salk's vaccine.t was carried through the experimental state, carried on a large scale, and launched this year under national leadership. i want to explain how a vaccine works and how it is made. to acquire immunity against contagious disease, our bodies must create defenses against the bacteria or viruses which cause these diseases. these defenses are called antibodies. antibodies, of various kinds, are always present in the system. whenever the organisms of disease invade the body, the system becomes a battleground between the forces of health and disease. vaccines are the product of infectious agents. a vaccine stimulates the body to produce its own antibodies. these antibodies then can help prevent disease. that is how a vaccine against poliomyelitis works. now, let me tell you how it is made. first, polio virus is grown on tissue from monkey kidneys. since there are three important types of poliovirus, each must be grown separately. second, the virus of each type is inactivated separately, by tre

peter salk joining us, president of the jonas salk legacy foundation. from what i am hearing you saying, at the current stage, doctor, you would take the vaccine yourself? guest: absolutely, no question about it. host: did your father have to do a lot of work alongside the federal government to convince people to take the polio vaccine? guest: the way things work back then, my father was actually trying to be very careful that while the vaccine was still in the research phase, public expectations were not raised unrealistically. because this was a disease -- coronavirus has been with us now on the order of a year, something new, and it has had a major impact. polio, crippling disease. it strikes primarily children, paralyzing. they could lose the ability to breathe, have to be in iron lungs, children could die. the epidemics were getting stronger and stronger and stronger, larger and larger as time went on. level ofit reached a there being 58,000 cases of polio in this country. in that era, probably somewhere around 600,000 cases a year globally. this w

and the salk vaccine in particular. he has served as an officer in service since 1930. and is your surgeon general since 1948. it is my privilege to present a distinguished public servant, dr. leonard scheele. >>> many questions have been raised in recent weeks about the new vaccine against poliomyelitis. people are asking, is it absolutely safe? does it really protect against polio? will there be enough vaccine for large-scale use the summer? i will give you the facts about the vaccine as i know them. and i want to give you some idea of the outlook for the future. first, something about the disease itself. polio occurs everywhere. in this country, and throughout the world. it is caused by a virus so small that its presence cannot be known except by its effect on living animals or on cells in tissue culture. nearly everyone is in repeated contact with the virus and is infected by it at some time in his life. the disease is generally very mild and goes unnoticed. in cases that come to the attention of physicians, there is fever, sometimes a sore throat, sometimes the mus

salk antipolio vaccine.et it is important we understand the results of scientific findings, so that we can be intelligent in making decisions about our own children. the public health service of the united states, whose duty it is to protect the health of the is quarter of physicians, scientists and other professional health workers. it has served us with integrity since1798. i have asked the surgeon general of the public health service to talk with us tonight about vaccines. vaccine ink particular. he has served as an officer in service since 1930, and as your surgeon general, since 1948. it is my privilege to present a .istinguished public servant doctor. >> many christians have been raised in recent weeks -- many questions have been raised about the vaccine against polio. people have been asking, is it safe? does it really protect against polio? will there be enough vaccine for large coal use the summer? i will give you the -- for large-scale use the summer? i will give you the facts as i know them and so

scheele have released the test of the department on the salk polio vaccine. the department of education is part of the department of education and welfare, specifically charged to protect the government and improve the health of the people of the nation. the public health service under the surgeon general had its origins in early american history. it was in 1798 that congress passed the first bill which eventually led to the establishment of the public health service as we know it today. as part of the department of health, education and welfare, having been established by congress first in 1953. this program has come to you from washington and was a presentation of the combined radio and television industry. >>> you're watching american history tv. every weekend on c-span3, explore our nation's past. c-span3 created by a public service and brought to you today by your television provider. >>> weeknights this month, we're featuring american history tv programs as a preview of what's available every weekend on c-span3. tonight from c-span's q&a series, histori

salk's vaccine. it was carried through the experimental stage, tested on a large scale last year, and launched this year as a major nationwide immunization program. now i want to explain how a vaccine works and how it is made. to acquire immunity against contagious disease, our bodies must create defenses against the bacteria or viruses which cause these diseases. these defenses are called antibodies. antibodies of various kinds are always present in the system. whenever the organisms of disease invade the body, the system becomes a battleground between the forces of health and disease. vaccines are the product of infectious agents. a vaccine stimulates the body to produce its own antibodies. these antibodies then can help prevent disease. that is how a vaccine against polio works. now let me tell you how it is made. first, polio virus is grown on issue from monkey kidneys. since there are three types of polio virus, each must be grown separately. second, the virus of each type is activated separatel

