soviet russia. even though it was a global sensation there were no banner headlines on the front page of pravda the next day there was only the test news brief and no image or blatant propaganda. there was a five minute report in prompter about the launch of an artificial terrestrial satellite if you will it was nothing special just a sphere with whiskey but the beat beat went that was it and the whole world was going crazy. sputnik made every front page it was a global sensation america was in a state of shock no one had believed the soviets could do it. yeah there's a sense of national humiliation how could we be second we're the leader in technology how could that you know country of tractor drivers and whatever how could they possibly beat us so here's the sales with sputnik the soviet union proved to america and the rest of the world that it wasn't a backward country. we weren't better than the americans that everything was fear but there were things we could beat them at. that's more space fli

gorbachev discovered that he was also in the dark as the soviet leader. >> soviet news casters deliberatelydown the incident, reporting it after the latest five-year plan and crop reports. eight or nine minutes into the news, an announcer said that only two people had been killed in the incident, contradicting one news report that casualties numbered in the thousands. >> chernobyl was not a flash in the pan. every few weeks there would be something like chernobyl because of the structural defects of the soviet system. >> officials say because it took place at the newest reactor, it is another indication of the inferiority of soviet technology and they say the soviets brought on the accident by not taking the same kind of safety precautions taken in the united states. >> chernobyl reminded the soviets that they couldn't play in the game of modern technology. they couldn't protect their own people, and they couldn't hide it anymore. >> gorbachev's biggest challenge was how to get his country moving again, and in order to do that, he needed to end the arms race. he needed to spend more money o

and soviet nuclear weapons. it was a history making step toward reducing the nuclear arms of both sides, but it was just the beginning. now in geneva, soviet and american representatives are discussing a 50% reduction in strategic nuclear weapons. perhaps we can have a treaty ready to sign by our meeting in spring. the world prays that we will. we on the american side are determined to try. you see, we have a vision of a world safe from the threat of nuclear war and indeed all war. such a world would have far fewer missiles and other weapons. today both america and the soviet union have an opportunity to develop a defensive shield against ballistic missiles, a defensive shield that will threaten no one for the sake of a safer peace, i am commit today pursuing the possibility that technology offers. the general secretary and i also anticipate continuing our talks about other issues of deep concern to our peoples. for example, the expansion of contact between our peoples and more information flowing across our bor

soviet russia. won the competition with the u.s. to put a satellite in orbit. these are the first signals from space. and one of my favorite is a long queue sputnik and gave the world a bucket. of. baikonur is the place from where sputnik one opened the gateway to space on october fourth one nine hundred fifty seven. two years before the historic sputnik flight of broad step was the only thing here besides a lonely train station and camels. it was a god forsaken place until the kremlin decided in one nine hundred fifty five to create an enormous facility for testing nuclear missiles. construction in the wastelands of the step went on a pace that was baikonur in one nine hundred fifty five. more and more military personnel came into the closed region. keeping it all very hush hush was the rule. in the kremlin soviet leader nikita khrushchev and his nuclear weapon strategists were putting their hopes in a new type of intercontinental ballistic missile the r seven. it was the also of his job to carry a

i would take of these, one a year, to the gene eva talks with the soviet-- geneva talks with the soviet. when gorbachev came in, i would bring five of these to the negotiation deputy, soviet, always a general, always we knew the intelligence guy. i would make public ceremonial handing him his information, and the first time i did it, he would say mr. kramer, don't do that. i said why not? there are secrets in there. see? i said loudly from secrets and people would surround us. from whom? from the civilians in the delegation. soviets did not tell their civilians, even in arms control negotiation, what the basic data was. i said the new york times, the washington post, you need to open up how are we going to agree on what reductions to make from what data base unless we have the basic information and you have it? he never said it is wrong, never said it is a lie. if we did issued the first violations report from the white house in 1984 in january. we had it supported from the general arms control advisory commission committee, that was non-partisan. we had commissions for other things, ve

the soviets test the device on a dog. the dog dies in 20 seconds from a fix the nation. -- from expectation. asphyxiation. the poison on the needle such -- shuts down the nervous system. what i found your my research is if the pilot had take it -- pilot had taken the needle, his central nervous system would have shot down and he would've died from what appeared to be lack of oxygen. as you probably know, the left hand of the government does not always know what the right hand of the government is doing. the pilots were never told what the cover story was. that the u-2 pilot had radio trouble with his equipment. the cover story went hand-in-hand with the pilot using the device. the device was optional to take and optional to use at the pilot's discretion in the event of torture. this was how it was explained to my father. my father was cleared of wrongdoing. he followed orders, he did not give away useful information to the soviets that they did not already know. he was cleared in 1962 by the senate, but then in 1998 he wa

