-soviet relationship. but it opens up the possibility for the soviets and khrushchev to -- khrushchev sees it as a source of opportunity. the other is a soviet achievement. that changes the nature of the strategic relationship between the united states and the soviet union. as frank mentioned, once the american homeland gets threatened, that raises questions about the extent to which extended deterrence is real. real americans, as frank said, real americans actually put new york at risk for the sake of paris. that happens because of spudnick. you have these two destabilizing events that are happening in the '50s. it's that world that khrushchev and kennedy are seeking to manage. now, khrushchev's approach to that world is not what americans anticipated. the sense kennedy has coming into office is that there is so much nuclear danger about, that wise statesmanship involves reducing the threat of nuclear war. as we see with khrushchev, khrushchev is all about disruption. he is a disruptor. he is interested i

-soviet relations. this actually goes back to what is the history of the cold war, which is the soviet army occupying eastern europe. if you could start to get the forces start to leave eastern europe, that might also affect the politics. it also aligns the united states closely with germany, but it had the benefit of being a real cost reduction for the soviet union as well. and the other little benefit of this that takes place is it clearly establishes bush as the alliance leader. margaret thatcher did not really like this proposal. there was some conflict over bush had to make a decision over thatcher's preference. so you can compare with administrations, but within the first four or five months, you bold,xtremely unconventional initiatives that change the focus of the alliance. on the other hand, i was involved in the central american negotiations, which baker starts in february. so it is the first month, and this was also a way of testing soviet seriousness, whether it would be inconceivable that yo

he doesn't go quite to that extent with the soviets. but there is a similar desire in what he thinks of rooseveltian terms to meet with the other side, to sit down, as he said, and talk things through man to man and that phrase turns up time and again, the perception that the elites are the effete, femme recognized individuals and these are the -- nixon meets with the soviet counterpart more times in his relatively short presidency than throughout the interdecade before. kennedy and johnson, each have one meeting with the soviet counterpart. nixon has three. his meetings are more extensive, much more focused upon personal interrelations, much more secretive also, emphasis on making these relationships nimble, and an emphasis, and this is very important, upon negotiation. and, again, in what nixon sees as rooseveltian terms, that everything is negotiable. and that you can make tradeoffs, kissinger gives this the fancy terminology linkage. everybody studying negotiating recognizes this is the horse trading that goes on in any serious nego

anti-soviet.ut he said that i'm prepared to be an ally with the demon as long as we fight the germans. >> we will continue hand in hand like comrades and brothers until every vest and of the nazi regime has been beaten into the ground. >> we had no idea that it would tang us 1,418 days. >> with the soviet union on the brink of defeat, the u.s. joins war and american men and women war and american men and women start delivering air but i'm not standing still... and with godaddy, i've made my ideas real. ♪ ♪ i made my own way, now it's time to make yours. ♪ ♪ everything is working, working, just like it should ♪ >>> when bar bahrossa begins, when's the response in the united states? >> the president was very interested in keeping russia in the war. >> retired major general alison was in war torn london. how did you end up going to russia? >> the president sent mr. hopkins to moscow and took myself with him. >> harry hopkins was president eisenhow eisenhower's closest adviser. he secretly flew to rus

people from every soviet republic came to vacation in crimea the peninsula was part of the soviet union whether it was russian or ukrainian was of no interest it just didn't matter. for many people here the fact that the soviet union ultimately collapsed on the divergence of its constituent parts is an accident of history a painful failure. thinkers shorn the genesis of a soviet people one that was no longer split up into separate nationalities but had something of a common identity was a concept repeated like a mantra in the soviet union for many years and i think that idea certainly existed to an extent and is definitely still present in many people's minds today if you want. the future is shaped by the past and in that sense to most inhabitants of crimea russia feels closer than ukraine. if a kurdish lots are once experts of international law tell us that russia annexed crimea the whole thing the demographic picture shows us that roughly sixty percent of its population is russian it's just under twenty five percent ukrainian and twelve percent crimean toss and that the official resul

