soviet relationship. but it opens up the possibility ,or the soviets and khrushchev he sees it as a source of opportunity. the other is a soviet achievement, sputnik. the changes the nature of these strategic relationship between u.s. and the soviet union. mentioned, once the american homeland gets threatened, it raises questions about the extent to which extended deterrence israel. put newricans actually york at risk for the sake of paris? that happens because of sputnik. you have these two destabilizing events that are happening in the 1950's. it is that world that khrushchev and kennedy are seeking to manage. approach -- khrushchev's approach that world is not what america anticipated. nuclear dangerh about that statesmanship involves reducing the threat of nuclear war, that as we see with khrushchev, he is all about disruption. he is interested in crisis. it is why he is interested in crisis that i think is the essence of understanding his 1961,or, not simply in but in 1962. let me talk to about a sum

and soviet nuclear weapons. it was a history-making step toward reducing the nuclear arms of both sides. but it was just a beginning. now, in geneva, the soviet and american representatives are discussing a 50% reduction in strategic nuclear weapons. perhaps we can have a treaty ready to sign by the spring. the world prays that we will. we, on the american side, are determined to try. you see, we have a vision of the world safe from the threat of nuclear war, and indeed, all war. such a world with have far fewer missiles and other weapons. today, both america and the soviet union have an opportunity to develop a defensive shield against ballistic missiles. a defensive shield that will threaten no one. for the sake of a safer pieceac, i am committed to pursuing the possibility that technology offers. the general secretary and i also anticipate continuing our talks about other issues of deep concern to our peoples. for example, the expansion of contact between our peoples and more information flowing across our bo

most emulated and more hostile to the soviet union. then comes the cold war and the situation changes. where would we put the start of the war? the discussion is there. but it is interesting that, at the center of the cold war from its start, it's very beginning is what at that point was known as eastern europe. and it is eastern europe where the fact go, the soviet fear of domination, dominance, for whatever it is, is recognized. and also in central europe, with the cold war and's, where it goes to the centrality of eastern europe or a central .urope now is the redefinition of what eastern europe is. this emergence of -- we see a lot of history repeating itself. let me elaborate on that in terms of repeating, history repeating itself, and then point to differences that we have today. the first is between stalin and poutin. anothert see soviet/russian leader that would accumulate as much influence and quite independent from institutions and bodies like politburo or whatever. it is someone who can really make decisions on his own with v

he was willing to accept soviet domination in eastern europe. in addition to this political strategy, fdr, who possessed enormous self-confidence, acted on his hunch that stalin suffered an inferiority complex. roosevelt tried to play up to the russians' pride and fear of humiliation. quite different was harry truman. only days after he became president, a barbarian invasion of europe europe that set off alarm bells for truman, who like reading history, and had read a lot about genghis khan. truman already regarded the russians semi-asiatic. truman, who was anxious to show he was man enough to be president replied he was not afraid of the russians, nor of anyone else. such emotional reactions and associations alone did not compel truman to talk tough. these kinds of reactions probably influenced the president's behavior in the short and long run. truman viewed the russians as inferior to americans because, racially, they were a mix of tartars, mongols, and slavs, as he put it. culturally, the russians were from the wrong side of the tracks. emot

i'm speaking to you, the peoples of the soviet union, on the occasion of the new year. i know that in the soviet union as it is all around the world this is a season of hope and expectation. a time for family to gather, a time for prayer, a time to think about peace. that's true in america too. at this time of year, americans travel across the country in their cars or by airplane to be

the first is to orchestrate the final defeat of germany was soviet participation and to have soviet participationbut the sad thing that people overlook is the extent that was front and center. they consider germany as an aggressor with the franco-prussian war so there was the exit long -- a perception in the world that peace was incompatible with the notion of a strong and united germany. so one of the major discussion points that breaking germany into five or seven states and what is fascinating when they arrive in the conference begin roosevelt is the only had a state and then he will chair the session start by talking about the occupation zones and the question is what france will do but stalin is very upset. and what about the reparations? you have to understand that the soviets wanted our cooperation and relationship they are scared with well over 20 million dead in the second world war. as we can interpret soviet behavior they are obsessed with security is the critical issue so roosevelt is talking over the fact it looks as if germany will not be dismembered so we don't have time to get int

