and recovery funds were awarded shortly after hurricane sandy, even at this point, only $4 billion of those funds have been expended. rep. johnson: as we look forward on the next tranche of capital investment that is likely coming, give us some sense of what the financial cost of those environmental and historical reviews would be. mr. soskin: i don't have readily at hand the details of what some of those expenses are. and it totally, i believe the elements of your question are correct. planning and environmental reviews can take longer than in some other countries. i think that is a problem that has been recognized across government and it is something we are happy to follow up on. rep. johnson: maybe for all the panelists, so we can focus on solutions, given your deep expertise as you have done analyses in governmental spending, are there things that can be changed if -- in the statutes that could make for more efficient investment? are we getting in the way, and if so, how? ms. krause: as in for structure funding rolls out, being clear in defining what the program is, if there are certain outcomes you are looking for and bein