jonas salk.e talked to us but the lessons learned from his father's discovery of the polio vaccine and the parallels to today and the covid-19 vaccine. we will take those conversations when "washington journal" continues. ♪ americans have some form of disability but yet 3%.re in less than of film and tv shows. a majority of those roles are portrayed by nondisabled actors. as somebody with a disability, we what see ourselves represented. not only are we seeing ourselves represented but it is going to help destigmatize disability. getssentation in general society used to everybody. ultimately it makes the world a more inclusive place. started a challenge after seeing people with disabilities unrepresentative -- find camera. sunday at 8:00 p.m. eastern on q&a. you are watching c-span, your unfiltered view of government. c-span was created by america's television companies in 1979. we are brought to you by these television companies who provide c-span as a public service. >> washington journal contin

peter salk, president of the jonas salk legacy foundation, here to talk about the history of vaccines, concerning the polio vaccine and how it applies today. dr. salk, thanks so much for your time. guest: pleasure to be here. host: we are at a point with covid where we have two vaccines being rolled out and administrated. is there historical parallel from when the distribution of the polio vaccine took place? guest: it is a little bit separated

service have presented the highlights of the final report of the department on the test conducted on the salk vaccine. the united states public health service is part of the department of health, education, and welfare, charged to protect the health of the people of the nation. the public health service under the surgeon general had its origins in early american history. it was in 1798 when congress passed the first bill which led to the establishment of the public health service as we know it today, as part of the department of health, education, and welfare. the department is the newest in the federal government, having been established by congress on april 1, 1953. this program has come to you from washington. it was a presentation of the combined radio and television industry. ♪ ♪ >> this is the story of the city. the story of a campaign against disease. how it was planned and organized. and how the people responded to it. the city, columbus, georgia. the disease, polio. the means of preventing it, immunization. ♪ and the actors, the people of columbus, led by their local health departmen

health service, the program hoped to dispel fears about the safety of the new salk vaccine after 200,000 children had received a defective vaccine manufactured by cutter laboratories. in 25 minutes, produced by the communicable disease center of the u.s. public health service, "babies and breadwinners - a documentation of the 1961 polio vaccination campaign" shows the effort to immunize every citizen living in columbus, georgia. after that, in 50 minutes, "miracle in tonga" tells the story of a group of cdc doctors who traveled to the island nation of tonga to immunize the population against smallpox, using a new jet injection gun. finally, in 65 minutes, we complete our look at vaccines and disease prevention with "plagues and politics, the story of the united states public health service." this marks the bicentennial of the service founded in 1798. ♪ [old time music] >> and now, let us go back 300 years to london. in a famous diary, we read of a catastrophe that was typical of then and of the preceding ages, an epidemic of plague that have been raging in europe broke out with a fearful

asked the surgeon general of the public health service to talk with us tonight about vaccines, and the salkcine in particular. he has served as an officer in the service since 1930, and as your surgeon general since 1948. it is my privilege to present a distinguished public servant, dr. leonard a. scheele. >> many questions have been raised in recent weeks about the new vaccine against poliomyelitis. people are asking, is it absolutely safe? does it really protect against polio? will there be enough vaccine for large-scale use this summer? i will give you the facts about the vaccine as i know them, and i want to give you some idea of the outlook for the future. first, something about the disease itself. polio occurs everywhere in this country and throughout the world. it is caused by a virus so small that its presence cannot be known except by its effect on living animals or on cells in tissue culture. nearly everyone is in repeated contact with the virus, and is infected by it at some time in his life. the disease is generally very mild and goes unnoticed. in cases that come to the attenti

due to the fact that we have had vaccinesory salk program in the schools the last two years. are certain groups in the community that have not been vaccinated properly. this program is designed to reach those groups. our march of dimes campaign, our mother smart is one of our finest helpful organizations and i'm sure they can be a lot of help in this campaign, and if we get it properly cleared, i am sure we can do it. there is one thing that i [indiscernible] that if we can ever get them in for the first shot, we should not fail to get them in for the second and third shots. >> we feel as a gimmick it would be welty is a portable merry-go-round for the mobile units and the jaycees can get one for you. >>, declare coworkers to need each day? -- how many clerical workers do need each day? i believe [indiscernible] >> next came actions by community organizations. publicity. the junior chamber of commerce plastered the city with posters. the local transportation company cooperated by displaying posters. and car cards. group participation by community organizations was encouraged.