invasion in response the soviets send fifty thousand troops to have. city book club lose in augusta unique more. mean everybody. will again artery. in one thousand nine hundred sixty two the cuban missile crisis threatens nuclear war president kennedy installs missiles and you and the soviet secretly deploy nuclear warheads to cuba the cia discovers the messiah was after thirteen days of escalation and u.s. assurances that it won't invade cuba the soviets removed the missiles. co-chair some men there monday looking young if you are up at three seventy seen. f e l n a from the hash. to our guest will give a high. if it is a classroom of three mile is not the only of us that there are men phoneme is who you darya for the player the new version of. the missile crisis really reveals a lot about their relationship fidel the ever the pragmatist came around to recognizing that there was no fight to be won with the soviet union. che guevara. never really swallowed the impact of that event and this is what begins to drive something of a wedge between them polit

a soviet shrine to the russian revolutionary.re, there is a quotation that says, "the october revolution opened a new era in world history." and the signature? lenin. but communism did more than cast statues of him. it preserved his body, and put it on display. "lenin is more alive than the living," declared one soviet slogan. but they had to create a whole scientific institute to maintain the corpse. over the years, it has replaced some of lenin's skin and flesh with plastics and other material. his mausoleum on red square was a place of pilgrimage in the ussr. vladimir lenin quite literally cult viewing. vladimir lenin hadn't wanted this. before his death he expressed a wish to be buried alongside his mother in st petersburg. but it is one of the ironies of russia's revolution, that the man who led it, who waged war on the church, who once said that there can be nothing more abominable than religion — that this man, lenin, ended up the closest thing communists had to god — put on display here in the mausoleum and deified like a

for the soviets this is the last straw. chairman of the council of the ministers invites himself to have. when castro is paid a visit from those agents shortly after the lancet has been in america and heard from johnson just exactly what america knows about guitars operation an hour on average they are with it he becomes equally unhappy and tells fidel in a few words to hold back to not continue to support give ours operation in bolivia rude. jokes. shown in cultural economic talking. about a sheet of. no promotional two point zero. cino portal can only come in repetition. so if the airless with alpha still had all that lower also when i had a. little falling out on this item a single bullet cluster i want to say once it has a different future cluster once it is country che wanted international revolution for a long time those terra will object to use to sit alongside one another and drive each other forward but there came a point when obviously they no longer did that and at that point the relationship and their political

you can see the soviet flag, the u.s. flag. and then this very interesting, quite beautiful, it is evocative of turning your swords into plowshares. what was once a weapon is now a beautiful piece of art. this is all happening between the u.s. and russia as far as arms control systems. but berlin, , germany is still a divided , city. people are quite angry about that. >> indeed, they were. in 1961, almost overnight, a physical wall divided berlin. this presented a challenge for the united states. retained a diplomatic presence with west germany. you can only have one ambassador in a country so we had the u.s. minister sent specifically to west berlin to cover the national interest and protect american citizens over there. very quickly, much to everyone's surprise, in 1989, that wall literally started to come down. katie, do you went to speak more about that particular minister? he played a crucial role in that. katie: the night of november 9, 1989, the u.s. minister to berlin, harry gilmore, is what was called the allied chairm

while cheney distances himself from the soviets castro travels to the u.s.s.r. for the first time in the spring of may nine hundred sixty three fidel is awarded the title of hero of the soviet union his visit will last forty days military and economic bonds between the two countries are strong from. dallas to give odds as young among dani alves or there's a. deal she did get to the us a little in the year i think you'll see. in cuba che guevara criticizes the economic path the u.s.s.r. has chosen according to him cuba needs to follow its own path his stand is a threat to the economic agreements between the two countries the leader of the cuban revolution disapproves of the argentinian strategy castro take steps to reassign l.j. in one thousand nine hundred sixty four fidel appoints him ambassador of the revolution to keep him away from cuba. legit dunking the bastard and go feed then it done better nash keep buckwild on but only. for del now uses al ching to deal with the foreign affairs of cuba overseas give our is now in charge of advocating the cuban line. bu

