he's best remembered william henry seward defended him using the insanity defense. and it was not the first use of the insanity defense in the united states, but it was one of the first. so this was extremely novel and freeman's case actually set some precedent for the use of the insanity defense in new york state. so freeman's case is very when it's when it's has been written about very often it's been written about in the context of the insanity defense. it's been written about in the context of legal history. and the reason that the insanity defense is so important is that it answers the question of why. why did he kill? it answers question in a way that was very comforting. it's a it's if if what you if you are if you're if your livelihood is dependent on the prison and the prison has been challenged, it is very comforting to hear that the person who committed this act of violence is simply irrational in every possible way which is what seward was arguing. so, so story has been has been brought forward as as a why kind of story. what everybody wanted to know in

of the world health organization sounded the alarm back in july after detected the polio virus and seward samples. now, a week after the 1st case of polio was confirmed in gaza. the w h o plans to administer the vaccine to more than 600000 children under the age of 10. we have right now in the center for the state, so it's better you have received more than $1200000.00 doses of i hope you would go back seen approximately $400000.00 on en route to un agencies working with partners to distribute and administer them all while keeping the vials and the appropriate temperature range. israel has agreed to limited pauses and fighting. so health care workers can access the territory each phase lasting several hours. but dr. abbott, who works for gauze, is her most run. health ministry says it's not enough time didn't sufficient. they only give us time from 6 am to 2 pm, which is not enough. we need to continue working beyond these unawares. since there is no cure for polio, the key as prevention, the w h o says the vaccine drive house to succeed, to prevent a catastrophic outbreak. let's get a ch

ingrid, thank you ingrid seward. ingrid, thank you very much for joining ingrid seward. boris johnson i try to persuade harry to stay. it failed miserably. what do you make of this story? >> well, i think i don't know how boris managed to spend 20 minutes talking to harry and to fail miserably. i think, well, obviously it's true. he's not going to lie about it, but harry's mind was absolutely made up, and he'd already given a sort of farewell speech to, i think , some charity that he was think, some charity that he was talking to that evening. and also he had meghan, you know , i, also he had meghan, you know, i, you know, holding his hand over this one and saying, you know, we've got to do it. and i think that it's something that harry had at the back of his mind for a long time. so there's no way that boris was going to persuade him otherwise. >> and the palace have said no. we never asked at any point to for boris johnson to get involved in persuading harry to do anything. and they wouldn't, would they ? would they? >> well, it did seem very unusual, but i mean, i don

william seward from new york. salmon chase from ohio. you're also going to have edward bates from missouri, who was a conservative, someone who people thought might be a potential match for the constitutional union party. maybe we could bring those parties together. and then you have john mcclane, who was an associate justice on the supreme court, who was actually lincoln's choice in 1856 for the nomination. i'm quite old at this time. he's just going to die in in. march 1861. so lincoln sort of said, well, he's a little old at this point. and then you have lincoln, who had become quite famous at this point. some for his debates with lincoln in 18 are, excuse me, with douglass in 1858 and some from his cooper union speech in february 1860. much more well known in the north by this point. and lincoln is not going to go to the convention. it's not normal for people who are presidential candidates to go to conventions, conventions are very serious affairs. and it was looked down upon in the 19th century for presidential candidates to actual

william seward from new york. salmon chase from ohio. you're also going to have edward bates from missouri, who was a conservative, someone who people thought might be a potential match for the constitutional union party. maybe we could bring those parties together. and then you have john mcclane, who was an associate justice on the supreme court, who was actually lincoln's choice in 1856 for the nomination. i'm quite old at this time. he's just going to die in in. march 1861. so lincoln sort of said, well, he's a little old at this point. and then you have lincoln, who had become quite famous at this point. some for his debates with lincoln in 18 are, excuse me, with douglass in 1858 and some from his cooper union speech in february 1860. much more well known in the north by this point. and lincoln is not going to go to the convention. it's not normal for people who are presidential candidates to go to conventions, conventions are very serious affairs. and it was looked down upon in the 19th century for presidential candidates to actual

