and how did simon cameron manage such a feat? because he was so wealthy. and why was he wealthy? because he was a newspaper man in the 1830s in pennsylvania and, of course, the newspapers in the 1830s were partisan. well, of course, today's papers are partisan too. they were just openly partisan. and when the paper -- and he was a democrat in the 1830s, became a republican, but when they started handing out charters for this and that, simon cameron transitioned very seamlessly from being a newspaper man to a businessman and made a vast fortune. i, you know, cite all of the various corporations that he was in charge of, and it's just ridiculous how many things he controlled. so, yeah the -- i mean and scam on is the -- and cameron is the perfect illustration. yes, that, you know franchise granting is a pathway to corruption and it was how a man as obviously crooked as simon cameron could never the less not only rule pennsylvania politics but create a political machine that was only brought down by the great depression. >> [inaudible] i've written about the issue of infrastructure