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entirely appointed by progressive presidents, and we have a progressive president in need odor roosevelt, wood row wilson and hoover and then roosevelt. so the court became completely progressive. by the time it was completely progressive and adhere to this doctrinal restraint seemingly, something happened that caused justices to rethink their views. the republicans took control of congress in 1946. once republicans took control of congress in 1946 the idea of judicial restraint started not to seem like a wonderful idea anymore. the idea that no matter what congress would do we'd defer to it. some of the justices started to have second thoughts about this. a very very interest article was written about this, and the story was written and divides the court up into two contending groups. the first group he calls the lions of self-restraint. and they are people like felix frankfurt and others. the other groups he call judicial activist. it's the first time we know of traditional activism was used. th in the art call he said what the people decided they were deciding to reconsider this restraint idea.

teddy roosevelt. wood row wilson, so you had all the kind of figures. secretaries of war and former generals saying we are way behind militarily. if the war drags the united states in we better be ready. we better be prepared. this notion of preparedness catches on. parades like the one we started with today, and the focus for today in san francisco, was a phenomenon that happened all over. in other words how local communities demonstrated preparedness was part of this exercise. in other words having a parade that might demonstrate that community's patriotism, and sort of fur ver for the war. this is the preparedness day parade in washington d.c. you can see the capitol in the far distance. these happened all over. particularly in the summer of 1916. kansas city has a parade. seattle. the biggest one up to this point as you might imagine was in washington dc. you can see it playing out here. let me say a couple thing it is happened on june 14, 1916. so a little over a month before the one in san francisco. this was an estimated crowd of about 60,000. me

roosevelt's came into office. >> republicans 15 elections in a row. -- they lost five elections in a row. truman is not supposed to win. but, in any event they are really stuck now. the republicans like buckley and those who supported taft's before the great emergency. another have eisenhower now, eisenhower was a politician and he was a lot shrewd or than his critics. he left the party talk about rollback, roll ba rollback of te welfare state at home. and rollback of the encroachment abroad. buckley was it sure about stalin, he thought maybe he would do better than stevenson on foreign policy. the reluctant candidate, the wonderful son of princeton in 1921 and last night were not trying to remove -- from anything. but, the thought that i could be tougher on the cold war but he had some doubts about the domestic agenda. and ike to self-governing letter that eisenhower wrote to his brother that said, we cannot come in here and dismantle social security and foreign subsidies and federal subsidize mortgages in one day or one administration. the american people have not only gotten used to, t

roosevelt. thank you for being here with >>> good evening from new york miami chris hayes. we have some breaking news tonight, for the second day in a rownce that the president seems to be obsessed with russia, with russian policy, and crucially, the russian investigation. and that obsession is driving a wedge between the president and the republican party. >>> last anytime, "the new york times" reported that during a phone call with senator mitch mcconnell that quickly devolved into a profane shouting match, the president was animated about what he intimated was the senate leader's refusal to protect him from investigations of russian interference in the 2016 election. tonight, we have learned of two more phone calls to republican

roosevelt. thank you for being here with >>> good evening from new york miami chris hayes. we have some breaking news tonight, for the second day in a row, we have more evidence that the president seems to be obsessed with russia, with russian policy, and crucially, the russian investigation. and that obsession is driving a wedge between the president and the republican party. >>> last anytime, "the new york times" reported that during a phone call with senator mitch mcconnell that quickly devolved into a profane shouting match, the president was animated about what he intimated was the senate leader's refusal to protect him from investigations of russian interference in the 2016 election. tonight, we have learned of two more phone calls to republican senators, according to a new report from politico. trump expressed frustration over a bipartisan bill sanctioning russian and tried to convince senate foreign relations chairman bob corker that it wasn't good policy. according to three people familiar with the call. trump argued the legislation was unconstitutional, and said it would damage his presidency. trump also complained about the r

roosevelt, we could, in fact, go back to julius caesar. so this has been throughout history. the gentleman way in the last row, right here. >> james -- [inaudible] retired. david, you mentioned that germany, quote, had no great universities or great technical institutions. i have friends who teach at tu munich, and they tell me -- i think they're right -- they teach at great universities. so what are we missing? >> yeah. they have great technical universities. they do not have great global universities. you know, just look at the, look at the lists produced by -- the global university list is dominated by the u.s -- >> [inaudible] >> no, i said germany has great technical universities. but it doesn't have great sort of general, global universities -- >> [inaudible] >> yes. yeah, of course they are. i said with the exception of technical universities. but the more, the broader-based, you know, general universities as it were doesn't really exist in, you know -- places like hiding burg does not -- hiding berg does not attract huge flows of international students -- >> which it did in the 19th century. i mean, g

in california, then next to row is joshua, partner wildlylling firm that is isgressive and to my right, neil abernathy, vice president of research and policy at the roosevelt institute, which helps a lot of us in the progressive caucus, the democratic party, and candidates to come up with great policy ideas. this is our panel, and we will start, here as we did in the last panel. amy, we will start with you then go to row, then josh. allison, the president of democracy in color. amy: thank you. good afternoon everyone. the conversation about where our party goes has to be grounded deeply. in an understanding about why we lost in 2016, and who the democrat voters, the most loyal central democrats that are most reliable, really are. some of it, is about a conversation, a hard conversation about how we have been focusing or resources, what messages we have been giving our campaigns and what leaders we are elevating. there has been an assumption amongst the democrats that the fight is for swing voters. but we saw in 2016, some inform ushat should going forward, first of all, the party is 47% people of color. refiningation about and economic message, must be and