there should be radical change in the soviet posture. we could consider that. 20 said no nuclear -- when he war mustuclear ever be fought and cannot be won. that's what he met. -- meant. we must sees them as an incentive for arms control, arms reductions, and we must have those effectively verified and supported by the congress. he did not do it nixon did with the sole treaty -- salt treaty. he did not dare submitted to congress because they were not passive. reagan, when he had arms control and sdi, he brought it to the congress. we were briefing all the time and negotiating with congress. opposition, o academic and clerical opposition, it worked to put pressure not only first three soviet prime ministers encountered by reagan, but on mr. gorbachev, it was a party intellectual. did not quite understand what hit him and reagan came. and did not understand how quickly we were building up our forces. period.very dormant i believe gorbachev lost his cool when he tried to undertake necessary reforms, which was redoing everything within the p

unio soviet union.was still very much playing the cold warrior. >> time describing now is a plan for the long term. the march of freedom and democracy which will lead marxism, leninism on the edge of history. >> >> few, even among his allies shared his belief that the cold war was winnable. >> there was a huge argument within the administration. people of the defense department, the cia, they thought that was there. that's life. get along. >> the american public seem to agree. nearly three quarters favored a nuclear freeze by the united states and the soviet union. >> i i urge you to be aware, the temptation of lively declaring yourselves above at all. that sparked his most forceful criticismri ever of the soviet union. >> to ignore the facts of history and the aggressive impulses of an evil empire. to call the arms race a giant misunderstanding. thereby removing yourself from the struggle between right and wrong. and good and evil peers >> i was dat the speech when he talked about the empire. it was st

we used soviet military power to message to the soviets. the soviets were engaged in building some very secret deep underground command posts, and we basically declassified what they were doing and put in power, we know what you're doing. we can target you there, too. don't think that will help you win a nuclear war. the administration had a deep commitment to nato. you can see, even the revival of the enhanced radiation weapons. you could see it in the sale of the tritan. when president reagan made the decision in october. prime minister thatcher came in a few weeks later and said we would like to stay with that system, rather than what president carter was going to sell us. by early spring, we wrapped that up. the reagan administration -- basically reduce, don't cap. have tough verification. dealing with breakup potential. that was ridiculed at the time. it cut half of the force, and allowed us to reduce the possibilities of breakout. i will disagree with mark, with some of the reductions made in the president bush, 41 administration, as

in the face of continued soviet obstruction the 15 nato nations sought to clear the soviets' minds as to how alliancetood on the question of berlin. already in 1954 the three powers responsible for berlin had made it clear beyond doubt that any attack against berlin from any quarter would be treated as an attack on their forces and on themselves. the other members of nato immediately associated themselves with this declaration. all proposals made by the soviets toward solving the question of the reunification of germany acknowledged the means of free elections to which the west was and is firmly committed. until such time as the soviets changed their minds, the nato nations will stand firm in face of all soviet pressure and honor their pledge to maintain the pressure of west berlin and its people. a pledge often repeated at nato ministerial meetings. so until there was a change of front on the part of the east it would seem germany and berlin would remain divided but evidence that the status quo did not suit north vietnam the east was the continued flood of refugees passing through to

and letters from a soviet prison. of this lecture today, it is my understanding it will be broadcast on c-span's history tv. that network will diebold's the truth. thee have time -- divulge true spirit -- truth. mr. powers: for those of you with questions i will be glad to talk with you one-on-one while you are getting a book. i have several questions. i do not know enough about russian history. made a result of this incident? or was made a already a holiday? was already ayday holiday. it was the highest of holidays and the soviet union. it is a socialist holiday. the workers holiday and the worker's paradise. it was a day for workers to be for theand respected labor that they produce in a country. it happened to be made first for the mission, which turned out to be a bad day for the mission. everybody is on holiday. not a lot of air traffic in the skies over the soviet union. easier for them to pick him up on radar. was a planned for may date knowing that mayday was a holiday? .r. powers: no the mission was not plann

on behalf of the soviet leadership and the soviet people, i wish to tell all those who are concerned and yet hopeful about the future. we shall work to achieve that goal. and we can only do it by working together. thank you. [ applause ] >> mr. general secretary, these are historic moments. as we exchange these documents, the instruments of ratification, this treaty, the terms of which we formally agreed to last december in washington, enters into force. [ speaking foreign language ] >> mr. general second tower, u secretary, you know our way here has not been easy. at personal moments, your intervention has been needed and proved decisive. and for this we are grateful. so, too, mr. general secretary, you are aware of how important the objective, not just of arms control, but of arms reduction has been to my own thinking and to the policy of my administration since its outset. seven years ago when i first suggested the concept of a double zero treaty, there were those who said that this was so unrealistic an idea that it was irresponsible to even propose it. others simply dismissed th

