the soviets make several demands. the united states promises matÉriel and has a hard time living there for a number of reasons. in the first couple of years. stalin said if you give us the airplanes and other equipment that we need, the united states tries to roosevelt makes an effort. other people are not as quite sincere in providing. the soviets second and, they wanted some the same territorial concessions they've gotten from hitler in the 1939 pacom and their main demand was for the second front. they were fighting, this is the history of this breed, the americans and the british throughout most of the war were fighting 10 nazi divisions along to the soviets alone providing at least 200 through 44. and so they were desperate for the united states to open up a second front in western europe and the british. and roosevelt asked stalin to send molotov and a top general to washington in may of 42, and in june of 42, the nazis issued a public statement we're going to open up the second front before the end of the war,

to a greater extent than the soviet state ever depended on oil. and that dependence is growing, and you can show that on the graphs, you can show that on slides that i occasionally use in presentations. you can show that percentage of the russian budget that comes from oil and gas revenues, and it is going up and up and up, and in round numbers in 2012 it passed the 52% mark. that's oil and gas revenues together, but it's very largely oil. and to put that in perspective, you have to add that the russian budget it is growing very rapidly to support the, first of all, some of the same obligations that we find ourselves increasingly supporting, namely an aging population, a pension system and the like. but in addition to that, the budget has to support the growing ambitions of the putin leadership to increase funding for defense, funding for infrastructure, for the renewal of industry and, indeed, shall we say for the support of the many clans that provide the basis of support for the regime. this sets the stage, these two things, these two trends, t

refugees over to the soviets.re examples and there ar others but those of the one that do know of in which perot soviet operatives within our government tilted policy in favor of communist interests. power points chambers makes over and over again in "witness" confirmed by everything i have  seen since which contributed to a very morrow's temperament and with good reason -- as john Ñ lewis gaddis pointed out these  revelations came not in the 40s 1939. the assistant secretary of çÑ state, nothing was done. in 1939, that was ignored at th time in the soviet atmosphere, no one wanted to hear such things. there was misrepresentation when the case surfaced almost a decade later. this made him extremely pessimistic and there's a kind  of pervasive sense of doom in ñ the final chapters of "witness" which was personal. a suicide attempt had been mentioned. fortunately did not succeed but also societal. the free world was doomed. the wheat -- one of the reasons he thought that was he believed people in the g

in the soviet hierarchy they had a big controversy.uld we send the cos cosmonauts, and others said no we should send one more time to make sure. >> the cia was getting signals that maybe the soviets were going to try a sir come -- a circum lunar flight. it would have massively under cut the pr potential of a lunar landing or even a lunar orbital flight. >> to make matters worse for nasa, the lunar module wasn't ready to go into space. it was months behind schedule. but instead of falling further behind the soviets, nasa officials hatched a bold idea. >> the lunar module unfortunately was delayed considerably. so nasa again in one of the great strokes of management substituted apolo 8 from an earth orbital flight to a lunar orbital flight. >> if it worked, america would actually leap frog the soviets in the space race. an astronaut, not a cosmonaut would be the first to fly around the moon. >> i think it was one of the first back gels -- gambles that n asa at the direction of the president took in order to establish that america was bet

but soviet style so that plus the fact that he was too young to have experienced really the soviet system and to have grown that protective cover of dissimulation, that made him an object of fear and hatred by people in the oil industry, and then it made him an object of greed by people within the chem lin who looked -- kremlin who looked at him and sized him up as the perfect victim. this was a man who was so provocative in his behavior that all you had to do was lure him forward, and you could count on it. his behavior would become more and more provocative until finally he robbed himself of support within the oil industry, within the establishment. by the time he was arrested, he had only -- the only friends he had left were in the united states. it was, i think, a fascinating tale of destruction, of organized destruction and self-destruction. and it's an absolutely fascinating case. >> well, thank you, that was fascinating. [applause] >> visit booktv.org to watch any of the programs you see here online. type the author or book title in the search bar on the upper left side of the page

