some of our signature programs are new skills for work, new skills to use. it's what we're focused on is how do you help to see the employment side of the equation build opportunities for the jobs that exist, to make sure they can find people with the skills they need. there's constantly this mismatch between jobs without people and people without jobs. how do you do it in an efficient way. this is something that's really hard to do at scale. it's one way to do that. i'll call out in particular, our sha chairman is chairman of the business round table. just recently what we have done is launch and a group called the work force partnership initiative. instead of creating the program, how do we figure out how to work together with education providers of all different levels. how do you get the business community together. how do you get work force development board and how do you get in the same room and how do you figure out what are the jobs not only today but what are the jobs of the future. when you think about how you layer on this whole conversation of t

some of our signature programs are new skills for work, new skills to use. what we are focused on is how do you help the employment side of the equation build opportunities for the jobs that exist there is constantly this mitch met -- mismatch between jobs without people, and people without jobs. how do you bring those things closer together, and how do you do it efficiently? this is something that is hard to do at scale. going to my last point, which is how do you think about scale and collaboration? there is a lot of different ways to do this, certainly working with our grantees, nonprofits, and other partners across the business community is one way to do that. i'll call out in particular, jamie our chairman is chairman of the business roundtable, both of my colleagues on the panel are active participants in that group. just recently what we have done is launched the group called the workforce partner initiative. what we have done is looked at pilot regions throughout the country, and we stand instead of trying to create just the j.p. morgan training prog

skilled workers comp mid skilled workers in high skilled workers and an overall wage growth.y think is interesting about this chart is that although low skilled workers are seeing their wages growing less rapidly and took a bigger hit after the recession, you see that the rate at which their wages are growing, at least from 2013-2016-2070 is significantly faster than the rate at which other skilled groups wages are growing. if you are particularly interested in lesser skilled americans or of course if your comment that employs a large number of workers are not college graduates, then that's something that's interesting perhaps. this is a similar chart that i'm going to skip, and i will conclude on perhaps some good news. if you ask businesses, the plan to raise worker compensation, the rate at which they are saying yes is going up. and it's well above the precrisis levels. so it could be that happy times are here again, and i skipped two slides and i will not stop. >> so i have three questions for each of the corporate press presented is. >> none for me? >> i will have one fo

yes, you do need to get the skills, but a lot of those skills don't even need to be attained after high you know, i don't know what europe does but i think that we need to -- people can identify, you know, certain kids, and my mom's a teacher, are not going to be cut out for it. there's no need to really start it after high school. we can start this stuff in high school, kind of a half-day program like the edson has going on and more of that stuff would be great for this country. host: ok, david, let's take this point about starting this earlier in high school. mr. krishnamoorthi. mr. krishnamoorthi: i would say, congratulations to david. this is an excellent example of how, if he had gone the other path, dropping out, basically leaving the educational system altogether and not equipping himselves to get a skills to get a job, where would he have ended up? nstead, instead he's got a good job. because of laws such as this, you earn you learn, it goes back and forth. it's going to be a cycle where you're making yourself more and more productive and at the same time ding it in conjunction

demand those with in skills, our economy is rife with opportunity. we have a shortage of skilled workers, with more jobs available than people to fill them. there are 6 million jobs available in america, but we do not have a skills match for those jobs and they remain unfilled. many local school districts are already leading the way in promoting pathways to career opportunities by focusing and engaging middle and high school students early in order to identify those interested in careers that require less than a four year degree. more than a high school diploma. the organization jobs for the future suggests that local school districts should design pathways with stackable credentials. this means students can earn badges or certifications for specific skills and accrue them or stack them based on the jobs they wish to pursue. by engaging in dual enrollment course work at community colleges or training at local labor unions or community facilities, students can prepare for in demand jobs upon graduation. this same approach of stacking credentials can e

inequality in any vocation was skills, skills, skills. that is not wrong but it is not enough. telling a 50-year-old displaced worker in west virginia that you lost your job and will have no job for 30 years, but i have a great pre-k for your grandfather daughter -- granddaughter. we need to have a better solution. what we do know about skills for the 50-year-old worker's we also have 50 years of work on job retraining programs for displaced workers. almost uniformly the track record is dismal. which leads me to the view that by far the best thing he can do for the 50-year-old worker is get him back at work somewhere. find some employer with some degree of government help who is going to actually give this guy a job producing something that somebody else wants. give him structure, given something that gives him some degree of dignity. we cannot do it all with pre-k. it is just not there, and we have to do something that encourages entrepreneurs to find some form of work for this person. orething every unemployed underemployed is a failure

