly determined to show stalin that he has an independent relationship with him, that this is not going to be maneuvered through churchill. >> it's about gaining trust. >> bret: fdr also ran the risk of undermining his relationship with his friend churchill. >> it's not that he was going to throw churchill out. he understands important. he understands church hill is important. that relationship is rock solid. now he is moving beyond that relationship to a direct one-on-one with stalin. >> bret: of course, stalin, and his intelligence officers angled for every edge they could get. >> as soon as they knew t

roosevelt did that and the weird thing, the striking thing is it worked. they perform as well as soldiers, roosevelt had a great media following but he was a very good officer. he started as a lieutenant colonel and became the colonel. he ran the regiment that day of the battle of san juan hill and purported himself very well. especially when he wasn't fighting. just keep the men in line. the siege after the battle the biggest problem was disease and malnutrition. americans saw this, what was going on and saw the war as a whole, it was a moral war, something we forget today but i was struck when reading the journalism, how people -- a humanitarian intervention. this is what america does to fulfill its purpose. not the conqueror, and all of those things were there. the story americans told themselves. and terrible war going on, hundreds of thousands who died and there was a real cost, a real justification to do something but it became the story. the fact that a regiment like the roughriders came together and went and did this changed the way americans saw t

so in congress adjourned president roosevelt gave the attorney general the authority to just hire theagents. [laughter] and by the time congress came back the agents were hired and there was a prominent story about corruption and president roosevelt said is it just that they are trying to protect themselves and change the political climate in a drastic way so with the attorney general's promise he would keep the agency and check they went ahead and let it go forward. >> another lesson how washington manipulates politic. >> you said it was a misunderstanding that distorted the fbi's approach to the mission and what do you mean by that quick. >> when teddy roosevelt started the fbi that would hold the most powerful to account corrupt officials, business people but very quickly after that in the approach to world war i the government wanted them to be involved in more espionage like activities to encounter the threat from germans and that grant of authority open the door to spying on people there were no longer concerned of who is doing harm but then those thoughts were around journalist

. >> roosevelt had already promised a stall and that the allies may open a second front, potentially, but were focused on a different strategy. >> ships crowded with americans for the invasion of north africa, the western allies won their first victory sweeping out the germans and violent battles in the desert. >> the allies had landed in north africa and used that to springboard into sicily and italy and they were now taking the offensive. >> churchill believed that was the path to winning the war. the allies were not ready to try a highly risky amphibious invasion of france. >> what churchill wants for britain is he wants some leeway from roosevelt and from stalin to allow a continuation of his favorite mediterranean campaign. he says we can build up our forces for an invasion of france, but that is going to take a little bit of time and it's pointless us sitting back and doing nothing for six months. we need to stay active and there are huge advantages to be gained in the mediterranean. >> with american forces fully engaged in the war in the pacific against japan, president roosev

who is he cracks it's not just a good story now roosevelt said it and it's a good story. also i have to say gail professor irving kishor said it around the beginning of the depression so we like stories about celebrities that have that gravitas of the inauguration and then to hear president roosevelt say that in his own words just search on youtube. you can see it he has more of a magisterial feature than the current president but he was a good speaker. [laughter] so another thing that's important there were other causes of the great depression and one of them was talked about a lot but we don't associate is that robots are coming to replace jobs and people will be permanently unemployed with these robots. wait a minute you talking about robots in 1930? you bet for go the term robot came from a play. charlie chaplin had a nice movie about that called modern times. actually is a great movie it's about charlie chaplin who was working in a factory it was automated in the sense it had conveyor belts. he had to do the same task and it's really funny and it drove him crazy. but

frank: he learned that from roosevelt. he used to be a roosevelt democrat. that is one thing he took away from roosevelt. craig: kennedy was terminally optimistic. frank: today, the rhetoric is so angry, people warning of threats on both sides if policies are not -- i think everybody -- you know, politicians are missing an opportunity for somebody that wants to talk about the positives in america and how we can build on the best of america and on all the things that are wrong with it, so optimism, you know, the future being brighter than it is today, is something he always talked about and something he actually believed in very much. he would end a lot of his speeches by saying, as far as america is concerned, you ain't seen nothing yet. craig: where were you election night? innk: i started the day ohio. went over to the headquarters and made sure everyone was making their calls and everything, and you know, i got back into washington at 5:00, the chagrin of democrats everywhere, jimmy carter had already conceded, so you know, i think he meant it in a good s