but soviet style. so that plus the fact that he was too young to have experienced really the soviet system and grown the protective cover of dissimulation that made him an object of fear and hatred by people in the oil industry and then it made him an object of greed by people within the -- [inaudible] who looked at him and sized him up as the perfect victim. this was a man who provocative in his behavior that all you had to do is lure him forward and you can challenge him. his behavior would become more and more provocative until finally he robbed himself of support within the oil industry, within the establishment, by the time he was arrested, he had only friends he had left in the united states. it was, i think, a fascinating tail of direction, organized destruction and self-destruction. and it's absolutely fascinating case. >> well, thank you. that was -- [applause] >>> tell us what you think about our programming this weekend. you can tweet us at booktv. comment on our facebook wall or send us an

operation keelhaul was turned truly soviet wreckage is back over to the soviets.those are examples, and there are others, but those i do know of in which pro-soviet operatives within our government tilted policy in favor of the communist interest. our point that chambers makes over and over again in "witness" and is confirmed by everything else that we've seen since, which contributed to his, he had a very gross temperament. he was very pessimistic, and with good reason. he knew a lot and he couldn't get other people to believe it. he was a cassandra and, as professor gaddis pointed out, he made revelations about these problems but in the '40s but in 1939. assistant secretary of state, nothing was done. he named hiss van in 1939. that was ignored at the time to end the war the post-soviet atmosphere, no one wanted to hear such things. he then ran into greater efforts at concealment and misrepresentation when a case surfaced almost a decade later, in 1948, and this made him extremely pessimistic. and as kind of a pervasive sense of doom in the final chapters of "wi

and that goes until today so we're still using that old stereotype of the soviet union the bad people and using them in today's movies in regards to new was because i do this every day. good news doesn't sell bad news everyone will read it and that's what a lot of the western press is doing station sells and sensation if it's ugly if it's nasty yes it gets out there and that's what a lot of the western press does is they'd like to take these things and ride with it and bring it all you know and come up with this really strange angles to get their sales up and their ratings up is that fair which you i don't think probably the most prominent story over the last twelve months i've given you as much information. that puts the right. you give the disconnect between what western media presented in what russian people think the most of the russians from from all lowering that i know and also in the mass media most of the russians are the. actual active poster by those very very small percentage of people who support what they did you know they're the forerunners of of a new. what you call it

this is not enough for a country which tries to position itself as a great power you know that the soviet union is being gone for a quarter century right now i mean the. kind of technologies and ideas about branding and p.r. out there ok why aren't they employed more here well you know i think that of course. the bread is something which is difficult to change if not the better of the perception if people think about this country and particularly i think it take a look to take a lot of effort to change the way how they approach the country. of course a lot depends on how russia itself would like to position so you know the rules i mean every country likes to brand itself ok but it's seems to me and i've lived here for about fifteen years is that the outside world has branded russia ok and the brand that russia attempts or thinks about is in second place third place no place ok because every single day i can see the branding of russian headlines well if that's true and you know what it's russia the branding is about to bring up some sensations like if you good articles wouldn't be publishe

between 1941 and 1945 soviet jews were savagely persecuted. subjected to every possible pain and humiliation and murdered in mass executions. eckstein: this is babiyar outside of kiev here in the ukraine. one of hundreds of killing fields from world war ii's holocaust throughout the former soviet union. there is a traditional memorial prayer of the dead that is recited when we come to visit this site. (speaking hebrew) lord full of mercy, remember those who died here. (singing hebrew) it was here in 1941 that in a period of five days over a hundred thousand jews were killed here by the nazis. holocaust survivor: they were all brought to babiyar and they were all undressed, everyone, and then they were killed. you can't, you can't even imagine, a lot of people can't imagine. announcer: those who managed to survive the nazis then suffered the post world war ii persecution, indoctrination and anti- semitism of the communists. jews were forbidden to practice their faith and were denied education and denied jobs. they lived in fear of the soviet pe

and that was an action which helped bring down the soviet union the support to the afghan groups then ended the. communist empire in eurasia much quicker and with much less disastrous collateral effects but if you want to see a way to predict the collapse of the soviet union did it well you know you really understand history isn't so fine and you know these things they did however believe it would stress that so the soviet union and that not to be true the fact that it broke the soviet union was a welcome one for you that's one theory ok go ahead lawrence look. well i mean i hate to be simplistic about this but every country has its rules it's low rise and i think that what's doable here is to produce some sort of rights do you think most of. these countries have. pressured. haven't they don't have whatever agency that they have or do have we have to act within the rules of law and to make that a voting issue to make it an issue in the elections i think is a do both thing it's not easy so when you don't have a person they're going to assume ok jacob go ahead jump in well you know very

