amy: after brazilian president dilma rousseff.he blago crisis in brazil has only intensified since we spoke in april. her successor, michel temer, is facing mounting calls to resign or be impeached following explosive testimony released by the supreme court in brazil accusing him of accepting millions of dollars in bribes since 2010. on wednesday, the authorized the deployment of the army to the capital brasilia as tens of thousands of protesters marched to congress to demand his resignation. facing public outcry, temer has since order the troops off the streets. when we come back, i will ask dilma rousseff, the first female president of brazil, about democracy, corruption, and president donald trump. stay with us. ♪ [music break] amy: this is democracy now!, democracynow.org, the war and peace report. i'm amy goodman. we return now to my conversation with former brazilian president dilma rousseff recorded in april. madam president, i want to ask your thoughts today -- you are in the united states this week when the u.s. dropped t

brazil's last president, dilma rousseff, was impeached.the country is suffering through one of its worst recessions in history, and a crisis of leadership caused in large part by a massive corruption investigation. it's known as operation car wash. it's one of the largest bribery cases ever investigated, and it's being led by a small group of idealistic young brazilian prosecutors and a crusading judge. in curitiba, a city far from the ruling elites of brasilia and sao paulo, a small band of prosecutors is working long hours in cramped quarters on the biggest investigation brazil has ever seen: operation car wash. how does car wash compare to watergate? >> deltan dallagnol: car wash is much, much bigger. >> cooper: deltan dallagnol is the lead prosecutor. bigger than watergate? >> dallagnol: much bigger. we already have charged-- more than 200 people for hundreds of crimes. the amount of bribes paid go up to about $2 billion. ( chanting ) >> cooper: the prosecutors say brazil's popular former president, luiz inacio lula da silva, was the m

the mastermind behind the impeachment of demo rousseff -- dilma rousseff. 24 hours a day, powered by more than 2600 journalists and analysts in more than 120 countries. you can find more stories of the bloomberg at top . closing out in japan and australia. has not been a great session for asian equities as we continue to see investors shy away from taking on risky assets. the big story has been about volatility. you saw a gauge and volatility 11%he nikkei 225 jumped by at one point during the session. we have seen the hang seng reverse some of its earlier losses down by one third of 1%. china off by my 41% and austria down by almost 1%. looking at stocks, tencent was a standout hitting a record high after it came through with stellar first-quarter numbers well above what the market was looking for. james hardy going the other way in sydney, full-year numbers were amiss sending the chip price down and we saw property developer stocks in hong kong fall on the latest housing prices showing that we have seen in terms of those property curbs set in has had a

>> dilma rousseff ( translated ): no.hat's their problem when it comes to me: i never received any bribes. i am not charged with receiving bribes, i don't have any bank accounts abroad. >> cooper: i do think for some people, though, it's hard to believe that, as the chairwoman, you wouldn't have known something was going on. >> rousseff ( translated ): let me tell you, i did not know. >> cooper: it all began here, at a service station in the country's capital, which is why it's called operation car wash. this is where federal police found their first clues four years ago, and the trail that led to this man: paulo roberto costa, a former top executive at the government-controlled oil company, petrobras. petrobras was brazil's largest and most important company, responsible for exploiting the country's vast oil reserves. the police found evidence costa had accepted a bribe, and under pressure from investigators, he decided to talk, revealing that for years, senior petrobras managers and ruling politicians had been robbing t

. >> he became acting president over a year ago after the impeachment of former president, dilma rousseffit was a political earthquake in brazil. genie: the biggest film festival in the world kicked off yesterday in cannes. more about the very first films being screened in competition today. grexit is the first day of the official competition here in cannes. the hot ticket tonight is wonder struck. it is the story of two deaf children whose destinies are intertwined in the new york of the 1920's and the 1970's. it stars michelle williams and julianne moore. she is accompanied by some talented young child actors. let's take a look at them in action. this is seen as a triumphant return for director todd haynes. he directed his 2015 film carol at the festival. it was a word-of-mouth sensation and it won an oscar. there is also a russian film screening tonight. it is called loveless and the critics are expecting great things from that. the director's previous film, leviathan, was very well-received in 2014. genie: let's take a look at today's headlines. emmanuel macron held his first minister

