the most vaccine is the rubella vaccine. the rails the heart of the book this race to get a rubella vaccine and i will speak about the people who war used and often abused in the race back 50, 60, 70 years doing get new therapies and vaccines. how did i actually get started on the project really began with another book, many of you may be fame if. the about a 19 -- event from 1951 in which a 31-year-old largely ill literal, very poor, africa woman was dying of cervical cancer, doctors took cells from their womb and they became a ubiquitous and hugely important tool in medical research. the wasn't aware of dismiss the author of the book spends time examining the impact of that on her family who was left behind. and i just could not put that book down, like so many people i'm sure and so that book was foremost in my mind a couple of years later when i came across a letter to the editor of science magazine from someone called leonard. a scientist in california and said, basically in this letter -- the creels are get upping all

in 1964, the archbishop gave the rubella study the go-ahead. i will stop there. >> i thought this was supposed to be a 50 minut 50 minute talk but i understand it's 40 so i will move along quickly. basically, he was outdone by merck and others who political favoritism one approval for their rubella vaccine in 1969. rebel epidemics came around every six or seven years.. there had been a tremendous race to get a rubella vaccine before 1970 when the next was expected. in 1969, the u.s. vaccinee regulators approved three pharmaceutical company vaccines. it emerged, however, because of one woman, the first chairwoman of pediatrics at yale who went to bat for the vaccine and played close attention to the studies on it. his acting was actually better.er it generated better levels of antibodies from the vaccines that have been licensed and fewer side effects. dorothy, who did not take no for an answer went to maurice, the chief vaccine maker at merck, someone who people lived in fear and trepidation of. tremendously respected and also tremendously powe

his wife never saw penny which made many lawmakers billions of dollars through the rubella vaccine. that is much of an act go of this story and i'll be glad to take questions or anything else you have to ask about. all open never questions now. [applause] >> i have a question that is both on and off topic. you reference early the infected kidney cells, what is your thought about the theory that's floated around that one reason africa was the epicenter of hiv was because those people have been vaccinated with those infected vaccinations. >> there is a big controversy about that at the turn-of-the-century. they actually went back to the original polio vaccine and they found no trace of hiv or anything that would implicate those vaccines because in hiv. there is a study in britain called get along study on that has been completely debunked. that's not where hiv came from. >> it's not a contributing factor. i'm also happy to talk about current vaccine politics is that's on your mind. that at least in interviews i've had a lot of questions about that. >> with abortion legal now, it seems

leak into the bloodstream, eventually damaging the brain and causing autism. >> measles, mumps, and rubella given together may be too much for the immune system of some children to handle. clearly, for the vast majority, it is protective, and we must emphasize that it is just a small cohort of children, we don't know how large, but who appear to have developed the syndrome. >> narrator: news of wakefield's provocative lancet article spread across the world, creating fear that measles shots might cause autism. >> there was a dramatic decline in the coverage of young children with measles vaccines. >> narrator: autism expert eric fombonne was working in london at the time. >> there were areas, like in urban areas, where it was even lower than 80%. and in ireland, in particular, vaccine coverage fell to close to 70%, and there was a big outbreak of measles occurring as a result of that fear. 110 infants were admitted in hospitals in critical conditions, and i think three of them died from measles. and measles is a preventable disease. >> parents reasonably thought, "my child was fine. they got

we do the mm r and measles mumps and rubella. the chickenpox vaccine. and then a dtap. >> reporter: and then nothing again until age 11. >> at 11 years duo the hp -- we do the hpv vaccine. which is the human papillomavirus vaccine and meningococcal vaccine and the tdap booster. >> reporter: the best way to get the school year off to healthy start is with the annual physical. parents will be asked about their child's sleep patterns, diet and physical activity. a full physical would also include a hearing exam starting at age 4. a vision screening every two years for children over age 3. and beginning at 1- year-old, seeing a pediatric dentist to make sure the teeth are growing properly and free of vi term consequences of concussions on young brains, student-athletes who want to play a contact sport must first undergo a sports physical and be cleared by a doctor. >> and so we make sure to ask about family history of any heart disease, sudden death early in the family that can indicate heart disease, they have trouble breathing when they're playing a. so j

people actually come -- there are tourists coming in because the rubella is down and it is less expensiveo stay there than it has been in the past. they are doing this so people who don't live in moscow but our russian come into the city. >> i love this week's focus, which is on cities. how do you choose an image to represent everything? kind of get that cities will be more important over the next 25 years. more population will move there. >> you have a red square in the background, colorful but also the symbolic imagery which is the scaffolding in a foreground which represents the future in development but also the familiarity of the city now. >> anyway this is a classical photograph with a strong -- a strong foreground, background, and middle ground. story.so helps tell the >> it speaks to the power of a good photograph when a lot of times the editorial team has to combine, edit, and put cool graphics on the cover. >> they have spent a great deal of time there. film and she on was going back to look at a city that she knew very well area and see the changes the story was talking about.

meredith talks about how scientists developed a vaccine for rubella.d of the child in the 1960s in the vaccine race. physician rachel pearson recounts her experience with the healthcare system is a resident in her memoir no apparent distress. doctor kurt newman discusses his book healing children and psychiatrist elizabeth ford hears stories about her work with mentally ill inmates in her book sometimes amazing things happen. booktv all this week in prime time at 8:00 eastern on c-span2. >> we have been on the road beating winners of this europe student cam video documentary competition. at royal oak high school in royal oak, michigan, jared clark won a prize of $3000 for his documentary on rising cost of pharmaceutical drugs. and the second prize of $1500 went to classmate mary sire, about

meredith wadman talks about how scientists develop a vaccine for rubella and other childhood illnesses the 1960s. >> this week at 8 p.m. eastern on c-span, tonight the future of the internet. >> were talking about how certain platforms seem to black people with information that reaffirms what they already think. but it's not like facebook said hey, you're a conservative, i think you're a conservative, i'm going to show a conservative content. they said i'm going to show you things from the people you know anna going to show you content from the pages you like and what distro clicking all those things i'm going to figure out whose content you seem to like and keep showing you more of that. if facebook it not been that we would not be having this conversation because they would not have grown to the skill to which they grew today. >> wednesday a forum on the changing role of cities. >> this is a transition time and i think cities will play a major role of fighting against this popular sizes cities and the way cities can change representative democracies, a great machine to change what's