. ♪ isi'll tell you, this roosevelt's war. ♪ >> ♪ you'll get high in the sky when you die ♪ ♪ >> [inaudibleto everybody, sacrificing, higher prices, negotiated peace, democracy and bureaucracy. ♪ >> joe, he has lulled you to sleep again, joe. joe, a little sales tax never hurt anybody. after all, business is entitled to a fair profit in this war, but wages have to be frozen, joe. the workers are making too much money for their own good, and prices haven't risen very much, have they? ♪ >> mind if i smoke? >> wait, i have influence in washington. uncle sam. [trains on tracks] >> clear the way to win the war, win the war, win the war ♪ if you want to have a better world, better world, better world, if you want to have a better world, you have to get out and vote ♪ if you want to have a better world, better world, better world, if you want to have a better world, you have to get out and vote ♪ now we are on the right track, right track, right track, now we are on the right track, we are going to win the war. right behind the president, the president, the president, right behind the president, f

next on "reel america," united auto workers animated film promoting president franklin roosevelt's campaign for a fourth term. the 13-minute film is directed by academy award winner chuck jones, who helped create bugs bunny and other characters for warner bros., and in 1966 produced and directed "how the grinch stole christmas." ♪ [locomotive chugging] ♪ ["i've been working on the railroad" on harmonica] ♪ >> joe, joe. >> yes, sam? >> take a look at today's timetable. only one of these trains can get through. 44 is a single track, you know. >> but sam, aren't the american people on board the win the war special? >> all but a few wreckers. see that's which, joe? -- switch, joe? you have got to sidetrack the limited. you can if you don't fall asleep the switch like you did in november of 1942. >> don't worry about me. he will have to knock me out first. ♪ ♪ [train on railroad tracks] ♪ >> what happened? who are you? >> not at all, not at all, glad you dropped in, my boy. sam has been overworking. high production. sam has been overworking. ♪ let's talk this over, my boy. according to the paper

you had people like teddy roosevelt running against the court fdr also. i think we are heading to that. host: a text from mark in kentucky -- how was it obama was to electn his efforts supreme court justices and trump has been successful. guest: there are some things we can control and some things we cannot. one thing the trump administration has been good at emulatehould seek to their streamlined efficiency at identifying candidates for judicial vacancies and sending them to the hill as quickly as possible and creating a pipeline where we don't dither. there is a lot of criticism in the early years of the obama administration, the act of qualifying good nominees was slow to happen. we should not read again that in 2021 if we regain power. there are other things that were outside of his control and when donald trump took the oath of office, he inherited a hundred judicial vacancies. the reason he filled so many seats is because republicans were so successful of keeping those open during barack obama's presidency. they did it with the help of a lot of demo

roosevelt wanted to make very sure that everybody was clear about that. early in that new year of 1942, the united states treasury is already going to work, trying to figure out how to get americans to help pay for the war. roosevelt talked about taxes and bonds, and bonds and taxes. we know it taxes are, right? it's when the government can told you to pay a certain part of your income to meet the costs of government doing what it has to do. but what are bonds? a bond is an iou. write that down. it's a statement that the united states government owes you money. basically what uncle sam was doing was saying, we are going to have people pay a tax to pay for this thing, but we are going to have to go into debt to pay for this thing. now, show of hands, how many people have some sort of united states savings bond? we got a few hands. how many people have been given something like that for a birthday, graduation, or something of that kind? it's a very important looking piece of paper that is not a toy. you open the card, it's not a toy, but it's a very officia

one of them is the roosevelt community center here near downtown san jose.p them open every night from now until april. ms. jones is been living in this tent in san jose and says the last few nights have been tough. it is been so cold. >> i slept with my feet frozen. my dog was laying beside my legs, but i was cold all night. i had the blankets over my head and still i was freezing. >> reporter: she is bracing for even colder weather to set it. it could end up killing some people and streets. >> it is got to the point where we just accept the dead. we shouldn't have to. >> reporter: san jose is planning to open two overnight warming locations at the roosevelt unity center every night from now until april. homeless people can come in off the streets and sleep on bedding on the floors of the dance studios which are located right next to the restrooms and showers. joyce brennan state and an owl center last winter. >> that would bring food and coffee. they bring mats and blankets. they work hard to help people. >> reporter: but the two centers can also shelter a