and there are many bad things that we can say about the soviet union but there is at least one thing which i remember fairly well you know we were a proud people we're proud of our country we believe that the soviet union was the beacon of progress that we helped to save the humankind that we were in the vanguard of development and i think that this is something that have gone unfortunately if you talk to people in the streets of moscow or and i also hear you know well no longer a proud nation and this is something that has to be dealt with i know that you know love him a putin and others are trying to do something about that but they're not the six two successful in my view and there is a point there that there's internal patriotism that is mine to revive here in russia but there's also this line of patriotism and nationalism which out of russians haven't figured out yet yeah that's correct carrot and that's a dangerous line as i'm in my area michael i agree but i would also add that unfortunately that is sort of hypocrisy here because you can multiply one set of rules two. you know

union and that not to be true the fact that it broke the soviet union was a welcome once one for you that's one theory ok go ahead lawrence look. well i mean i hate to be simplistic about this but every country has its rules its laws and i think that what's doable here is to produce some sort of which do you think most of. these countries have. pressured. have a no they don't have whatever agency that they have or do have we have to act within the rules of law and to make that a voting issue to make it an issue in the elections i think is a do both thing it's not easy so what is what i don't know how to proceed they're going to assume ok jacob go ahead jump in well you know it's a very good he gave us the last word as. well i found it interesting that paul goes back to the o.s.'s i'm talking about america from seventeen eighty seven to nineteen forty something america lived without a cia for more than a century a free society cannot have these kind of horse is within there we have the president we live in a very we're challenging we're challenging the status paradigm that's what we'r

in nine hundred forty five the soviet union martial you would get. through was in one moment she entered dressed square through spot. gate to receive the first victory day parade on horseback and wearing his service cap. after giving away so when did the i can appear here the i call him has been here since the sixteenth century but disappeared during the soviet era it was only a year ago that the stores discovered the i called under a layer of plaster while examining them a story almost howard thanks to them it was saved. in the name of the father. the son. and the holy spirit. is busking gate was open for passage until the late ninety's but motor transport to and from the kremlin disturbed tourists walking along the red square and the kremlin walls and with the new millennium came the decision to close the gate. it now opens only on special occasions during the ninth of may think to a day parade for example or on inauguration day to receive the presidential motorcade. the only other visitor to pass through the gate is a giant christmas tree put up f

in kabul is soviet because the americans have built nothing their tents and castles ok let's go back to the western media. how intentional it is that on their part to be betrayed russia and such a negative way because i won't i won't name names but i know some foreign journalists and i will privately on facebook and say why did you write that well my editor changed it ok because you know you got to spice it up a little bit here i mean is there a disconnect there also there is someone on the on the i don't know it's probably the rules of the of the company i don't know in the west to be portrayed this where we have certain. angles and russia will always be on the bad side so don't try to make it look good otherwise you're just predator yourself i give a very good example and i will name a name here if if i'm allowed to that was during the may sixth riots in moscow when fox news totally blew it i don't know if you saw that new segment or not when they were showing the riots they were showing the riots in moscow where all three. breaking up shop windows and there was complete chaos ther

the soviet union and communism, and things that emanated from it.he intelligence community, the counterintelligence community with all focus on communism. so as the conservative movement grew into the '60s and '70s, continually communism was the focus. as i mentioned, there were the other strands of it. the libertarians, the economic conservatives, some of whom were rather critical of the anti-communist because they felt that it meant that of which is to increase the size of government. but nevertheless, they were second strings, if you will. hayek, contemporary of chambers and russell kirk as well, we were represented the other two strands of it. but until the '70s probably, communism was the dominant thing. something i have wondered about was when ronald reagan was elected, whether as you look at the history of the conservative movement, anti-communism became much less of a deal. and i wonder if with ronald reagan the people who were anti-communist don't deny this anti-communist in charge who was the commander in chief and they felt comfortable en