amy: we will talk about that with dilma rousseff tomorrrrow n democracy now! as well as glenns analysisis of what is happppenig now withth the president michel temer sending thousands of troops to brasilia. glenenn greenwald and jeremy scahill, both cofounders of the intercept. jeremy has just started a new weekly podcastst called "intercepted." when we comeme back, we speak wh toronto journalist and activist desmond cole. stay with us. ♪ [music break] amy: this is democracy now!, democracynow.org, the war and peace report. i'm amy goodman with juan gonzalez. we are broadcasting from, well, the stadium where the blue jays play. that's right, we are in toronto, canada, at the skydome. juan: "i choose activism in the service of black liberation." those are the words of our next guest, desmond cole, explaining why he left his bi-monthly column at "the toronto star." last month, cole protested a toronto police services board meeting and was subsequently told by his editor at t "the s " that he had violated the nenewspapers'' rules on journalm anand activism. in hi

he was the relief from dilma rousseff, now if he is boosted -- ousted, who replaces him? morgan: they are looking at the head of the supreme court, was well regarded in brazil and dean as clean in the context of a country going through a rough scandal. vonnie: so there is opportunity? morgan: to a degree. the equities are up 7% last year , so there is a return in the bonds which yield 10%, even though inflation is at 5% and falling. you get the best inflation-adjusted yields in brazil as about anywhere in the world until you see the economy is in recession. the yields come down meaning more than 10%. less risk than stocks. vonnie: do you buy in local currencies or in dollar? looking at the brazilian rial, down 2.28. we had been at 3.60 at your ago. morgan: for the last week, the currency has sold off from its high. this is a better entry point today. vonnie: so you are buying. morgan: yes. vonnie: where else are you buying? anywhere in eastern europe? morgan: we are seeing better opportunities in poland and hungary. these are smaller markets, not parts of the index. peopl

east-southeast rousseff 13 miles an hour.terly component is why we are stuck with cloudy skies here today. maybe not so bad. for more great if the summerlike weather we had for the last three days, 18 degrees cooler for us -- 20 degrees cooler -- 26 degrees cooler in frederick and hagerstown compared to yesterday. really the bigger numbers -- kind of the tongue storage at 610 degrees earned 7:00, just three at 9:00. whatever your claims are going out for dinner, having a good time, dry conditions. that's all that will be in the forecast tonight. temperatures by tomorrow morning dropping down to the 50's. it's going to be will start tomorrow. really not a bad one. we managed to warm up even with cloudy skies tomorrow up to 70 degrees. here's the futurecast at 7:30. cloud cover sticks around, sunshine pfister early been and take over. 4:00 in the afternoon, some rain popping up on the blue ridge don't -- that continues to move further east. 8:00 still dry around d.c. fast-forward a few hours and bring in showers. most of your d

francine: they say that he drove the impeachment of president rousseff.uch for joining us. of whateeing a repeat happened 12 months ago? our shareholders or investors going to flee, or will we learn to stabilize? isbrazilian politics extremely unpredictable. there are key differences between today and 12 months ago in terms of brazilian assets. indicators,nomic this is an economy with 1% current-account deficits. all of the current account deficit is covered. the central bank is credible with ample reserves. we would be surprised to see a repeat of what we had in the second half of 2016. francine: what happens next? stays.ay michel temer the president will struggle to revive an economy that has not only on down, but sharply down in the last 18 months. abbas: there is various scenarios that play. one would be michel temer's resignation, less likely after yesterday's announcement. for one reason or another the prosecutor saying the evidence we have against michel temer is insufficient in prosecuting. that would be a positive response from the markets. we co

molly: next, brazil's michel replaced dilma rousseff, and now he faces impeachment calls of his own. the president is accused of organizing to pay hush money to a key witness in a corruption scandal. let's get the details. [genting] -- chanting] brazilians took to the streets to send a message to michel temer. >> we demand an election and want to speak for ourselves and choose a president without restrictions. >> despite the popular outcry, michel temer defiantly refused to step down after the supreme court authorized a probe against him. >> i will not resign. i repeat, i will not resign. knoww what i did, and i what i did was right. >> tmemer is accused of having authorized payments to silence a disgraced former house speaker who is currently jailed for taking millions of dollars in bribes. the revelation by a newspaper sparked a political earthquake, and there was a resignation on thursday. the party said it would leave the ruling coalition. the opposition, meanwhile, has filed a total of eight impeachment demands against the president. >> we are turning towards the lower house spe

