thailand is 95% buddhist, but its three southern provinces are overwhelmingly muslim and ethnically malay. the region was for centuries an independent islamic sultanate with its own culture and language, but in the early 1900s thailand took over. >> ( translated ): the thai kingdom came here, fought a war and turned the area into a province of the thai state. and there's been a movement since then. >> reporter: local islamic leader waeduramae mamingji says that is only part of the problem. >> ( translated ): in the last 20 or 30 years, the population in this area didn't get justice in administration, politics or economy, which made people in the three southern provinces think of themselves as second- class citizens. >> reporter: separatist groups waged a guerilla campaign here from the 1960s through the 1980s, but then faltered. then, in 2004, a new generation took up the fight. now car bombs, roadside i.e.d.s or point-blank shootings occur almost daily. abdullah claims he is a former insurgent. we met him at an army re- education program he was made to join after being arrested, followin