soviet relations. drawing on new material from american russian, german and other europe archives and traces dawn desperate efforts to frustrate the u.s. by the prod to divide germany and called it a fresh perpghtive on marshal plan and washington post said at his best when describing agencies and policies that oversaw and executed marshal plan he writes el gengtly explaining complicated mechanisms ewe used to fuel and fellow director economics at counsel on foreign relations. please help me welcome him to politics and pros. [applause] thank you very much liz this is a great washington politician thanks to all to you for coming out on windy weekend afternoon when i decided -- i wanted to write my own book on the plan of course had been done a few times before but thing that intrigued me most was endless desire with to repeat and past five years alone we've had calls for marshal plans in u ukraine and greece and southern europe and north africa and gaza most recently in syria but old o original one neve

in the united states and in the soviet union.o sides were going to get into a nuclear war. >> the temper of the world is crisis. architect of the crisis, nikita khrushchev. >> as the head of the soviet union, khrushchev was very ideological. he believed that the future belonged to communism. he said, america needs to be contained, and the only way to do it is to create crises all around the american empire. >> khrushchev came to the u.n. in 1960, and he said, we are grinding out missiles like sausages. we will bury you. and americans took it seriously. >> the toughness of the khrushchev speech did as some propaganda fuels of the fire that is now raging diplomatically between moscow and washington. >> to see if the soviets were building nuclear weapons, more importantly, missiles to launch them at the united states. we were flying a spy plane over the soviet union called a u-2. >> i'm bill fox. state cable editor for the united press international in new york. a single engine u.s. air force plane with one man aboard went missing t

soviet union. that the stuff is still thought the i wouldn't say that khrushchev made a gift of the peninsula that various explanations are offered him. the official reason in one nine hundred fifty four was that with electricity water and traffic routes in mind crimea was only accessible through the ukrainian soviet republic. yes officer that was the official reason but there is another explanation in one nine hundred fifty four crushed rope was one of the less probable candidates to replace stalin as the country's leader i'm responding had died in march of one thousand fifty three and he was initially uncertain who is successor would be the next often there's an aha got on tape on top of the suspicion is that khrushchev transferred crimea to ukraine in order to secure the support of the ukrainian party elite pushed its own. elite. after russia conquered and annexed crimea in the late eighteenth century than insula became an underwriter for archaeologists the wealth and diversity of the relics unc

that is the cooperative arrangement that we made with the soviet union at 1945 where an end the soviets had undermined a of them and they've committed economically but they were not doing anything of the sort so they said that it was at an end. while they were in moscow, the president was delivering his famous doctrine speech into things that were worth highlighting about the speech, he famously pledges to the countries facing aggressive movements that seek to impose upon them totalitarian regimes. but he emphasizes that it is economic and financial aid e tht is essential to the stabilization in the political processes. so, now he's beginning to foreshadow what would become the new marshall plan at this emphasis on the system, so the idea behind this is that we needed some way to counter the soviet conventional military force dominance in europe. at the end of world war ii there were over 3 million american troops in europe and president truman was determined to carry out the pledge to withdraw troops within two years. the question of the military was wrestling with how would he do s an

. >> she was no stranger to soviet jengs. her father was an intelligence officer and her stepfather the man assigned to orchestrate the assassination of stalin's most bitter enemy. the extraordinary life is kroel kled in "inside russia." >> i was working at the press department at the embassy. i was translating the war bulletins from russian into english and they were distributed amongst the embassies. >> what was decided at teheran. >> they were miffed because we hadn't opened a second front, at least they considered we hadn't and pushing that issue of second front. >> november 28th, 1943. stalin played host at the embassy. >> it was an old mansion. it was very impressive. >> you are looking at actual film from day one of the conference. there, in the corner, is zoya. >> mr. roosevelt was already in. churchill was in and sitting at the table and i had no idea when stalin is coming. i had an urgent errand. i was rushing. i saw that the military standing at attention. i said, why should they stand at attention? and the door wa