and eleanor roosevelt doesn't support it. so it's a very interesting history of the amendment and you are right that there were issues of protection but that is the equal rights amendment. >> chandler in sedona arizona you are on next, go ahead. my question as to what degree do they tell of the sisters and daughters to play a role in the suffrage movement? >> guest: men played a large role and they were very important and supportive champions and there is a great book that came out a year or two ago called suffragette and it's about the league of men that is important so of course only men could make decisions. men had to be convinced. they were on me in the legislature, the state legislature, so only except by 1917, 1918 county only woman elected to congress processors only one and when the referendum at the state level or the ratification it is only men making these decisions and so having male allies coming and we see some very brave male allies step up in my story and so yes men w were important. >> executive producer is

we had fdr, teddy roosevelt, abraham lincoln, lbj and civil rights. worse thing right now is what with you we were just talking about, we also had in those times, not in the civil war time, we had partisan press where you had different facts and completely different discussions, we have a kind of partisan press where people watching one cable network or another, facts are not in agreement, and does that mean that there will be two different scenarios coming out of this impeachment hearing so that there's one set of facts and another and people don't agree in the end? that's why we need the kind of leadership that can somehow pull us together. >> well, that's a subset of my next and final question for you. can that be put back? is that like cutting off the arm of a star fish? does that regrow? and more widely, what do you say when people ask, are we going to be okay? >> i say, yes. i mean, i say that we -- as i say, that we've come through before, but it's going to require the kind of leader who emerges now that can somehow understand that the country

the challenging one, theodore roosevelt.elected by the artist, but he was not the most popular guy at the time. he selected theodore roosevelt because of the panama canal, so he took the nation from being bound by the ocean and expanded internationally. he was also the president who was standing for the common man, and both of those resonated with the artist. >> two of the four were slave owners, so does that engender discussion as well? about that in your interpretation of these presidents, washington and jefferson. >> some of the presidents were slave owners. there is discussion that pops up around that.operty not as much discussion as you might expect, because you think, that is a major controversy. when it does, it is certainly something we step forward and we are talking about. all of our interpretive programs here, every time you hear a park ranger talking about something and presenting a program, they did their own research, put the program together and do their own presentation. indo not focus on one thing particular

just listens to roosevelt on the radio talking about england's and he said something which kind of expresses vividly. in uncomfortably. his reaction to this. he said i cannot stand this constant reference of england tr. i am here and my people are here on the heels of a conqueror. how typically american. to rise in anguish at the fate of a distant cousin while a daughter is being raped in the back room. that is not just a metaphor. japanese occupation of the philippines was violent and involved sexual violence. the president of a meadow is on, then asked, as if the r2 grant immediate independence of the philippines. maybe you . if the philippines began maybe in a minute, then we can negotiate with japan and we can become a neutral territory the japanese can sort of do whatever they militarily do we want puzzles or they don't have to compress and fdr said absolutely not. you can't negotiate with japan. you have no power. you know not a head of state. in fact the united states will defend it's like to the death. which is very stern rhetoric but is also an accurate prediction. another way of pu

various activities for example spy swap in one case president roosevelt was franklin roosevelt was noted for using a variety of channels of communication so it really depends on the president but for the most part in modern times president searchers a state of tend to rely more on official channels that's more reassuring too for governments they prefer official channels generally ok so if mike pence the vice president as we've been discussing with our correspondent out here has managed not to be drawn into this controversy involving that phone call questions are now being raised about his involvement and how many people on the line when a president is talking to a foreign leader how many people are involved and what normally happens to that information the state department and n.s.c. staff prepare talking points for president prior to a call in the oval office can be several important officials from the state department from the n.s.c. staff and then and the white house situation room some more junior staff will be sitting around taking notes and they prepare the transcript ok good to se

the first person that i recall and one of the most iconic pictures ever was eleanor roosevelt. 1935, this woman went underground, and a woman underground in 1935 was considered bad luck. women should not be underground. and in those days, this country was saying too many miners are being killed in the mines. the largest union in the country and the most powerful labor leader saying too many people are being killed in the mines, and then eleanor roosevelt goes underground. she comes out and they throw a mic in front of her face. they say first lady, what will it take to protect miners? does anybody know what she said? unionization, and legislation are the only two things that will protect coal miners. but if i asked you the president of the united states is the best friend any worker ever had in those days was franklin roosevelt, first lady, then i ask you how long was it before the first legislation was passed by this government to protect coal miners? 1969. so we had the most powerful president we ever had. we had the first lady wanting to make the mines safer and the most dynamic u