assurances that it won't invade cuba the soviets removed the missiles. cochair some men then one day looking young if you then are up at three seventy seen. f e l on a from the irish. to our guest hall give a high you know. three mile is not the plan has in lieu of us left there when the clearly phoneme is have you. done the pledge as the new version of. the missile crisis really reveals a lot about their relationship. ever the pragmatist came around to recognizing that there was no fight to be won with the soviet union. che guevara. never really swallowed the impact of that event and this is what begins to drive something of a wedge between them politically. while cheney distances himself from the soviets castro travels to the u.s.s.r. for the first time in the spring of maine nine hundred sixty three fidel is awarded the title of hero of the soviet union his visit will last forty days military and economic bonds between the two countries are strong from. dallas to give our does young animal dani alves so there's a. deal she did guest who thought they a

the reality of soviet power is there.ask yourself if you think it's a serious question to say, for example, to invade north korea tomorrow morning, i mean, great powers just can't often attack one another because they disagree over certain issues. of this is the reality they were facing in the fall, 1944. churchill is desperately trying to carve out particularly increase prior to the actual british intervention. this gives you a sense of the kind of horsetrading that goes on underneath the surface. poland is not appear because poland is the big problem particularly for the british. remember, britain went to war over poland. we forget that. if hitler wanted one word a time and he did not want world war ii prick the british declared war in germany and in a sense technically started world war ii over poland, so for churchill poland is a tremendous problem. there's the whole issue of the notion that they went to war to defend the nation. it's a political problem for him because it would be in pub-- it would be unpopular if he

soviet leaders came and went at coalminers were always referred to as the heroes of the soviet union.on of coal was mined here in 1937 as part ofjoseph stalin's brutal push to modernise the russian economy. the first miners were labour camp prisoners but as the decade progressed, ordinary workers were attracted to the far east because they could double their salaries and get an apartment for theirfamilies. it's hard to imagine this ghost town was once a thriving place. the fall of communism and the economic crisis that engulfed the whole country reduced demand for kadykchan‘s coal and as soon as the mine got into trouble, everyone suffered. in the end, it was an accident which dealt the final blow. on the 15th of november, 1996 a methane explosion ripped through one of the mines just as the morning shift was coming to an end. as their world came crumbling down, everyone scrambled to sell up and leave. from one end of russia to the other, life in moscow couldn't be any more different. the government has acknowledged the vulnerability of single industry towns. it has identified 319 at r

the soviet invasion on august 8. nagasaki was august 9. victory in japan was a month later, september 2. you are talking about the b-29 on its way to japan to drop the bomb and there was cloud cover over the city and they moved on to hiroshima? >> that's incorrect. hiroshima was the primary target. the second bomb, nagasaki was not the primary target. >> what would have happened if there hadn't been cloud cover? who would have gotten it? you caught me by surprise, i would have to look it up. the important reason -- has there been much talk in history about the fact that the city wasn't bombed just because -- >> oh, sure. and people on the ground, hundreds of thousands of people on the ground in that city to had no idea the cloud cover save their lives. august psyche was the second target. -- nagasaki was the second target. there was a tremendous amount of debate about which city should have been the target in the first place. amazingly, one of the reasons hiroshima was chosen was because we hadn't done anything to it yet. >> march 9, 1945,

the soviet invasion on august 8. nagasaki was august 9.tory in japan was a month later, september 2. b-29re talking about the on its way to japan to drop the bomb and there was cloud cover over the city and they moved on to hiroshima? >> that's incorrect. hiroshima was the primary target. the second bomb, nagasaki was not the primary target. >> what would have happened if there hadn't been cloud cover? who would have gotten it? >> you cut me by surprise, i would have to look it up. hasimportant reason -- there been much talk in history about the fact that the city wasn't bombed just because -- >> oh, sure. and people on the ground, hundreds of thousands of people on the ground in that city to had no idea the cloud cover save their lives. august psyche was the second target. -- nagasaki was the second target. there was a tremendous amount of debate about which city should have been the target in the first place. amazingly, one of the reasons hiroshima was chartere chosen ws because we hadn't done anything to it yet. >> march 9, 1945, we kil

