have worked to support accountability before various ad hoc tribunals, the yugoslav tribunal, sierra leonelebanon, et cetera. in the business setting, when worked on questions of the ironic u.s. claims tribunal in its third decade. the u.n. compensation commission, the nafta tribunal, and we've taken positions in a number of domestic litigation, mostly like the brief that we filed along the office and the salmon tart case which will be argued on march 3. now, i think there's been a pattern over time, john bellinger noted this when he was himself a legal adviser. of the justice and state departments taking positions in many cases involving foreign policy issues, but not necessarily a novel or significant foreign policy interests of the united states. just to remind you, back in 1964 in the sabatino case, the supreme court famously said often the state department will wish to refrain from taking an official position, particularly at a moment that would be indicated by the the development of private litigation, or which might be an opportune diplomatically. in other words, the fact that a pri

in west africa it's so striking to see, when i was6z talkingçó people inñr sierra leone, many the peopleify indication, it's going to hurt all of west africa. so these notions about conflict states are important, not only for their own people, but we have done the economic research that shows if you're a neighbor of a conflict state, your growth will be 1.7% less a year. so it's important to see those issues in the broader development context. so i'm actually bullish on african prospects. there is a "newsweek" piece that comes out this week or last that looks at some of these. there are some great investment possibilities. take one at the african union summit. this is a good example of a potential with a little bit of novel thinking. in the past, i think it was eight or 10 years, there has been $50 billion invested in subsaharan's africa's telecommunications industry. this wasn't all done by government. the government created the enabling environment and you have people who created incredible systems. now, we're doing work withñrt( i.f.c. that is lof[hng at some offsolar grid development

in west africa it is so striking to see, when i was talking to people than sierra leone, many peoplen the united states may not recognize part of that problem was dems by some of the forces with charles taylor from liberia coming over the border and stirring up other difficulty, the reason i mentioned coated dfar it is a higher per capita and infrastructure is good until you get the unification of coated dfar it will hurt all of west africa so these notions about conflict states are important not only for their own people but we have now come the economic research that shows if you are a neighbor of the conflict state your growth will be on average 1.7% less per year so it is important to see those issues in the broader development context, so i am actually bullish on african prospects. there is a "newsweek" piece that came out this week or last that was looking at some of these. there is a great investment possibility. take one that was at the african union summit. this is a good example of the potential and with a little bit of novel thinking. in the past, i think it was eight or 1

the government had been in power for four years and have taken military action in iraq, kosovo, sierra leone, of course after 9/11 in afghanistan. what conclusions did you draw about the role of the force in the policy objectives? >> i think we have had no alternative but to intervene in situations where there are two of risks to the post cold war world. the first has been, as i've mentioned, the action of mullen state terrorist commit the second is the action of rogue states or in the case of iraq aggressor states. and of the world community is going to mean anything in terms of our ability-here and our ability to live at peace, then we have to be prepared to take the international action. it is, of course, far better if all countries are united in the action that has got to be taken. it but it has the necessary to take action in situations where either through terrorism we are put at risk and our own country were through the aggressor states the region in this case in iraq the region iran and iraq is put at risk attwell. >> can i just come back to the specific question on iraq because mr.