does robotics there's so many new skills we've space exploration that come from. years ago when they were breaking bread they didn't know how to do a spacewalk. so you think that we shouldn't be worried about losing certain amount of skills because they're inevitably replaced by idea once it's not it's not like we're going to run out of skills because we're so lazy that we're going to let machines do everything for us yeah i think we always look for something that's the nature of humans that we're interested in solving problems and finding solutions to the difficulties and the machines are. and will continue to be helping us and that and i think even when the machines surpass our intelligence we will still be able to work with them beside them so do you think of all will even go to schools or colleges so you have like robots teach you pretty much anything you need to know. i haven't really thought about that question but i think what you have just to think yeah i think i think. right now wiki pedia and google is use so much in our daily lives. my daughter she's wh

the first area make it in america addresses is education and skills training. absolutely critical that we are going to be competitive in the 21st century. in wisconsin, i joined representative ron kind for a listening session with college students. the student body president at the university of wisconsin told me this and i quote, we know that we are not just going to be changing jobs, but changing careers over the course of our time in the workforce. continuing skills training is the key to success in the 21st century economy. whether one is entering the workforce or needs to start a new career, workers are finding that the best tool for making it in america is the ability to add additional skills as economic demands change. for those with in demand skills, our economy is currently right with opportunity -- ripe with opportunity. we have a shortage of skilled workers with more jobs than people to fill them. there are 6 million jobs available in america but we do not have a skills match for those jobs and they remain unfilled. many local school districts are al

skills training and infrastructure needs to be our initial focus. i want to make it very clear that this effort will be led in many respects by the new chairman in the next congress. my hope and expectation is we move on these in the next congress. >> [inaudible] rep. hoyer: the economic issue is the critical issue for us to seize upon as to a always done and historically if you look at the facts, the economy has invariably done better when democrats were in the leadership of the congress and the presidency. >> you acknowledge yourself that there is economic indicators that are positive. [inaudible] do you see the opportunity for more abilityfind [inaudible] hoyer: the economy is doing very well for some but over the years, it has not done so well for so many in the middle class who are just .etting by, not making it that is our premise and therefore, if we are going to move forward on making sure they can make it and they have the skills needed to compete and be successfully, and the 21st century economy, we have to focus on skills training them a

ball employers skill back. [inaudible] this is beginning to change in this administration is seeking to accelerate these commitments. already, the administration is taking critical steps to ensure all americans have a pathway to a good paying job. tomorrow, president trump will take another important step to prioritize vocational education so we can create and build american jobs for american workers. president trump will sign an executive order to establish the national council for the american worker and a separate advisory board. the counselor will work to develop a national strategy and bring together cabinet level leadership to build on the work already been died. the secretary has been working hard over the last 17 months to ensure that the skills align with those. secretary acosta is looking at increasing access to vocational education. secretaries mattis has shown tremendous leadership in the transition of military service members of the time the service comes to the close. director mulvaney has put for

arts when you look at the labor market today, think about the whichf, technical skills we call math skills measured by things like math scores. but also, interactive skills.ation when you think about it what artificial intelligence can do, what robust can do, new computer technologies, they can take things that are really hard for individuals to do such as write an algorithm, making repetitive and do it in a similar environment. those were the heart, lucrative routine type jobs. clerical, aas production-type job which existed in the mid 20th century, they can easily substitute for that. what they cannot substitute for our interactive, empathetic, and unstructured problems, being able to work in a team to figure out a solution to something that hasn't been sinned before in a different and better -- been seen before in a different environment, whether it is working as a care worker or an engineer. increasingly, the growth is not just in high math, technical jobs. if they don't have a strong bushel skill component, it is -- strong social skills component, it is interactive work that has been

skills. but what i am hearing more and the real delivery of high technology requires creative skills and communication skills. and there is no better way to do that then build an ecosystem where people have those kinds of skills. that.ovides if you go to a tech companies today, you will find a lot of may be working in the life sciences industry today, but they were working in the video gaming industry last year, or working on graphical data.aces, how to resent we have a company in our states, a huge software company that is growing like crazy, and they have figured out a visual way to present data. and of course, arts is an intrinsic part of that development of the service. so, this is a huge pot of our economy, a growing part of our economy, because of technology. i am excited about the things you hear from my fellow governors about what they are doing. in my state, we started a program where we certified districts as artistic districts. it has helped local communities serve as an anchor, bo