sentence, that guy was one of brazil's leading politicians, and the impeachment process against dilma rousseffarkets to tumble at a time when brazil is struggling to recover from a deep economic crisis. >> this scenario of political uncertainty immediately contaminates the economy and will possibly leave the economy at a dead end. decisions will be paralyzed once again. people will not invest. they will wait to see with the current crisis is. reporter: the allegations against temer are the latest development in operation carwash , a large-scale investigation into a state oil company. the probe has focused on companies offered deals with the u.s. -- with the oil giant. money ended up in politicians' pockets and party funds. the scandal has led to protests and called for new elections and the impeachment of temer. brent: brazil just impeached another president not so long ago. brazil's financial markets tumbled after the scandal. daniel has more about that. daniel: it has been an explosive revelation. the efforts to face brazil ailing economy could be undone by the accusations. markets are takin

whoseide dilma rousseff were his innocence, making it clear he has not stand his political ambitions. i would never lie to people like you. so long trusted me, believe me, and followed me. i want to tell you that i'm alive and i prepared to be your candidate for the presidency of this country. but his chances of a political comeback in 2018 hinged on the outcome of this trial and that of four other still pending. close to the press and public, , hisirst hearings prosecutors accuse him of getting a luxury apartment from the construction companies as a kickback, claims that lula denies. this is the latest in a sprawling corruption investigation known as operation carwash which targets construction firms that pay billions in bribes for lucrative contracts at state-run oil company petrobras. began three euros ago and now encompasses several government enterprises. nearly 100 businessmen and politicians have been convicted and scores of mps are under investigation. prosecutors and former executives at petrobras say that lula was in the thick of this game, millions in bribes allegedly funne

if michel temer has to step down, a year after taking over from dilma rousseff, is anyone in the brazilianent not connected to this carwash scandal in any way? julia l.: it is hard to say what would happen if temer, which we don't know is happening, or could happen, the president of the council would take over and aft call elections funding in the congress would call elections. you have to do that for 30 days, this president would be in power until next year when we have presidential elections in the second half. julia c.: great to check with you. te, bloomberga lei news' sao paulo bureau chief. scarlet: and a programming note that tomorrow at 8:30 a.m. eastern time, 1:30 p.m. in london, we have an exclusive interview with the nato secretary general. tv,can catch that live on or the radio, or on bloomberg.com it tv . this is bloomberg. ♪ julia: this is bloomberg markets. i am julia chatterley. scarlet: i am scarlet fu. time for a look at the bloomberg business flash. calls -- ireland facing calls to delay its sale in allied irish banks. finance- ireland's minister says market condition

people behind, or i would say he spearheaded the impeachment process of the former president, dilma rousseff been a very, very important figure in brazilian politics. everyone says he knew a lot and he did say he would be known in history, in the brazilian history for taking down two presidents. an hour ago or so, the president spoke. what did he say and how did you assess his performance? president michel temer has said he will not resign. he said it categorically. he saidi resign. he said it categorically. he said i know what i did, i have nothing to hide and i will not resign. it wasn't that well received in congress. many congressmen, not only from the opposition but also from the base of the government have started calling for his resignation and saying he has no support in congress any more. that is important for president michel temer, because he was trying to put forward a pension reform that have been quite controversial in brazil and reform as well of the working laws in the country. without support in congress, that could mean he will not be able to approve any of the reforms he i

michel temer only came to office a year ago, following the impeachment of his predecessor, dilma rousseff of taking millions of dollars of bribes. our correspondent katy watson is in rio. this was reopened ‘s mac way of making a stand. the carnival atmosphere make demands for democracy. —— this was reopened's way of making a stand. —— rio. these placards are asking for the president to go. people here want new elections. they are angry about lea ked new elections. they are angry about leaked recordings showing bridesmaid by their president to a politician in reason. he is fake. he is not legitimate. he's not a president. he's like at least, —— a babe, so he's really unpopular and not —— a beef. he will never recover his authority. he can still remain in power though which will be bad for brazil. everyone is waiting to see what happens on june brazil. everyone is waiting to see what happens onjune six, whether brazil's court and now these elections. under their constitution, congress would have two tuesday successor at next year's elections. we wa nt successor at next year's elections. we