so luckily went up to auburn, new york to give a talk and that's where seward, his secretary of state from. and i went to the house that he had lived in, which is still preserved like. it was then and i found out he'd written a thousand letters to his wife because she was in auburn while he was in washington during war. and they're amazing to talk about their relationship. she talks about lincoln. he talks about the cabinet and letters are treasures for biographers, letters and diaries. and then i found out he was important in cabin. and then i went to columbus, ohio, and there was chase, who was the secretary of treasury. he had a huge diary that he kept night, night after night. then i went to saint louis, and that's where the attorney general came from. bates and he had a diary. so all of a sudden i had these cabinet people and they were spending more with lincoln even than married. and somehow it became a team of rivals because they had all been his rivals in the 1860 election. so that became story. and then when i got to teddy roosevelt, so many books written about him, but i was

so there's george seward, who's in china. is really bothered by missionaries.missionaries are causing all kinds of problems. he when he becomes the american secretary there like missionaries are taking up so much time of all of the consoles. what's going with this? and also notes, it has actually been complained about this for years by this point that it's really embarrassing that they need to listen the missionaries, because none of the consoles know how to speak the languages exactly. and this is really part of the thing. and so, you know, one of the ways missionaries are able to have this influence is they are the translators. they are there. written. they are right in the room. they're serving as judges on, the extraterritorial courts, and they are and sort hates this. and he's and he will write back to washington over and over again saying we need to, you know, be putting more energy into training our consular staff to be able do this work so that we're not dependent on missionary labor. i mean, no one really listens to him because missionaries are there a

he, like others, like to make like a secretary of state, henry seward had had had under the impression that there was a lot of pro pro-eu and pro pro-union sentiment in the south that just hadn't been hadn't been revealed yet. so he sends his emissaries down and he learns, in short, that there is no pro-union sentiment, least not not not in charleston. and so then the question confronts him what do do to send an armed expedition into charleston harbor? this point would have been suicide for. those who were entering the harbor because beauregard had so reinforced it that it would have been a disaster. but he has to he comes to repair that. he has to do something. so he does something that's really very clever. he he decides, okay we're going to send essentially humanitarian aid. we're going to send food and nonmilitary supplies to fort sumter. and he notifies the governor of south carolina. so this is what we're going to do if you do not molest this this this expedition, you will simply unload supplies and we will leave the harbor. and the status quo will be preserved. and you know, he

so now, to reflect on both of their reigns, we're joined by the editor of majesty magazine, ingrid sewarded in bath, martin whittock. good morning to you both. so good morning, martin. how important is it for us to be, you know , looking back on on be, you know, looking back on on her majesty's legacy and reflecting, i think many people will be thinking about where they were when they heard that news. >> i think a number of things stand out from her extraordinary reign. the first is service. it was the hallmark of her reign, and i think it raises questions about what it means to hold pubuc about what it means to hold public office. now we've seen a lot of turbulence in the last two years, and i think the queen's reign really underscores those in office. those in power are there to serve. and she exemplified that in a most extraordinary way. the second thing is discretion . i've heard thing is discretion. i've heard it said that meetings with the queen were the only one that senior politicians could go into. and no, it wouldn't be leaked anywhere. and i think that sense of discretion is re

you read a letter that somebody written like, say, in lincoln's time, his secretary of state, seward's wife stayed away from washington and he would write letters to her not only about what happened that day, but what was lincoln thinking, what was he feeling? how did he look? do you see the moon, my love? he would say to her, they have the same moon. of course, from going from upstate new york to washington, and you just feel like have your head over somebody's shoulder and you're reading a handwritten letter. you read diaries. people kept in huge detail back in the 19th century. i don't know what i'd do without letters and diaries. you're right. we'll emails, but they're rather staccato or usually. and do people keep them? you'll have, you know, tick tock, have instagram, things like that but it won't be the same intimate detail and you'll know much more about the people. now i remember when we were making the movie about lincoln spielberg, we only knew that he had a high pitched because somebody deti said he did we never heard him speak right? and then we only knew that he walked li