of the soviet paradise. it took up two thirds of the whole garden and. there they showed the jewish bolsover as a method spread in the soviet union. a million people went to that propaganda exhibit which was meant to further insight war against bolshevism. it was a victorious advance about troops war correspondents have reported that the soviet paradise has made a deep impression on them it is showing them the hopeless groene daily grind bit by bit with each break in their advance. propaganda ministry slogans railed that poverty misery and squalor were ever present in soviet union it was proof that the war in the east was justified. so it's a poisonous group reacted immediately. and they have not found. it was about the home front after the war in the east. and they wanted people up in arms again. and that's one shoots poison at the idea of writing a short text entitled permanent exhibition the nazi paradise or hunger lies the gestapo for how much longer. and someone found a printer and then.

those soviet union will never abandon its old comrades in arms fire. but i meant more in the sense of nine hundred fifty three views the situation truly gets out of hand if it becomes a genuine emergency it would be to have the glorious soviet army behind us so it's just for the it's a very tricky question at it. yes it's a thing these days are long gone. we don't interfere as actively anymore. because it's going to have plenty emergency. room especially with your training school and your overall pretty of experience that you can get them. in february one thousand nine hundred fifty the ministry of state security had one thousand one hundred full time employees. by late one nine hundred eighty nine it had ninety one thousand that worked out to one stars the worker for every one hundred eighty east german citizens. this shift is evidence of milk as priority after he took over the helm of the ministry in one thousand nine hundred fifty seven he moved from force and open suppression of dissent to more subtle forms of surveillance. through intimidation and

the programs were conducted the russia as the successor state to the soviet union was responsible to destroy all the facilities where chemical weapons were destroyed where they were struck by how they have received quite a bit of western assistance in terms of achieving the program that everything russia has declared has been destroyed in september of last year that has been certified by d o p c w. that is not of central to the accusation that's being made against russia is that it consoles an agent that was declared by a muslim in me mr sanderson with all due respect not declaring an agent is a different claim from the president of the country ordering the assassination on a foreign soil and this is the letter claimed that the foreign secretary of boris johnson is advancing against russia if russia is found in me or at the soviet union was found in violation of that treaty that would be something different and the consequences for that would be totally different than accusing a country or a country's president of ordering assassinations of foreign citizens do you see the difference

the soviet union was about to be dismantled. - [polyakova] people including myself who lived in the soviet union at the time didn't s it coming people were ready for a change. they wanted western values. they wanted democracy. - [yelchenko] there was a lot of hope that the new russia which also became an independent state, like eve other forr republic, would change. that they would become a country with normalcy, with the human rights and democracy. - [kara-murza] a new era began. an era when we had genuine freedom of the media in russia. when elections actually mattered and when the outcome of the elections was determined by how people voted. (epic russian music) - [narrator] russian president boris yeltsin faced the task of implementing an array of political and economic reforms. the seeds of which had been planted by the soviet union's last premier, mikhail gorbachev. - [sachs] almost everybody was facing extreme uncertainty and alarm at a collapsed economy, empty shelves, high inflation and tremendous political turmoil. - then under the advice and guidance of western economists, wester

that was developed and produced in the soviet union during the. course of the program went on into the early ninety's when the soviet union had broken off. the allegation that the british it's unusual in the sense. that to the best of our knowledge was never put into delivery systems this is what we call being raised have with or because of its. nature and the fact that only one country actually difficult to is the foundation for the type of allegation now after all these political wrangling and the mutual expulsion of diplomats the u.k. actually did what russia requested it to do and the pursued the formal channel the o.p.c. experts have already visited salisbury to collect the samples and we are now being told that they need about two weeks to run the tast what's your bast gas as to what we can expect from the analysis. well my guests in terms of the results will be either that we have confirmation of the british assertion that the agent used india to hutto was over check one of its variations or the results will be that it is something else the