the tradition of jonas salk continues with the flu vaccine that we all take.o, the flu -- it isformerly the collaborative infrastructure they have set up at the who that involves 110 different countries, 130 different laboratories, which pull information on what strains of influenza are in their countries. that information is collected and every year, the who then releases what will be called a formula for the flu vaccine which than anyone anywhere can produce because it is completely free of any proprietary electoral property or monopoly, which means leads of people have taken it since the 1970's based on this cooperative, shared pooling knowledge as well as finances. an that created a very robust infrastructure for the production of the flu vaccine. it is a great success. it is unfortunately the kind of thing not being done with the coronavirus vaccine. juan: achal prabhala, i would ask you, in terms of the refusal of these handful of rich countries to allow the suspension of intellectual property rights at the wto, what is the argument? given the enormous w

developed by jonas salk, right? that kind of double barrelled approach to large scale vaccination is not just common in a wide scale effort like this one, it can even be necessary to beat back a widespread outbreak like the one we're fighting right now. and also has implications in terms of supply chains, in terms of had relative and comparative value of different vaccines. i mean, today, we're only in day two of what's going to be we think the largest vaccination effort in the history of this country. how will having two or potentially more vaccines that are all slightly different from one another? how is that going to affect the rollout? what should we be looking for? we've got help next. stay with us. start with all the moms in the world. narrow it to all the karate moms... in desperate need of brown sugar. meaning, you. you're the one we made mywalgreens for. with pickup in as little as 30 minutes. hiya! get 30-minute pickup at walgreens.com every minute. understanding how to talk to your doctor about treatment

salk used a vaccine that used dead polio virus.t tested it on himself, wife and family and his 9-year-old son peter. he must have been confident in his work? >> totally. he and his colleagues carely defined the procedures to inactivate the virus. >> the experiments on peter and lucy and a million other school children proved the vaccine effective. still at the time there was no infrastructure for distribution. in late 1954 the federal government stepped in and authorizized 5 labs to rush the vaccine countrywide. unfortunately one lab rushed it too much and ended up including live virus that got people sick. >> that is correct. the laboratory was cutter labs at berkeley, california. kids were paralyzed by the vaccine. >> he is the author of polio. he said oversight quickly restored public trust in the vaccine. >> the fda hired thousands of people to work on fda safety. >> he calls it the greatest medical mobilization in american history. as for lucy and peter they are proud of their role in diminishing a deadly disease. >> we learne

one of the best episodes is about the jonah salk polio vaccine.his incident with the bad batch may well have been the birth -- we didn't know it at the time -- of the anti-vaxx movement. but talk about how different things were then, the fear that surrounded this illness and what a different country we were. >> from the first half of the 20th century the most famous polio victim was of course franklin d. roosevelt who contracted the virus in august of 1921 at the height of his powers. he then -- we had this myth in our minds that no one knew franklin roosevelt was in a wheelchair, which is just not true. he was the leader of the march of dimes. our mutual friend charlie peters used to say we used to remember the song we would go to a dance so they could walk. these were fundraisers that were held. it was a great example in american life of the private sector leading public action because it wasn't a huge government program that produced the polio vaccines. it was largely privately funded. but one of the few times dwight eisenhower ever cried in pu