and the soviet union. first of all, it is slightly overdone. anyone who lived through october 1962 knows how close we came within hours of a nuclear war between the u.s. and the soviet union. so this one example how we can limit this indefinitely shows kissinger talked about this, how instable it is. once the soviet has 10,000 weapons and the u.s. also does there is no alternative. we're now in a situation where iran has none. we can avoid that. avoid a cuban missile crisis. it should be at a higher level if iran gets nuclear weapons. why would we choose to have a world with iran to poe cease these weapons a country that declares its intention to annihilate a member of the u.n. notice our opponents said nothing about the issue of hyper proliferation. they keep referring to this single example, the stable bilateral deterrence. what will happen in the middle east as everybody understands, if you get all of these countries small, but some hoff them rich, some tech technologically advance. then we go from nucl

the soviet union and communism and things that emanated from it. the intelligence community, the counterintelligence community was focused on communism. as the conservative movement grew into the 60s and 70s continually communism was the focus. as i mentioned there were other strands of it, the libertarians are economic conservatives, some of whom were critical of the anti communists because they thought it meant it would increase the size of government but nevertheless they were second stringers if you will. haty hatyek, contemporaries of chambers and russell kirk, one represented the other two strands but until the 70s probably communism was the dominant thing. something i have wondered about is when ronald reagan was elected, as you look at the history of the conservative movement anti communism became less of a deal and with ronald reagan the people who were anti-communist felt they had an anticommunist in charge who was commander in chief and felt comfortable letting him fight communism so they didn't need to put the same amount of emphasis in

and then the soviet union acquired a nuclear weapon. and there were many people who felt, many soors people that this was an absolute calamity and that the only recourse the united states had was a preemptive war against russia against the soviet union. this was a position not held by wacky war montgomeriers d morningers. the cool unsentimental british diplomat argued in favor of that. but a man like dwight eisenhower understood that roll back, a strategy of preemptive war, would have huge costs and under go huge consequences. so he opted instead for a strategy called deterrence and containment. keep the soviet union in a box, put pressure on them so that they find it difficult to operate, and maintain the deterrence that says if you try to do something you yourself will be inhileyated. now remember the soviet union at the time was regarded as a wild crazy revolutionary power. remember that stalin had just sacrificed tens of millions of his people in world war ii in the eastern front something that was unfathomable. they were routinely

well we see now with more and more facts revealed evolve saakashvili that you can break with your soviet boss you can actually destroy three hundred georgian history that sort of connected you could ukraine it is well yeah you can destroy all your pasta and still be all storytelling i would add russia not playing the role under the putin government not just of course he's only one person but the entire russian government that has emerged over the last ten years they're not playing the role that was assigned to them they were supposed to surrender their sovereignty their independence become an appendage to europe in the west and this was supposed to form a a euro siberia at block which would help rise the counter of china they know they only have ten to fifteen years before they can't interfere as much as they could in the world russia hasn't played that game they've they've they've maintained a semblance not complete and then over and so you've been demonized for doing and then i think. version over it is not only bad for russia ben falloon states because well let's see chain of disappoi

those are examples with perot soviet operatives tilted policy within the communist interest.confirmed over everything i have seen since that contributed to a morose temper and pessimistic with good reason. he is cassandra and not from the 40's but 1939 nothing was done. that was ignored at the timeu nobody wanted to hear such things but he then ran into greater efforts for when the case surfaced this made himñ extremely pessimistic with the sense of doom in the final chapters that was personal as a suicide attempt and fortunately did not succeed. he thought it was the freeññ world because the government knew very well what was going on. he was right but he himself was in considerable peril right before the house committee that the said-- said in private but the fbi knew 1945 not only that but going before the house committee august 16, 1948 with the various white house aides' plans were made to indict chambers. but not hiss that persisted through the wall of the end of 1948. writing a cold war history in 10 minutes is difficult.Ñ hiss was far more important than he wou

union because the soviet union cost russia a law school and i do disagree it would be for the previous speaker because i didn't find anything new in that statement i don't think it was their fall back into cold war because i've heard such statements in the ninety's. which is true basically it's an official the same official position of the united states well what does it come from demon i mean is it because it's because russia is a threat to or citizens get in line arms from a very simplified version of reality and the simplified version of reality leads to a lot of mistakes for years the united states has been sinking thinking that the source of authoritarianism in all the post sort of country is they are so good legacy take the old people wait you know take the old soviet officials said wait replace them with a new lead. you're going to have a democracy well we see now with more and more facts revealed about saakashvili that you can break with your soviet boss you can actually destroy three hundred georgian history that sort of connected you could ukraine it is well yeah you can dest