even the soviets rerespected him. even though. they were used to negotiating with him. >> they were comfortable with him. . this is the man, atly. >> fls. they're very surprised. >> the soviets in particular. >> it puts a sort of -- it changes the mood of the conference in a dark way. soon after, the conference ends without any of that the president. would occur. >>. what happened august 2 pt. where did he go? >> he goes and needs the king of england. the king of ention land. the king's daughter who become, of course, the quee. question. . so thrare sitting around. ed a mir ral william lay me. in a >>. another. hold it right there. 12 seconds of william lahey? >> really. >> it is pleasing to be again a part of the national defense. and this evidence of the president's knchts in me. is a lie honor, indeed. >> continue. what was his impact? >> so they're seat sitting at this launch. >> and. . he's been in the military his who whole live. . he's saying that the bottom exist whithe into the point where hi dead. after pop dam i'm moom

this is what makes it different from the soviet regimes. we make a mistake if we still think of north korea as a communist regime. they modified their constitution in the early 2000's to remove all references of communism. this is not a state interested in developing its people. it is interested in keeping them under developed. a people that is trying to meet their own subsistence will not be a threat to the regime. they are too busy with their own survival. >> we occasionally see these dramatic bids for escape, most recently a soldier from north korea that crossed the lines. our policy is based on the fact that we presume that all north koreans wish for a better life and for some semblance of a democratic process -- is that the case? >> i'm not sure that is. if you would ask north koreans, they would see the 1960's and the 1970's under kim il-sung as a golden era. what they would prefer is to go back to that rather than life in the west. >> what is the golden era? >> they had economically secure lives. north korea had a robust ration syste

the soviets alone. that is one of the reasons the soviets made so many demands.hey had lost so much blood. 25 million from one country. truman made this announcement. it's next-door very moment. even the drama leading up to this announcement. the secretary of state, an official comes and handsome the document. he races to the white house, gives it to truman, truman calls the press in, or truman's press secretary does. :01 p.m. he makes this announcement. his wife is in the room. people go nuts. he goes outside. gather --0 people 75,000 people gather outside the white house chanting "we want harry." he makes the v for victory symbol. people chamfer him to come out again. he comes out of nowhere. of course, after this, everything goes wrong. the people you researched, who would be another person you could write a book on? a.j.: curtis lemay. brian: why? think curtis lemay -- he is the architect of these firebombings of cities that kill all of the civilians, and he to me faces, in a way, how do i say this? he embodies the struggle between good and evil more than any

programme she felt communism was never given a chance to develop in the soviet union and therefore didn't actually fail but the story whipped up a storm of debate over how universities are luring students to the left with one professor repeatedly quoted saying she's downplaying the crimes of stalin well we spoke to her also. i think it's completely hypocritical and very typical of academics like him to kind of passionately you know talk about the deaths under the save even but i think this is you know very much selective outrage the media in general obviously don't paint marxism or socialism or really any kind of left wing politics in a positive light and that's because obviously in you know the media is owned by some group of people in the media is owned by a billionaire. have certain interests they want to protect i think people can think for themselves and i wouldn't take their headlines general opinion of the british population it's not surprising the story was seized upon it seems red alerts are bringing well flashing in the british media more as of late much was made of the prime mi

the rooms in the academy a highly reminiscent of the soviet era. the veteran legal expert doesn't think the primary reason behind the exploitation is a legal one he's as it's down to a fundamental problem of society. there is a kind of psychological provocation at work here you see pictures of happy rich people all over the television and internet they're sitting on their yachts drinking champagne. that image appeals to us young makes us envious. c.-a not a minute to do but yet look at all wants to have an affluent and comfortable lifestyle. but in practice most of us constitute that by legal means to live the options for you it was more that's why many people look for other options criminal options. human trafficking is a big part of that criminality even. he. also told us that expectations have. be realistic that there will forces in the country working against reforms that's why changes to the law he said would take a long time. and this is another side to douglas term green and for thailand geographically and topographically a world away from t

