[sticks clacking] [cultural music montage] (slobin) technology has become quite decisive for world music-making since the advent of the industrial age in a few key ways. one is the creation of new instrument types that simply couldn't be built before. the modern piano depends on high steel techniques that just simply weren't available until a certain point in the 19th century. instruments like the modern saxophone, the modern flute-- these are all high-tech in a 19th century way. [screeching, reverberating cymbal crash] another way in which technology has become decisive is in the invention of sound reproduction. it simply was the case that before about 1890, music vanished into the air. you had to remember the way somebody played something that you heard once in your life because you would never hear that again. once you could reproduce that sound, you could stockpile it because of the technology of reproduction. this is a profound and deep-ranging change that happened to music after a million years of human existence. [static] [muffled song plays] (shapiro) the invention of the vacuum tube ca