paul nitze saw the soviets quite differently. he called for military expansion to counter soviet armament. - [nicholas] george kennon concluded that the united states, after our success in the second world war, could not just draw back. that we had to have these permanent alliances like nato. - this treaty is a simple document. the nations which sign it agree to abide by the peaceful principles of the united nations. - and like our pacific alliance with australia, and japan and south korea, to safeguard the united states, because we had forces overseas, and had commitments and allies overseas, who were willing to defend us. it worked marvelously. - kennon and nitze disagreed. kennon said, play it for the long run, use all the instruments in your foreign policy quiver, hold the arrows in that quiver. nitze tended to emphasize the military arrows in the quiver. he was pressing more for a more active buildup, in terms of the military. - that was the point in time in which the military institutions became more powerful in american go

the soviets. not the russians. if we want something done, it doesn't have to get done today or yesterday or tomorrow. they will wait 100 years. if you have something in mind, they wanted done. the chinese are the same way. they are very patient people. this is not out of the realm. this is something that is going on as far back as there has been the soviet. putin gave a quote, he still lives -- he looks like a modern man. he is a 1950's cruise ship. ruschev guy. guest: i think there is a sense of history and the russian leadership mind about where the trajectory of russia is. know that for putin in particular, he has had a longer rise than any person he has been given with. it does provide certain challenges. host: we welcome our c-span radio audience. edmonds ais jeffrey senior fellow at the wilson center. we will go next to chris joining us from kansas. caller: yes. the same want to take track as the last caller. except with a different point. the current russian government is not the soviet union. the soviet uni

where are we today how much money is the soviet union the u.s. spending on these things and are is the same sort of cast of characters with regard to defense contractors who are trying to pile on and make a buck out of these things and response to your last part yes defense contractors see the new golden age again because basically the policy has. been changed now to back more to more strategic systems and were seen as a reason as in response to the north korean threat more development of missiles that can shoot down. the incoming missiles if if if we have that technology but it's it's what the it's like a bullet trying to hit a bullet in space however we do not have the technologies yet that can reach out to three hundred miles in space if you're going and the conclusion is you're going to knock something out and if you know it's. meant to do harm you've got to hit it on the on the in one of the booster in the boosters the booster otherwise it's up in space and you hit it and then it's you know because it's going to close the thing we have right

we weren't trying to just beat the soviets militarily.rying to beat them to new frontiers. >> this is the kennedy approach to life, which is win at all costs. it is not good enough to come in second. that's what they were told by their father from the time they were little children. >> as jack projects the superiority of his country around the world, back at home a desperate struggle for civil rights is tearing america apart. >> if you are african-american in the united states in the '60s, you're not living in a democracy. you're living under an apartheid dictatorship based on race. >> we're still seeing intense violence. lynching is still the reality. >> if you were black, you couldn't vote. you couldn't buy property. you couldn't go certain places. >> i'm sorry, but our management does not allow us to serve negroes in here. >> while jfk is looking at the moon and stars, you see real hypocrisy and contradiction. >> how can the united states be a democracy if its citizens are killing or hurting or hospitalizing its other citizens. >> but

dance fight with the soviet union this is what they called it in the west and the soviet russia they said speaking about on the show he told us and he said a russia lost twenty three point eight percent of its territory forty eight point five percent of its population forty one percent of g.d.p. . nine point four percent of its industrial potential almost half forty four point six percent of the defensive capabilities because the truth armed forces of the soviet union were divided between a former soviet republics saying our modern military. it was obsolete and the armed forces were in a pitiful condition so we had a civil war going on the caucuses. and leading uranium enrichment. facilities had us inspectors working in there and yet a certain point it was a big question of whether we will be able to develop this or to do with an area tall whether someone asked whether. russia was capable of servicing the nuclear weapons we inherited from the soviet union and russia and was. deep in dead and unable to find its armed forces and our partners probably believed . they were insurgents of