any dislocation of trade skills -- was skills. that is not wrong, but it is not enough. telling a 50-year-old displaced worker that you have lost your job that you have a great pre-k for your granddaughter, that is not so satisfying. that is why we need to have more, that we have a better solution. and what we do know about skills for the 50-year-old worker is we also have 50 years of work on job retraining programs. and uniformly, the track record is dismal. which leads me to believe that by far the best thing we can do is to get him back at work somewhere. find some employer with some degree of government health who will give this guy a job. give him something that provides structure to his life, some degree of dignity, producing something the world wants. we cannot do it all with pre-k. we have to do it with something that encourages entrepreneurs to find some form of work for this person. in some sense, every underemployed person is a failure of entrepreneurial imagination. >> are there other countries that do a better job of

those skills are are quite lost but they're forgotten by most people and as you said breaking bread and making bread but then there's new skills is computer it generation art is computer generated music these days is robotics there's so many new skills we've space exploration that come from that years ago when they were breaking bread they didn't know how to do a spacewalk. so you think that we shouldn't be worried about losing certain amount of skills because they're inevitably replaced by idea once it's not it's not like we're going to run out of scales because we're so lazy that we're going to let machines do everything for us yeah i think we always look for something that's the nature of humans that we're. interested in solving problems and finding solutions to difficulties and machines are and will continue to be helping us and that and i think even when the machines surpass our intelligence we will still be able to work with them beside them so do you think of the will even go to schools or colleges so you have like what state you're pretty much anything you need to know. i ha

a wage subsidy that encourages low skill unemployment. it may deter innovations that keep labor in some areas but will also encourage other one. if i know i get some payment for employing less skilled workers maybe i will put a little bit of effort into thinking how i can use those less skilled workers in the production process. the last comment was on being optimistic about america's future. i think being optimistic is kind of like believing in the hereafter. you don't do it because you have sound scientific proof, you do it because life feels better when you have those beliefs. consequently, i will keep on being optimistic about america's future, not based on firm scientific evidence but because it just feels a lot better that way. >> i will group a couple of questions together, let's take a couple of these right here. >> i am a columnist with the hill in foxnews.com, i am surprised to come to manhattan institute and have a talk about wage subsidies. let's talk about a different approach which about a they are tin is talking kay has pro

we have a skills crisis in our country. we actually have more job openings than we have unemployed americans. this is keeping our economy from reaching full potential. so how do we solve this problem? well, a big way is to expand career and technical education programs. as the demand of the work force continues to change and become more complex, these programs are critical, critical to building the work force of the 21st century. i've seen these programs firsthand back in alabama. in our high schools and i was the chancellor of postsecondary education and saw it work in our two-year colleges. economy it the local and they make the lives of our students intrinsically better by connecting them with the skills they need to thrive. so i urge my colleagues to saw t this bill, and i the strong bipartisan support when it passed the first time. career and technical education is for everybody in america and america's house needs to stand up and support it. i yield back the balance of my time. the speaker pro tempore: the gentleman f

these are skilled jobs. when you are a journey man -- for fours you train years -- it took me another 15, 18 years to get confident in what i was doing. when i was 60, [inaudible] working, iyou are would move back to chicago but i do not have a home there. it is booming. i did globe pipe, metal roof, ironwork application, but it takes a long time to learn that stuff. it takes a lifetime. i am glad you are touching on this subject. thank you. guest: absolutely. you touch on a number of good points. theink this is -- one of difficulties with this industry is because it is, in a sense, tied to the regional economy and the national economy, when things are going really well, there is a huge demand. when there is not, people really hurt. i am excited to be writing about this industry. the economy is doing well right now and there is a lot of demand, but it is certainly something to keep in mind, it might not always like this and it takes quite a lot of training to get where you need to be in the industry. kathlee

which we call math skills here but also think about communication skills. think about what artificial intelligence, what robots can do and technology. they can take things that are really hard for individual to do but you can write an analgorithm, do it better so this is what a lot of lucrative routine type jobs whether it was clerical, a production job in the mid-20th century, they can easily do that. what they can't substitute now for our interactive dealing with nonstructured problems, being able to work in a team to figure out a solution for something in a different environment whether it is working with material workers or an engineer and increasingly the growth is not just technical skill jobs. if they don't have a strong solution skills component, if the interactive work that has really been growing and it's the combination of good interactive liberal arts, creative skills with technical knowledge, coding that's become valuable and what we need to think about in our education systems and the ways we put those forward. so i also noted the other change