>> you mentioned earlier the soviet union. many cases of democratization, including soviet union had frustrater that precipitated the , meeting of the security councl i'm happy to welcome the new members -- we look forward to their participation in the work of the council. their experience and wisdom will with invaluable assistance

a recognition of what the soviet empire is about is the starting point. winston churchill, in negotiating with the soviets, observed that they respect only strength and resolve in their dealings with other nations. that's why we've moved to reconstruct our national defenses. we intend to keep the peace. we will also keep our freedom. [applause] we have made pledges of a new frankness in our public statements and worldwide broadcasts. in the face of a climate of falsehood and misinformation, we've promised the world a season of truth, the truth of our great civilized ideas: individual liberty, representative government, the rule of law under god. we've never needed walls or minefields or barbed wire to keep our people in. nor do we declare martial law to keep our people from voting for the kind of government they want. yes, we have our problems. yes, we're in a time of recession. and it's true, there's no quick fix, as i said, to instantly end the tragic pain of unemployment. but we will end it. the process has already begun, and we'll see its effect as th

in the soviet union from our attacks? and i go into this in more detail but the bottom line is the questions came back very fast. no apology, noembarrassment . here's the answer. 600 million. 350, 325 million in effect, figuring in the us and china alone. but another 325 million. 120 million in eastern europe , the satellite nations. another hundred million in west europe which are our allies from fallout, radioactive fallout from our strikes in eastern europe, depending on the wind. with no warheads of hours falling there at all. another hundred million in areas contiguous to the ussr and china, neutrals like austria, finland . and afghanistan, actually. from fault, not from warheads. india, and so forth. a total of 600. over 100 holocausts. and i looked at that and thought this machine, this system that we have did not exist. this piece of paper, i'm asking what would happen hypothetically and what the consequences would be of their carrying out their operational plan, this here in the berlin crisis. the next year in cu

for the former soviet citizens moscow is their city it doesn't feel like a foreign country to them. russia. in the u.s.s.r. you just have one passport until regardless of what ethnic group you belong to or the knowledge that she just knew everyone was the same one he's the attack these days you're always told. we only employ our own citizens. the governor sheena said similar in kyrgyzstan's it's like that everywhere people don't like us. but it's. more than twenty million people live in greater moscow the tough reality is tangible in order to regulate the labor market and migration an extra hurdle has been created for foreigners employers have to pay eight hundred euros in fees for every guest worker as a result migrants are now no longer officially employed the illegal job market is flourishing and with the exploitation the migrants are vulnerable because they're desperate to earn money. yet. it's no secret that a single migrant working here in russia can take care of up to three families back home. i knew i had to do with my ph d. by the money that. they need every cent anuradha t

programme she felt communism was never given a chance to develop in the soviet union and so didn't i she failed the story whipped up a storm of debate over how universities all you're in students to the left one repeatedly quoted professor says he's downplaying the crimes of stalin well r.t. spoke to her about the media storm. kit's completely hypocritical and very typical of academics like him to kind of passionately talk about the deaths under the savior but i think this is very much selective outrage the media in general obviously don't paint marxism or socialism or really any kind of left wing politics in a positive light and that's because obviously in you know the media is owned by a certain group of people in the media is owned by a billionaire class have certain interests they want to protect i think people can think for themselves and i wouldn't take their headlines general opinion or the british book. and it seems red alerts have been flashing a few times recently in the british media much was made of the prime minister wearing a bracelet featuring frida kahlo a communist k

american andof the soviet rivalry is argued. the threat of atomic warfare, diplomacy by ultimatum. >> the soviet will overtake america and then wave bye bye. both khrushchev and nixon appeared to enjoy themselves. >> all i can say from the way you talk and dominate the conversation, you would have made a good lawyer yourself. -- ut the culmination >> all of these reporters here, every word you have said has been taken down, and i promise you that every word have said will be reported in the united states and they will see you say .t on television >> [inaudible] will.tainly it [laughter] token,the same everything that i say will be recorded and translated and will be carried all over the soviet union. >> one of those diplomats involved in this event of touring khrushchev and nixon through this exhibition was a foreign service officer. america. for voice of he had excellent russian language skills and even had the opportunity to provide impromptu got lost.n this is a huge event. allison mentioned, on the flight back, they inaugura

