well, on vaccine development, professor sani ibrahim, a nigerian scientist at ahmadu bello university, as we'vejust been saying, but that an even more critical factor, he says, is the lack of infrastructure and technological expertise. so you need more of that, don't you, in africa? and we now see that the european union is backing plans to produce covid vaccines in rwanda, south africa and senegal. so, do you think that that is the right approach, that you get this know—how transfer from the rich world to africa? it has to be a combination of both. yeah, while we want to accept a know—how transfer from the rich countries to africa, africa has to rely on home—grown solutions. i would not agree 100% of the proposals sani ibrahim will say that, you know, we don't have the know—how — we do. i can tell you, i mean, confidently, that within my centre and my collaboration with university of cambridge, we did develop a vaccine that is at a preclinical stage. now, this is know—how from africa. and then we just developed that vaccine based on a prior vaccine that we were working on before. and

sani ibrahim will say that, you know, we don't have the know—how — we do.hin my centre and my collaboration with university of cambridge, we did develop a vaccine that is at a preclinical stage. now, this is know—how from africa. and then we just developed a vaccine based on a prior vaccine that we're working on before. and this vaccine was built in nigeria with my collaborator in cambridge, which means that we do have the resources, the human resources necessary, both within africa and in the diaspora. which means that africa can — if given the resources, obviously. so you're saying that, basically overnight, africa could produce the vaccines it needs. there's the african union, with its target of 60% of its own vaccine needs should be produced on the continent by 2040. are you saying that that is achievable? you've got the know—how the expertise, the infrastructure? we do. remember, zeinab, that in the years of the �*70s and �*80s, the majority of vaccines against many diseases were produced in africa. many of those plants still exist. the technology migh