low skills that tend to lose their jobs to automation and, so, they really are going to have a re-skilling that's even bigger than what we're seeing right now. >> you're a deep thinker and you're at a.i. and you are and this is your job. >> things like this ahead of time and start to get ready for it. >> and not even looking into the future, we're at a point right now where it's effecting the ability to hire people in terms of the skills gap. it's not even worried about 2030. we should've started a couple years ago. >> and if you look at it, about 51% of people who lose their jobs have to change industries and they need training to do that because maybe 85%, 90% on training people get spent before they graduated college. there's not a whole lot that gets developed after that. we're second to last place in how much money the government spends on training and our training programs -- it doesn't mean we don't have any of them. we have 42 of them scattered across 12 agencies. they're just disorganized. >> people want to cancel them based on the type of success. >> they've not been well designe

or advancement in terms of education, skills training, after 24, 25. maria: my doctor, i want him to keep -- and her to keep getting training. everybody, every job needs to get trained up to the most up-to-date issues. >> in my firm we have a largely millennial workforce, like 60 or

we call that the skills gap. it is a big reason why right now we have more job openings in america than we have people looking for work. that's part of the skills gap. so the demand for skills worker just keeps growing but washington has badly been behind the curve on this. we have not properly equipped our education system. this changes that. this closes the skills gap. students and workers are now going to have a much clearer path to all of the great career and technical education programs out there. we have a bunch of these in southern wisconsin. i see it all the time where i come from. great careers and great jobs are being offered. people need work but don't have the skills to get these careers and jobs. this closes this gap. with the economy back on track and businesses spappeding and hiring again. so we are very excited. this didn't get a lot of headlines. this did not get a big splashy news story or ticker or on the front page, but this matters. it will make it easier for people to provide for their famil

there are, certainly, additional skills that you need when you get there.ut i'm a firm believer in the fact that organizing never stops and organizing never ends. and i actually believe that there's a profound amount of power, persuasion, and influence that's possible when you organize outside that chamber to impact -- to really impact what's going on inside that chamber. and one of the things that we kind of talked about on our campaign was people versus money. >> mm-hmm. >> and i think that, when you can organize a mass amount of people, you can create a lot of pressure on incumbents to change. and so, for me, it's not -- i don't intend to put down my bullhorn. and i think that, if anything, we've been trusted with a much larger one. and my constituents have hired me. >> mm-hmm. >> they have voted for me to be a very fierce and unapologetic voice in washington. and i don't think that that necessarily means antagonistic. >> mm-hmm. >> i don't think that it means that you fight for the sake of fighting. but i do think it means that you don't compromise your

we want to go find them and pull them into the workforce, get them into school, help them get skillsthat they can get onto a life of self-sufficiency, a better life for themselves, and by the way, the economy will greatly benefit from this as well. we need them. we need their talents. >> when you think about these federal programs and poverty, coming down the pike is this impending sense that automation and artificial intelligence may create major upheavals in the economy, and how are we as conservatives, or how are you as a conservative thinking about how we're going to handle those influxes in the economy? >> it's precisely what i was referring to when i said we're going to reform the way career and vocational- technical education works, so for instance, in my part of wisconsin where foxconn is coming, foxconn brings all these flat-screens. they make all flat-screens. they make the flat-screen on your iphone. we've got our local educator. it's called gateway technical college. they're going to have a foxconn degree where they're going to train workers how to build and train and run

business wants to pick his brains on his management skills, his motivational skills. footballer. premier league footballers are not always said to have that much in the way brains or the ability to speak. every time gareth southgate speaks, whether in a press conference interview, he comes across amazingly well and grabs your attention. you can see why he is in such demand. any management company is saying he could charge up to £100,000 for an after—dinner speech. could charge up to £100,000 for an after-dinner speech. what about what he says grabs the attention? he speaks sensibly about the game expectations. it is not managing the expectations. it is not managing the expectations of the players but of the country as well as at the same time building our excitement towards it. that is incredibly difficult, to move through in that way. suzanne is saying how much with big business pay for the french football managers to share his management and motivational advice, i wonder? to share his management and motivational advice, iwonder? they are the world cup winners. we ha

to create skilled workers but particularly in the simpler professions in some cases there is a great lack of skills workers a real bottleneck which is why i think this is actually really healthy and also i feel that it's a piece in the puzzle that's missing when it comes to combat in a legal migration with the countries in the western balkans for example we've found very good the odd regulations declaring them to say countries of origin so that the person applying for asylum can be dealt with much more quickly and decisions made but it's not just about to make a certain deportations necessary or nike a voluntary reply. tradition possible too but we've also said that if you can present you've got a job in the journey when you go you can come to germany illegally so i think this is an important component that all gone and systems and it can be helpful as a prototype with agreements with other countries so for example the skilled workers immigration arachnoid focuses on our own.