reported approved hush money for the former house speaker who is behind the last impeachment of dilma rousseff. he says an investigation by the supreme court would prove that he is innocent. is bloomberg. rise coming up, oil prices ahead of the biggie. the important opec meeting next week. will members back longer production cuts? we will discuss next. this is bloomberg. ♪ vonnie: live from new york and london, i'm vonnie quinn. mark: i am mark barton. this is bloomberg markets on bloomberg television. for its biggest advance in more than a month, political turmoil in brazil and the u.s. bolstering it as a haven. joining us for our futures in folkestone -- futures in focus section, phil. what is priced in when it comes to this opec meeting? >> it is interesting here. looking at the driving fundamental and technical factors here with oil. the opec meeting is in focus. how long will they retain these cuts? it is the first cut that has been in effect over eight years. we had this massive washout toward the end of last week. we have one of the best weeks going on for oil this year. what it did was

media claims he approved hush money for the former house speaker who drove the impeachment of dilma rousseffmbling.arket petrobras among the biggest losers. iran has hit back at new u.s. sanctions, denouncing them as illegal and imposing countermeasures. targeting seven entities, including the ceo of booz allen hamilton, alleging human rights violations. the u.s. is working to curb iran's ballistic missile program and will continue to cut under the 2015 deal. iran voting today in the presidential election, seen as the most important since the founding of the islamic republic. the economy has been a major issue. rouhani is defending his record. haidi: alibaba disappointed investors, earnings heard by a high tax bill and greater spending on entertainment and the cloud. shares fell the most in the year, the biggest intraday drop since june, but recovered to close in the positive. ryan, well, president trump has tried to distinguish the political firestorm raging in washington, categorically denying he did anything, claiming he is the victim of a which hot. the story.ys has what can we read into

with rousseff, they were the first ones to recommend impeachment.n fact, anybody can recommend impeachment. the problem here is that the institution of the presidency has now been so tainted in brazil, the question is who do you appoint instead. >> is there a viable alternative? because he doesn't even have a vice president when he was brought into office. >> well, i would love to say so, yes. but the whole car washing case and the jbs thing apparently indicates about 1,000, 900 politicians are. who knows who is implicates. the big question is can congress get on its feet and push this ahead without the president's spirit. >> what mr. temer is hoping to do is lead this country out of a year-long recession. what we'll have to do, what he has on his plate is essentially a reforming of the labor market. do you think they'll even get to that stage where he can do that? >> well, he needed 308 mps out of 500. he was going to try to get to 320. now, you're seeing the coalition break apart. it's very difficult to see a large number of mps going behind presi

. >> i think when de la rue set -- when rousseff was ousted, it brought a lot of hope that the carwashcandal was behind them. that's not the case. when you are looking through this and when your reporters are assessing this, how do they figure out whether we are on the downswing or this is a scandal that keeps going? what are the signs of an end? >> carwash is a perfect example of every time you thought the boyle has been carter rise, you are exactly right, people thought it was going to be the sign. you have to look at the magnitude of companies involved. you are talking about the construction company that has been at the center of this scandal, as well. it reaches to the very highest levels, but also what we do a good job of showing in this piece is that on a local level, how it stretches and help desk it's just a officialdom of life. people can earn in those type of kickbacks they take. my favorite quote is along the lines of, anytime you think you are moving into new brazil, you will likely end up in old gazelle. that summarizes the state of affairs. >> it's a great story. you have

temer, who rose to power after the ouster of democratically elected leftist president dilma rousseff, currently has a popularity rating of only 4%. the e turkish govevernment has d another 4000 public workers, shut down 45 civil society organizations and health clinics, and blocked access to wikipedia across the country saturday in the latetest escalation of the e government's crackdown. a total of 140,000 public and private workers have now been fired since last summer's failed military coup. in russia, at least 120 demonstrators were arrested in st. petersburg on during a saturday nationwide day of protest against russian president vladimir putin. at least 30 cities participated in the protests during which , thousands of people lined up to formally present letters of dissent at government offices. back in the united statates, t e national security agency says it is curtailing one of its controversial mass surveillance programs known as the "upstream" program. on friday, the nsa admitted that an internal review found the program violated rules set by a secret surveillance court.t. u