the biggest protest there since the fall of the soviet union. >> people were hanging off lamp posts.reets. really shocking. >> reporter: putin was now living the same nightmare he had endured as a kgb officer in east germany in 1989. this time, in his own backyard. and he wasn't even president at the time. he was prime minister, having handed the presidency over to his associate, dmitry medvedev. >> as the winter went longer and longer and got colder and colder, the protests got bigger and bigger. >> reporter: as putin saw people turning against him, hillary clinton weighed in. >> the russian people, like people everywhere, deserve the right to have their voices heard and their votes counted. >> when putin hears something like that, i imagine he hears bush talking about saddam hussein. he hears that as, they are coming for me. they're trying to drive me from power. what the hell do you know about my people and whether they deserve to have their voices heard? like, i'll tell you if they should have their voices heard. >> reporter: with his back against the wall -- [ chanting ] >> repo

he essentially has created post soviet russia really well. we think of post soviet russia now. we really kind of modern day russia, whatever it is, it's been putin's creation, and part of that, of course, has been an effort to aggrandize the status in the interdmasnational arena trying to regain influence in the former soviet union and beyond. so i do think he will try to in a way, again, package, and kind of maximize his achievements, but i think he's also treading a thin and dangerous line, because, frankly, i think russia is overstretched in its capacities in all these different fronts and theaters, and let's not forget syria. so i think for now it can kind of nominally check the successes. yes, we destabilized the countries and have frozen conflicts, but operate they haven't scored full success. i think pushing further could derail russia. i think pushing any of these theaters further could become dangerous as well for the russian federation. >> michael? >> okay. >> great questions. so i agree with her. he's a legacy figure. it's more like a statue of putin the first, the p

that was developed and produced in the soviet union during the ninety's. the program went on. into the early one nine hundred ninety s. when the soviet union had broken up this is the allegation that the british may it's unusual in the sense that to the best of our knowledge movie choke was never put into delivery systems this is what we call being raised however because of its. nature and the fact that only one country actually difficult to is the foundation for the type of allegation now after all these political wrangling and the mutual expulsion of diplomats the u.k. actually did what russia requested it to do and the pursued the formal channel the o.p.c. experts have already visited salisbury to collect the samples and we are now being told that they need about two weeks to run the tasks what's your bast gas as to what we can expect from the analysis. well my guests in terms of the results will be either that we have confirmation of the british assertion that the asian used india to hutto was no if you check one of its variations or the results will be that it is somethin

it's it may be possible look you know what's interesting is the soviet union in the soviet times the communist party have a think something around ninety nine percent approval rating is officially in then the whole thing just collapsed in several days in a very few people expected it to happen the protest of two thousand and eleven two thousand and twelve also i think very few expected such massive massive uprisings you know maybe several thousand people but not the massive turnout not the largest protests since the fall of the soviet union so the thing about russia is you know sometimes things really surprise us and these approval ratings they just don't mean a whole lot for instance you know the seventy eighty the eighty ninety percent approval ratings of putin that we see. again this these are largely engineered and frankly if he felt so secure that the majority truly supported him why would he need constant reassurance again as we look at the u.s. and russia thousands as i was sort of alluding to the thousands of young people joining those anti corruption protests that we saw led

done then you fled to the soviet union troops. i think and when i had to escape. i left my brother behind and i was twenty one i kissed him on the head and i said now you have our bed to yourself now you can sleep he didn't even notice i was leaving but a couple of. the berlin police interrogated his parents the highs and most calm the trip to moscow famous a surprise it perversely i wasn't even at the train station when he left us. none of us went that he didn't expect us here. in moscow in the carriage in moscow with only one suitcase and at first i was unimpressed. it looked like the newsreels red square foot on paved. the dirt mud which would always is in the center of town swears it was emaciated laborers daggers in rags roughly issues. but the idea of socialism was an inspiration to us all here to be true michel wonderful. and. the german communist party recommended arish meerkat for the international lenin school this was where the young communist revolutionaries received their training the curriculum was well suited to milk is taste military tactics weapon