and they have to continue to have those skills as we grow our technical skills. >> one thing we talked about last night is a rag on the utility industry a little bit. a large concentration of ceos. the movement started in the west. that is when the first female ceos came from. comesthink a lot of it back to those skills of working with others, because when you are the ceo of the utility you have to work with policymakers and stakeholders, same with you in health care, and a lot of those skills have to be to communicate, to persuade, to connect the dots and work with others, they are critical and that is a skill set that we have looked at before, whether it was engineering or finance. but it is those things that come again this is a generalization, but women tend to be somewhat better at those scale sets. often you will get asked a question, how do you handle it ?ll, family, children there is this thought that we take care of the house, we take care of the cleaning, you pick up the children, you drop them off, you pay the bills, everything at home, and how do you do that and balance tha

and we've spoken about the skills gap in the united states on the program before that the gap between. the jobs that are available and the people who possess the skills and the aptitude to do those jobs well yesterday business leaders from bunch of fortune five hundred companies met with u.s. president donald trump at the white house and pledged to train three point eight million workers over the next five years and the president also signed an executive order on job creation that established something called the american workforce policy advisory board which is charged with bringing together governors business executives and educators to tackle this problem and good for the president in this regard to be focusing on the issues are important to continuing economic growth and the only coffee out to my praise and i do praise the president in this regard is that the new advisory board is not funded no dinero for it and speaking of not funding things the president's budget request to congress called for a forty percent cut in skin programs that train retrain workers from two point seven b

this bill fills that skills gap and provides better access to more effective skills-based education oreer and technical education. guest: i agree with everything congressman thompson said. .he common denominator is this maybe a four-year college degree is not for everyone but a post secondary education has to be. you have to gain a skill, a credential, something to equip yourself with the tools to get one of those 6.7 million jobs congressman thompson alluded to that remain unfilled. career technical education, two thirds of americans, the vast majority of americans who do not have a four-year college degree, are not going to get one. if we want them to get on the road to a middle-class lifestyle , we have to get them into career technical education and other similar programs. yesterday, people were lauding this is historic and bipartisan -- as historic and bipartisan. we have to take advantage of this moment. host: i want to invite our viewers to call in with their questions and experiences in this field. i want to know what sort of stories are out there and how you respond. not get t

trish: what does that mean though, skilled worker? mean it's, means a lot of different things because there is a lot of different skills out there but is there a way to sum it up with science? >> i think it is actually training the workers for the skills that industry needs. sometimes that might be stem. it might be computer engineering. it might be those skills that are for, you know, machine learning, for artificial intelligence but also, if you think about the company foxconn that is going to be coming to wisconsin in 2020. they will bring 13,000 employees. but first they need 10,000 workers to build the building. so those skilled workers we need are welders, carpenters, electricians, plumbers. when i say a skilled workforce, it is a workforce that will fit the needs of industry today. so what we're seeing in this executive order today we'll have more than 15 members of industry today who are going to sign a pledge that they are going to create apprenticeship programs or they are going to be encouraging other companies to create ap

like a bull in a china shop donald trump style and negotiation skills were on full display at this year's annual nato gathering he was not shy about how he feels about the alliance now the trump summit is front and center be a mere photo op or something more. and now we take a more global view about inequality from a national perspective to help us along we are joined by the c.e.o. of drop marker from hillary ward which it's good of you to be with us thank you so much now tell me tell or about what are the wealthiest nations and sort of the poorest nations i want to take g.d.p. by g.d.p. right a great to be about thank you so the wealthiest nations are outside of the u.s. that is china germany japan and closely followed by the u.k. the poorest nation actually probably not many of our viewers have maybe even heard of a tuvalu which used to be former ellis island in the polynesian islands but the poorest nations are actually a lot of the former communist countries and sub-saharan africa and then good and then in the middle east the big bright star of course is saudi arabia ok and. if you lo