to see our interview with the ousted president dilma rousseff, go to democracynow.org. in colombia, authorities have agreed to invest tens of millions dollars in new hospitals, highways, and infrastructure in the state of choco following a massive 18-day civic strike by residents of the port city of buenaventura. the strike prevented hundreds of thousands of tonnes of cargo from reaching the port. meanwhile, a nationwide strike by teachers in colombia is continuing into its third week, as teachers demand better pay and working conditions and more investment in education for students. in spain, taxi workers have launched a nationwide strike today to protest uber and other wall street-backed ride-hailing services. the strike comes after thousands of people rallied in madrid on saturday to protest austerity measures, demonstrating under the slogan "bread, work, a roof and equality." more than 1000 palestinian prisoners in israeli jails have ended a 40-day hunger strike, after israeli authorities reportedly agreed to compromise on a slew of the prisoners' demands. the pales

local media claims he approved harsh money for the house speaker who drove the impeachment of dilma rousseff. the turmoil has seen stocks, bonds, and the real tumble. steveneasury secretary mnuchin says breaking up the big .anks would be a huge mistake testifying before a senate banking committee hearing, mnuchin said the u.s. administration doesn't support splitting commercial and investment banking. >> it is a complicated question. there's many aspects of it. the simple answer which we don't support is breaking up banks from investment banks. we think that would be a huge mistake. juliette: leaders of four u.k. political parties have criticized theresa may's approached a brexit. with less than three weeks until the general election, the smaller parties made their cases in a tv debate that may and interbank's -- and labour's jeremy corbyn refused to attend. >> you may be talk of scared to come here tonight, for your u-turns to be highlighted, for your policies to be exposed. you want this election to be only about brexit. >> we can transform our energy system to make it the cleanest and gre

so much depends on having a presidents -- president rousseff the right tone of a commitment to the rule of law, the kind of legal advice that the president wants to hear. you may remember, following 9/11, all see -- this is when many people first heard of llc commits repetition was harmed aeatly when someone leaked very poorly done and driven policy memoranda, not in the tradition of the office come on interrogation, that found that the president could rely on his chief of authority to order torture. those memos have been rightly .epudiated -- we saw the supreme court engage very actively in reviewing the post-9/11 bush administration actions for several years. courtse cases, the rejected the executive claims of seeking deference and that limited context. so what does this all signify for president trump? trump, i think through his own words and actions, he has substantially eroded what i described as the essential plausibility of a leaf. in good faith -- informed public decisions,esidential the specific examples are legion about disrespect for facts. i will skip all those. we've all be

scarlet: final question, we know the impeachment of dilma rousseff took a while.ind of timeline are people talking about? >> it's a good question. it takes a while to impeach a president. there are committees that need to be formed. would take ant while, and remember, we have elections upcoming in about a year. there's presidential elections. this: a lot of unknowns on one. julia, great to chat with you. scarlet: coming up, a big shakeup at four. mark field is out. hear what executive chairman bill ford told us about these changes. from new york, this is bloomberg. ♪ julia: this is "bloomberg markets." i am julia chatterley. scarlet: i'm scarlet fu. let's look at bloomberg business flash. cbs has signed chairman les moonves to a new multiyear 2021.ct through he will continue receiving his $3.5 million salary. once the contract expires, moonves has the option to become a senior adviser and former a production company for cbs. he's among one of the highest paid executives in the u.s. he earned more than $69 million in 2016. citigroup has admitted to criminal violati

in a situation where people are thinking, are we headed back down the same road we went with the rousseffeventual impeachment?could this be the unraveling of another episode? that is the danger we are at now. a lot of things have to unfold before we get to that stage. the introduction there are now with the supreme court justice. they are going to decide whether there is any validity to the claims, and whether there is an investigation that is merited, so we will have to now see what but at there, moment, everyone is braced for what is going to happen when the markets open in sao paulo. and of course, investors have been counting on some economic reforms from temer and his government. will those investors be disappointed now? is that why we see real concern in selloffs? justin: yeah, that is the crucial point, matt. temer has been the man associated with the drive to push the the pension reforms in brazil, which are really essential to putting brazil's fiscal house in order. now, all of that is under threat. it was on-off into whether he had enough support in congress, but we are hearing

we have seen that happen before with rousseff.the supreme court takes on this case, but that is a much longer process. joe: i was reading a note from talking about the chain of succession from brazil, and it pointed out that some of the other people in the line have their own political issues hanging over them. is there a deeper wrought -- a deeper rot that removing one person will not really address? >> we have seen there really is a rot in the question of the petrobras scandals. resilience will be looking -- they already are but even more so -- for some sort of outsider to come in in the next elections. julia: will early elections happen if the president's call to step down or does someone in in the meantime? >> congress gets to choose. the rules right now say congress its to choose their person. scarlet: what happens to all the reform he was supposed to lead in the meantime? congress was supposed to vote on a long anticipated, controversial issue. >> that is all dead. if he stays, he has no political support and will. i do not