century spassky tower was the first to bear the team who had eight eagle emblem of russia during soviet times they were all with when the five point eight stores. but the towers true jam as its chimes its clock face has a six meters diameter the rim numerals and clock hands are all gold plated a total of twenty eight kilograms of gold is needed just to coat them. inside this basket tower right now we're going to meet a true tower wizard she can those are of knows all about how to keep titans tower oh sissoko. so good to meet you so one thirty clock appear in the tower begich essential items we see today have been here since they seem fifty two. clocks appeared on the spot sky tower during the time of zalmai heil romanov let me tell you more about them at the top of all that i'm following you. to reach the clock one has to climb nine floors of spiral stairs. hear the clock your stern steadily waking every fifteen minutes to signal the bells to strike every quarter hour for one big hit on the hours and. fifty killed you know the purpose of the bells ringing previously when few people had

i call him has been here since the sixteenth century but disappeared during the soviet era it was only a year ago that restores discovered the icon under a layer of plaster while examining the may story almost thanks to them it was saved . in the name of the father. the son. and the holy spirit. is busking the gate was open for passage until the late ninety's but most are transported to and from the kremlin disturbed tourists walking along and the kremlin walls and with the new millennium came the decision to close the gate. now opened only on special occasions during the ninth of may fixture a day parade for example or on inauguration day to receive the presidential motorcade. the only other visitor to pass through the gate is a giant christmas tree put up earlier celebrations. could you lead me through those gates no but we can enter the kremlin through the private entrance a secret entrance for a closed circle is just around the corner. is very easy to get inside the kremlin together with you as for me i've always wanted to get to the kremlin clock and especially to the bells what w

secretary of state hillary clinton warned about the research he does ation of russia and the post soviet space i want to go through all three of you your reaction to that. here if there was a. signature of state recruited because of domestic political reasons it was actually a coalition of ministration and obama had to do it due to situation democratic party. and i must see she was very much disciplined secretary of state she basically fulfilled the policy formulated in the white house but now you know cheering on the fact that qaddafi was murdered when we came he died. that's that was actually a position of many in the states. probably along i think you are the last and so but but in the russian issue of. the reset wasn't he were equally into this idea bob she was going off to work on that as obama wanted but no since she leaves office ship would say what she really believed and i was not at all surprised because the hillary clinton comes from ninety nine two years as a politician and at that time that was actually the main goal so we see that they were views are very consistent but you

the following year they went to the soviet union and poland. in moscow, dick confronted nikita khrushchev in an exhibition of american consumer goods. pat once again had her own agenda of visiting orphanages and hospitals. he might have gotten more headlines, but pat's interaction with soviet women and children also made a lasting impression. she actually, there were all kinds of pictures offer happening out candy and bubble gum to the soviet children that made it into "life" magazine. perhaps more importantly, her pointed questions to nikita khrushchev about his wife's absence from the festivities led to mrs. khrushchev as well as the wives of other soviet officials suddenly appearing at the events during the rest of the visit. she told one reporter that she thought it helped to have a woman along on a dip romatic mission. they can -- diplomatic mission. she was overwhelmed by the outpouring of cheers that greeted the nixons as they traveled through the streets of poland. pat, who was not easily rattled, had to fight back tears according to on

be sure, my chambers, none of us had been a stalinist, let alone a soviet agent. you had once been trotskyism, if you had been liberals, and if you, myself and my sense included, had been associated with the new left. nevertheless, we were all scarcely less passionate and our anti communism bedchambers himself. we to saw communism has an absolute evil, fully comparable to nazism, but even more dangerous because of its far greater appeal to many more people than nazism had ever exerted. accordingly, we felt and took upon ourselves a moral obligation to fight with all our intellectual might against communism for the world of ideas and against its men detested spread through the military power of the soviet union, its main incarnation in the world of large. so far. but we part company with chambers when it came to the force, the only force capable of holding the spread of soviet power and in this correlative way, to help strangle the ideological court served by that power. i'm going to quote again what has been quoted several times. jameson's famous remark to his wif