it's systems and it can be helpful as a prototype agreements with other countries so for example skilled workers immigration arachnoides focuses on our own german interests. but it can also be structured so that it can be helpful when it comes to partnerships and agreements with other countries which is why when it comes to. managing migratory flows better is significant credit from mr bush do you have a microphone near you that's on so that we can take your question. and so if we cannot hear your question this. hour at a political correspondent peter craven watching this press conference with us peter we should say that you have been to many of these summer annual summer press conferences and you did mention that you know i'm going to call started this is very typical on the american way talking about ordinary issues facing ordinary people yet the questions that we start just face are the ones that have been really dominating the headlines both trans-atlantic relations the pressures facing beyond german borders and also she immediately talks about an international framework very much wh

level you know what we have talking about is free placement or displacement low skill. management workplace by automation and this really is already happening and will happen in the future but it's not only a question of age so really we need to good stiff programs we need to get picked on what just changing and this can be very individual for every company or case or big changes coming our way and big challenges for competence you know today from nicole. he was involved in this study thank you very much thank you very much where right in the middle of the summer holidays it's hot no one's going to want to walk to where or it is that they've got to get to and spain's taxi drivers are on strike of a group of time to turn down work them a worried about the money they're losing out through right having services like a cab a fire. monday night passed without a resolution between the drivers and government strike leaders said they'll go on. today's decision is that we continue. hundreds of taxis have paralyzed barcelona and they're refusing to budge until they get results th

so making sure that the children are coming into school have a well developed in their soft skills so for example they know that they can open a bank account when they get. they can have a job at the age of sixteen you know at the age of eighteen that they can do an apprenticeship over and university and a lot of these kids such as myself when i was growing up i didn't know about these things and so you thought that the only way to excel if it isn't for sport or music per se is for a life of criminality you've written about the drug trade and how that affects gangs tell me a little bit about that or warsi is i think that these young men. intrapreneur really but they just not know it and they already feel that the only way for them to gain money is in a legitimate way but they can actually use those skills that they've learned on the streets and use it in a positive way you know in a legitimate way the government of just said or these the police have said that banning drill music videos on you tube will combat gang violence or if you think of that i don't personally thought that bannin

that kind of skills and the arts themselves provide that. if you go to my tech companies today, you will find a lot of people that may be are not working in the life sciences industry today, but they were working and the video gaming industry last year, working on graphical interfaces of how to present data. we have a company called tableau. they have figured out a way to present data. intrinsically important to that type of service. this is a huge part of our economy, it is a growing part of our economy because of excited to and i am hear about what our fellow governors are doing. we started a program called certified creative districts where we certify district as artistic districts and it has serve local communities as an anchor for tourism and economic development to build in this arts related businesses and we have 25 communities, it is a small thing, but has focused our minds on economic development around the arts. . am excited go his comments at the outset that arts will sometimes play an outsized role than we sometimes think in our

a lot of that is the skills gap. i often hear the biggest challenge employers have is they can't find enough skilled workers. you want to give these students the chance to acquire the training needed for today's job. this legislation helps to ensure it regardless of someone's economic standing. it provides a route to good paying jobs and successful career for students who might not have been typical in a stem education or can't spend the time or money involved in going through a tradition college education. it's not just about students. it's also about those who are further in life who are trying to rebuild or start a new career. this bill will help those incumbent workers. i visited flying high welding school in youngstown ohio. it's a very impressive program. it focuses on people who are in recovery, people who have been released from prison, helps them to be able to learn a skill, in this case welding which helps them transition back into the workplace. really impressed by it. their placement rate is about 100%. t

not least skilled.lows from the less skilled or less educated south, say mexico, have really flattened. and so if you actually look at the education component of inflowing immigrants, they tend to be more highly educated and productive. >> steven miller cites a study from harvard, which has largely been debunked, that would indicate low-skill workers and refugees, in this economy we're in, we are actually able to absorb a lot of these people. we need low-skilled immigrants as well as high-skilled immigrants. >> okay. so we happen to have a very tight labor market right now. i agree with everything you just said. but you also have to have an immigration policy that can be good for america when the unemployment rate is higher. so you have to look at immigrant competition with native born workers if you want to get into that part of the argument, through all kinds of labor markets. what we find is that more often than not, immigrants complement, not substitute, for native born workers. that is they help pr