. >> doctor, if memory serves, back in the 1950s there was a bad batch of the salk polio vaccine and people died as a result. this country collectively decided to keep on walking, to get up and keep immunizing people after it was found to be in fact a bad batch. now, the antivaccine movement then was not what it is now. they didn't have social media as we do now. i am asking this because of this report of a bad reaction in alaska. how do you in public health push people, point people to keep on going through the darkness to get to the other side with all else that is out there? >> yeah, brian, so this is really a complicated question. how are we going to message all this? if you compare one horrible reaction, you know, this was not good, to a dose of the vaccine, to if you compare that to the number of people who are getting sick every day in america and the number of deaths we're experiencing, it is kind of no comparison. again, this is not a war of facts. this is a war of words and a war of messaging. we have as you pointed out a very, very powerful antivaks movement that is gettin

public health service, the program hoped to dispel fears about the safety of the new salk vaccine after00,000 children had received a defective vaccine manufactured by cutter laboratories. in 25 minutes, produced by the communicable disease center of the u.s. public health service, "babies and breadwinners - a documentation of the 1961 polio vaccination campaign" shows the effort to immunize every citizen living in columbus, georgia. after that, in 50 minutes, "miracle in tonga" tells the story of a group of cdc doctors who traveled to the island nation of tonga to immunize the population against smallpox, using a new jet injection gun. finally, in 65 minutes, we complete our look at vaccines and disease prevention with

there was so-called the jonas salk vaccine and the albert saban vaccine.e arm and the other one was a lump of sugar. who would not prefer a lump of sugar over the shot? so that kind of disparity in the past still take hold in the african-american community and so i would ask the people who can to help us to educate, today is the today, yesterday was yesterday. let's move forward. >> congressman, gene robinson has a question. gene? >> congressman, good to speak with you. the president-elect biden is expected to name retired army general lloyd austin as the secretary, would be the first african-american to hold that office. do you -- two quick questions. what's your reaction to that possible or probable nomination, number one? number two, do you expect the president-elect to name congresswoman fudge as agriculture secretary? >> well, first of all, thanks, home boy, for the question. look, i know -- i don't know him well. i have met the general, lloyd austin, and we worked together on diversity issues. in fact, when i spoke with him several days ago, he remin

even when the saban and salk vaccines were released, i think there is -- i can remember i'm old enough my parents taking me driving to get the vaccine. we're going to have some sifltys reaching rural areas. we have a commitment that we will work until every veteran is delivered this vaccine. how is the va coordinating with ihs to make sure that the native veteran served in those hospitals. making sure they are contractly accounted for your va distribution. some of that overlap could be good. i think overlap is good, but falling through the cracks would be bad. >> our allotment is not part of the ihs allotment. we expect to receive an allotment and we expressed to their leadership that we're more than happy to come in and support them if they need support in providing this. we also have over 100 agreements with individual tribes that operate their own systems. and we extend the same -- and we extend it today, the same commitment that we will come and help if they need support. every day my deputy steve lieberman sits with fema and hhs looking at requests for support to make sure at the

public health service hoped to dispel fears about the safety of the new salk vaccine. after children had received a 200,000 defective vaccine manufactured by cutter laboratories. in 25 minutes, produced by the communicable disease center of the u.s. public health service, "babies and breadwinners - a documentation of the 1961 polio vaccination campaign." it shows the effort to immunize every citizen living in columbus, georgia. after that, in 50 minutes, miracle in tonga this film tells , the story of a group of cdc doctors who traveled to the island nation of tonga to immunize the population against smallpox, using a new jet injection gun. finally, in 65 minutes, we complete our look at vaccines and disease prevention with flags and politics, the story of the united states public health politics, plagues and the story of the united states public health service. this marks the bicentennial of the service founded in 1798. ♪

jonas salk vaccine.rk on a polio years 't funtil 1953, 23 later, that the vaccine was tested.ully operations knocked delays to rs in develop a safe, effective year, and a der a testament to the incredible scientific progress that we've the over the years and refusal of scientists to urrender to this terrible virus. he public sector and private sector with president trump has really resulted in this vaccine that we've all been desperately on.ing the vaccine is a critical step in saving lives, saving jobs, saving our economy. thank you to president trump for his leadership on operation warp speed, and thank you to all the doctors, scientists, medical professionals, and others who have helped make history. i nk you, mr. speaker, and yield back the balance of my time. the speaker pro tempore: the gentleman from pennsylvania yields back. the gentlewoman from michigan, ms. slotkin, is recognized for five minutes. ms. slotkin: mr. speaker, i ask unanimous consent to address the house for five minutes and to revise and extend my remarks. the speaker pro tempore: without objection, so ordered. ms. s