. —— soviet russia.s ago, recovering the stories of those held prisoner. but perm 36 has now been taken over by the authorities. victor's organisation was labelled a foreign agent. he says the focus of the museum then started to shift. translation: before there was you public interest in the history of the gulag. now that interest has died and the dominant idea now is that the gulag was necessary for the country and the economy and for discipline and order. the physical reminders have been preserved, but staff admit there were moves here that seemed to justify all this, even a plan to add the memoirs of prison guards. dress? russia is trying to build a more powerful state, so perhaps there is a policy dictated from above that says we don't need to remember all the bad things, let's just remember the good things. these days russia sees threats to its power in unlikely places. this place here is the only 93v places. this place here is the only gay club in perm, and we have been invited to meet the local dr

he essentially has created post soviet russia. when we think of it now, modern day russia, whatever, it's really putin's creation. part of that of course has been effort to aggrandize its status in international arena and specifically trying to regain influence in the former soviet union and beyond. so i do think he will try to in a way -- again, package and maximize his achievements. but he's also treading a thin and dangerous line because frankly i think russia is overstretched in its capacities in all these different fronts and theaters. let's not forget syria. for now, nominally check the successes. yes destabilized these countries and we have frozen conflibts. other hand, haven't scored full success. i think pushing forward would derail russia. pushing any theaters further could become dangerous for the russian federation. >> michael. >> great question. i agree that fading. he's a legacy figure, not running, statue, vladimir the first, recreated russia after the collapse of the soviet union. increasingly not controlling thing

viewers a look at how some people became non-citizens in the baltic states after the fall of the soviet union alexander is zuckerman is a journalist in the estonian capital tellin and he lays it out for us here when the stony gained its independence in one thousand ninety one day it was it was ability to those people who got a sneak a story and to get a story in citizenship or to make shifty but some people russians had serious hundred thousand russian speaking people in the story at that time so many of them decided to get citizenship to pass examinations and to get a story and possibles some of the end so that it's better for them to have a russian passport so they got russian citizenship but for the rest who couldn't pass an exam there was another possibility to get this temporary document so-called great or islands passport business prospered they can leave in the store near by they can to be elected to their parliament they cannot participate in the elections through the parliament they can only vote for the municipal government now behaved eighty five thousands of these people bec

soviet union says. died western europe with natural gas in one nine hundred seventy three the first delivery of siberian gas arrived in the area. close funder nonny a confident a village plant took part in these negotiations which heralded the start of a new political era. when gabi admitted the ships you should never underestimate the importance of economic relationships as a driver of political developments. does of common form go by truck gorbachev's and emergence meant changes in the soviet union you know they may well have been partly due to the sense of trust that was fostered by the policies of gone by really brunt . of. the doctrine of change through trade helmsley economic ties would and did help tear down the iron curtain. but today there are signs of a new cold war in the making between the u.s. and russia a struggle that also covers energy supplies and pipeline routes. the stream your peer and muslim descent for europeans it always comes as a surprise to realize that they too are players in

we had this system during the soviet years, but after the soviet union disintegrated, it fell throughnow we are able to restore it. we have new commanding authorities. the number of soldiers increased by 2.4 times. our military units are now manned at over 90%. the waiting period for military housing has been reduced by a factor of six. now the most important thing for , oursection, for defense talk about the newest systems of strategic weaponry that we have created as a response to the u.s. unilaterally withdrawing and employing the system within the u.s. and other countries. to 2000.ike to go back the united states told us about its plans to withdraw from the abm treaty. russia objected to this allegorically. waselieve that the treaty a cornerstone in the international security architecture. according to this treaty, roadsides were entitled to just one area protected against missile attacks. russia deployed this system and around the graham fox area where they had their missiles. this treaty created an atmosphere of trust and also against the unilateral use of nuclear weapons by one