an old the election results, in which he shilled -- share the ticket with former president dilma rousseffgnation.a global news 24 hours a day, powered by more than 2600 journalists and analysts in more than 120 countries. i am mark crumpton. this is bloomberg. julia: thank you so much. azil, we are to look at the performance of the emerging markets. been strong.s the index gaining more than 27% over the last year, that some countries have more challenges than others. brazil is one of those in recent weeks, where president michelle temer faced pressure to resign after last week's allegations, and we have reports that antigovernment protesters have invaded the finance ministry. joining us is hernan yellati from berkeley investments. clearly, the domestic pressure is building on prime minister temer here. how likely is it he will be willing to resign? hernan: i think the pressure will continue to mount. as we saw late last week, president temer is willing to fight. it is a bad scenario for the economy, a bad scenario for the reforms that are basically in the pipeline, the social security ref

how are these artists different from the demonstrations that help push rousseff out of office last yearrotests were some of the most violent protests i have seen in the city . we saw ministries on fire and helicopters -- police helicopters overhead. at the same time, we have seen these are organized, rather than spontaneous. demonstrations. we believe it is not the overwhelming majority of resilience participating -- brazilians participating but polls show the president is deeply unpopular. this crisis probably exacerbated that. julia: someone said to me that the best way to get rid of the president is to have the top court to void the election results, how likely is that? >> one of the options we have heard, legislators are concerning, those who do not back or no longer back him, the probe had been going on for quite some time and they look at illegal financing of the 2014 election campaign in which he was elected as vice president. tell whatssible to the outcome is. even that would not be very swift, he can appeal the results at any time. scarlet: thank you for that perspective, our b

brazil has learned some lessons during whichod rousseff was impeached. there will be a strong movement toward getting this done quickly if it is going to happen. as far as replacement is concerned, any number of names have been thrown into the hat. people are talking about cardosso, the president in the 1990's before lula appeared on the scene. but it shows80's, you the sense or the extent to which people are speculating on likely replacements. some people have been ruled out because they are still under investigation on the ongoing inquiries into corruption probes and so on in brazil. it is a very clouded picture at the moment. this for bad is markets, how bad could it get, what do people expect in brazil? if it it could get bad becomes messy. that is the point. if here are delays, insists on hanging on when all the signals suggest he should step down. that could be the problem. the protests themselves have not created that much turbulence. the big factor was when this latest corruption allegation appeared and that hurt markets a week ago. they recovere

. >> president rousseff out several tweets earlier, he writes about the russian investigation, russian officials -- president trump sent out several tweets earlier, he writes about the russian investigation -- the top democrat investigating responds, saying -- the congressional intelligence committee has requested information for president trump's personal attorney. nbc news reporting the same request sent to former campaign staff and aids. this morning, washington journal talked with reporter about the week ahead. -- the former campaign staff and aides. >> the politics editor of the washington examiner talking about the week ahead for the trump administration as of the work week begins after the long holiday weekend. the president has tweeted that it will come this week, his decision on the paris climate climate deal. explain where we are on that reports from over the holiday weekend that the president was leaning towards pulling out of the paris climate deal. guest: it would be much more consistent with what the president ran on. a lot of his constituency is people who -- their indus

broken down to the detriment of the come andld, that has our political debates, become atmospheric -- rousseff phobic extremes that are a clean state -- slate. there's little -- as little faith as i had that trump could execute it -- nonetheless in the basic principles he enunciated, very bracing, refreshing. seenfore, if what we have -- as i apparently seem to suggest was -- trump going back to that mainstream. i didn't necessarily mean i thought that was good. but again, where it leads to -- thanks to these investigations, we will take it out of everyone's hands. on the clarify that by asking us to think ahead. so often we have these simple five black and white issues -- views of issues, which are much more complex, and also we wake up to them very late. what i mean by that is, sort of unnoticed -- maybe in a common time we would have paid more attention. if there is a new member of nato, country called montenegrin -- that senate voted 97-2 to ratify that member of the treaty organization. this requires ratification -- a people who are- experts in the reason -- we can have concerns about tha