he's the director of autism research at the simons foundation. and also my good friend and cohost, dr. eric kandel. he is a noble laureate as you know, a professor at columbia university and a howard hughes medical investigator and he has been a good friend to this broadcast. we could not do it without him. he has been the person who has linked our curiosity to an extraordinary amount of research and achievement understanding the brain. so i begin with this question in this episode. social brain. tell me what we mean by that. >> as you pointed out, very nicely in your introduction, we are immensely social beings. we use our social behavior to find a partner, to build a many family, to build a community, to build a culture. and also as you indicate, that can go into disarray and lead to aggression. social behavior is so important that it is conserved in evolution and you findate not only in people but you find it in simple an sulz some of which like ants build complex societies. although much of social behavior's learned, important aspects of it a

. >> the sixth episode of the charlie rose brain series underwritten by the simons foundation, coming up. captioning sponsored by rose communications from our studios in new york city, this is chare rose. >> charlie: tonight we continue our journey through one of the most cutting evening fields in science, the brain. last month we looked at how the brain develops during infancy and childhood. tonight we turn from the developing brain to the mature brain. our subject, the aging brain. the study of aging is more important today than ever. over the past century life expectancy has sky rocketed thanks to a broad range of medical advances. the average american born today is expected to live for nearly 80ers. but as we expand the life of the body, we must also extend the life of the mind. with old age comes wisdom and maturity. however there's also the deterioration of many cognitive abilities, the aging process affects memory in particular. alzheir's disease, dimension and age relatedemory loss are reaching epidemic levels. but cutting edge research shows that these diseases may one day be

. >> rose: the third episode of the charlie rose brain series underwritten by the simons foundation coming up. captioning sponsored by rose communications from our studios in new york city, this is charlie rose. >> rose: tonight we continue our journey to the most exciting frontier of science, the brain, last month, we examined how the brain interprets information from the five senses, focusing on the visual system. tonight we'll show you how the brain uses that information to interact with the outside world. our subject is the acting brain. taken together, the parts of the central nervous system devoteed to movement are known as the motor system. the motor system allows to us plan, coordinate every action needed to survive in the physical world. all of the movements we make from the breathing of our heart to the hitting of a tennis ball are controlled by the brain and nervous system. as the legendary biologist charles sharng on the once said "to move things is all that mankind can do and for this task the soul excue tonight is a muscle whether it be a whispering of the syllable or felling

. >> rose: the fifth episode of the charlie rose brain series, underwritten by the simons foundation coming up. captioning sponsored by rose communications from our studios in new york city, this is charlie rose. >> rose: tonight we continue our exploration of what many consider the most fascinating topic in science. the human brain. in previous episodes, we examined how the brain controls vision, movement, and social interaction. tonight,we will look at how the brain actually acquires its amazing abilities. our subject is the developing brain. every newborn is introduced to a world that is entirely foreign and unknown. however, the adaptive ability of the infant brain is nothing short of miraculous. within days of birth, a newborn starts building the foundation for a lifetime of knowledge. he or she learn to respond to colors, to recognize objects, and to discern the properties of the physical world. tonight we'll look at how this learning takes place. what cognitive tools do infants use to understand the world around them? how do they acquire language? are these skills learned spon

. >> simon: since the very beginning of what? >> bartholomew: of the foundation of our church. of the church of constantinople. >> simon: and in the beginning, istanbul was called constantinople, the ancient city on the bosphorus where east meets west. the city's skyline is dominated by minarets. at friday prayers, the mosques are teeming. ( bell rings ) but the city's richest and most renowned christian churches are museums today, mecca's for tourists, not for worshipers. from the chora church, with its fresco of jesus whose eyes seem to go right through you, to the hagia sophia, the first great church in christendom and an architectural wonder built a thousand years before st. peters in rome, and for centuries, the most important church in the christian world. ( chanting ) fast forward a few centuries and it's hard to find christians in istanbul. this church holds 500 people, but during its sunday service its pews were practically empty. it was the same everywhere we went. at the turn of the last century there were nearly two million orthodox christians in turkey. one and a ha

foundation, independent filmmakers. nick sherman, mark shelley, richard ellis, michael hughes, elizabeth colbert, simon winchester. i have been calling a lot of people and asking a lot of questions. thank you to my studio assistance. in sound and media, we have carolyn chadwick, raymond chavez, alex chadwick. my media coordinator, luc d ubious. they've given us a much of their time and brilliance to work with us to help in the final character of the media and also pentagram and management. i have to think what wall of foundries -- i have to thank walal walla foundries. what is missing? it begins with an accounting of what we are losing as we watch. in terms of species and habitat loss and i hope it provokes more a sense of wonder at what this planet is capable of and still could return to. this is a beginning. let's imagine this as a portal. we have begun to think of this as listening to the earth. me will be able to connect to the president. we see all the things that are being accomplished. we can also see into the future and by 2000 12th, we will start with the clean paint for the future. -- and by 2012, we wil