this is what makes it different from the soviet regimes. to make a mistake if we still think of north korea as a communist regime. they modified their constitution in the early 2000's to remove all references of communism. this is not a state interested in developing its people. it is interested in keeping them on developed. -- in keeping them under developed. a people that is trying to meet their own subsistence will not be a threat to the regime. >> we occasionally see these dramatic bids for a state, most recently a soldier from north korea that crossed the lines. our policy is based on the fact that we assume the north koreans wish for a better life and for some supplements -- for some semblance of a democratic process -- is that the case? >> i'm not sure that is. if you would ask north koreans, they would see the 1960's and the 1970's under kim il-sung as a golden era. they would prefer to go back to that rather than life in the west >>. >> what is the golden era? they had economically secure lives. north korea had a robust ration syst

this makes them different from the soviet regimes. constitution their to remove all references of coming i communism. this state is interested in keeping their people underdeveloped. they are too busy with their own survival. >> we occasionally see these -- the folder that cross the line recently. our policy is based on the fact that we presume all the north koreans wish for a better life and some semblance of a democratic process. >> i'm not sure that is the case. if you were to ask a lot of north koreans, they would see the 1960's and 1970's as the golden era for north korea. they would prefer to go back to that rather than life in the west. -- they hadra is economically secure lives. north korea had a robust ration system. they were developing the nation fairly quickly. the north koreans lived in apartments with heat. their lives were fairly good. there's an ideological element to it. that many koreans north korean defectors who come to the south find their lives empty. profit, which they are taught to disparage. korea, it's about

need to of the present might change that you know one parallel i would draw at the soviet union first human to parallels i think one is this intention by the soviet union to centrally mandate policies rather than lead the regions to develop at their own pace and the second one would be the very linear view of history in progress that you only go from certain point to the next point without allowing a country society to make its own mistakes isn't it helpful ultimately for the democratic process for poland for hungry for russia for ukraine for anyone else to make its own mistakes and to strengthen that democratic motherland there is a limit there is a little a limit to the because. something that is really important for us is not to be only a common market but as we said to be a community of values you mind to me cured on mr bird even if you. steadily and permanently contradict the common values you create a problem absolutely you create a problem also. on the outside fronts because we needed to be perceived as the community of the that is something that we are very affectionate to the

he called the soviet union evil empire. it was the best data we had in prison when we read in the soviet newspaper that the american president called the soviet union and evil empire. so i don't know much about his previous life. and other aspects of his presidency. but his integrity and approach .o traditional relations >> now the wailing wall. now for something simple. jewish agency for those who after has special method of connecting israel with jewish communities and three and a half million jews came to israel from all over the world. through a jewish agency. when i came to the jewish agency i made a shift which was made long ago in the jewish world but to institutions are always changing. i made a shift from making a special emphasis to building of bridges between jewish communities. very good and important things that we are doing. became especially -- we are the only our board of governors is the only form that i know where representatives of the government representatives of the opposition and the leaders of jewish

we recognize that the soviet military threat in europe is diminishing, but we see little change in soviet strategic modernization. therefore, we must sustain our own strategic offense modernization and the strategic defense initiative. but the time is right to move forward on a conventional arms control agreement to move us to more appropriate levels of military forces in europe, a coherent defense program that ensures the u.s. will continue to be a catalyst for peaceful change in europe. and i've consulted with leaders of nato. in fact, i spoke by phone with president gorbachev just today. i agree with our european allies that an american military presence in europe is essential and that it should not be tied solely to the soviet military presence in eastern europe. but our troop levels can still be lower. and so, tonight,i am announcing a major new step for a further reduction in u.s. and soviet manpower in central and eastern europe to 195,000 on each side. this level reflects the advice of our senior military advisers. it's designed to protect american and european interests and susta