even when the saban and salk vaccines were released, i think there is -- i can remember i'm old enough my parents taking me driving to get the vaccine. we're going to have some sifltys reaching rural areas. we have a commitment that we will work until every veteran is delivered this vaccine. how is the va coordinating with ihs to make sure that the native veteran served in those hospitals. making sure they are contractly accounted for your va distribution. some of that overlap could be good. i think overlap is good, but falling through the cracks would be bad. >> our allotment is not part of the ihs allotment. we expect to receive an allotment and we expressed to their leadership that we're more than happy to come in and support them if they need support in providing this. we also have over 100 agreements with individual tribes that operate their own systems. and we extend the same -- and we extend it today, the same commitment that we will come and help if they need support. every day my deputy steve lieberman sits with fema and hhs looking at requests for support to make sure at the

jonas salk was so close to getting what he thought was an effective vaccine, dr. salk tested the vaccine against the cells and the cells directed him to make the vaccine even more potent. the n.i.h. analyzed and evaluated scientific literature over the course of time involving he-la cells and found at over 110,000 publications cited the use of those cells from 1953 to 2018. so this analysis, i think, further highlights the persistent impact of hela cell -science and medicine, proving that they have been a consistent and essential tool that has allowed researchers to expand their knowledge base in fields such as cancer biology, infectious disease and many, many other areas. there's so much to be said about ms. lacks, who died in that same black, poor enclave many, many years ago. but to her credit and to the credit of all science, her living clearly was not in vain and her death has proven something that nobody ever anticipated at the time, that there could even be such a cell that would continue to develop and mutate long beyond the donor's ability to live. i want

salk said they had a vaccine, people cheered, they put an end to polio we'll put an end to covid because >> senator, thank you for joining us and thank you for helping us better understand what may be news very, very soon we also are very happy that you've taken the vaccine and had a good experience with it it sounds like. hopefully so many other americans will have the same opportunity very, very soon. thank you. >> thank you >> joe >> that's amazing. chemical engineer. i guess when they got to the senate they said, you have to forget half of what you want to know if you want to fit in here. last two years of college, just wipe that out of your -- coming up, we'll speak with hedge fund manager and noted china hawk kyle bass about what he sees as potential economic and security pitfalls in china for the incoming joe biden administration you won't believe, probably haven't heard of what's going on on 200 square miles in texas with china jpmorgan downgraded united, jetblue and spirit airlines from over weight to underweight we're coming right back. >>> mentioned a few minutes ago the treas

jonas salk. if appropriate in the context, dr.ay also be used on first reference before the names of individuals who hold other types of doctoral degrees. however, because the public frequently identifies dr. only with physicians, care should be taken to ensure that the individual's specialty is stated in first or second reference. do not use dr. before the names of individuals who only use honorary doctorates or that is why i do not use dr., because mine is honorary mary -- honorary. do not continue the use of dr. in subsequent references. that is why we do not use "dr." for people who are not physicians, because we use ap style on this show. let's go to paul from minnesota, who has earned a doctorate. caller: good morning. i very much agree with the last caller from illinois. i am a counselor -- i do not have a doctorate but i've worked with many psychologists and educators who do have doctorates. and using their doctorate in a relation to their professional work, i think, is appropriate and good. i think it is relevant. but whe

they've just banned walking and riding your buick, for goodness salk -- your bike. saying with lawrence, be responsible. protect the vulnerable but live your life. stuart: well said. i'm going to watch your show even though it's at 9:00 at night -- [laughter] laugh and that's the middle of the night to me, but it's on sunday night, 9:00 eastern on fox news channel, "the next revolution" with a great guy, steve hilton. see you next week, steve. >> thank you. stuart: sure thing. now we hear that the military is helping roll out -- this is important -- a breathalyzerrer test for the virus. grady trimble is in bryan, texas. you got one? how does this thing work? >> reporter: yeah, this is it right here, stuart. it will be welcome news to anybody who's taken that uncomfortable nasal swab. this is simply a breathalyzer. you use a plastic straw, and i'm going to demo it for you. take my mask down. and you blow into it like that, and within seconds, this is a working prototype so it's not quite up to speed yet, but what the plan is, is to have it test your results on -- tex