-soviet nuclear missiles is eliminated. in addition, this treaty provides for the most stringent verification in history, and for the first time, inspection teams are actually in residence in our respective countries. and while this treaty makes possible a new dimension of cooperation between us, much remains on our agenda. we must not stop here, mr. general secretary, there is much more to be done. as will be seen in our joint statement later today, more progress has been made toward a strategic arms treaty in our meetings. we must try to move forward in the months ahead to complete this treaty as soon as possible. so, let us continue to expand the frontiers of trust, even as we verify. mr. general secretary, even as we verify. mr. general secretary, we have agreed many times there are important fundamental differences between us. yet, as we work over the long run to narrow these differences, as we work for what i hope will be a new era of human peace and freedom, we must acknowledge our solemn responsibility to take steps

we even used soviet power to message to the soviets. the soviets were engaged in building some very secret, deep, underground command posts and we basically declassified and fuzzed up what they were doing, put it in soviet military powers, we know what you're doing. we can target you there, too. don't think that's going to help you fight and win a nuclear war. the administration had a deep commitment to nato. you can see that in the commitment to the inf systems and even the revival of the enhanced radiation weapons. you can see it in the sale of the d-5 trident slbm to the united kingdom. when president reagan made the decision in october, prime minister thatcher came in and said, we would like to stay with that system rather than what president carter was going to sell us. i think by early spring we had wrapped that up. the reagan administration took a radical approach to arms negotiation, and susan koch will talk to you about that, but it was basically reduce, don't cap, have tough verification, deal with breakup potential with limit

at the time, on or about may 1, they knew the soviets improved had improved -- they knew that the soviets had improved their weapon system. the original missile, the s a one could reach 60,000 feet. for the first four or five years of these flights the planes are flying at 70,000 feet so they were safe. but over the next four years of research and development, the soviets improved their weapon system. on the april 9 mission, prior to the may 1 mission, a photograph was brought back of the s a 2 base, a new and improved missile being developed in the soviet union. my father's mission parameters for may 1, one of the targets was where this missile base wasn't shown to be developing. he was to fly over it and find out if it was operational. he found out firsthand it was. [laughter] but up until that point, the analysts did not think that they had the capability. they did not think they were that far ahead. but on when you throw up eight may 1, missiles, they were at the right place at the right time and the pilot and the airplane were at the wrong place at the wrong time. one missile explode

no doubt the soviets were a threat. no doubt the french and italian communist parties were a threat to what we consider to be our fundamental interests but then met the venture was spread much too wide and it of course infested our domestic politics. >> getting back to the economic argument you were talking about in debunking the keynesian explanation for the recovery, in your book you talk a little bit about the story of infrastructure and that those countries that already started on that path to re-create their infrastructure, good marshall plan money intentionally go to help build it up or was it expected that those countries would devote most of the own resources to rebuilding the roads and the connecting -- >> in terms of germany was the most critical, most of the industrial capacity was still there, remarkably, despite all the allied bombing during the war. once we did things like rebuild road networks, for example, germany's international capacity replied very quickly. so the primary barrier was really in terms o

and soviet intermediate range nuclear missiles. the significance of the treaty can hardly be overstated. for the first time ever, the levels of nuclear arms will actually be reduced rather than having caps placed on their growth. these missiles have not simply been shuffled around on a map or placed in storage, they will have been dissed -- to storage -- destroyed. the general secretary and i made important progress in other areas as well. we moved ahead on start negotiations, negotiations that will lead to reduction of nuclear arms. on bilateral issues, i am pleased by our agreement to hold increased exchanges involving high school students. the number of students may first be in the hundreds, but can grow into the thousands. imagine it, hundreds and then thousands of young people who have firsthand knowledge of the country, and to have made friends. turning into regional conflicts, we discussed ways to reduce tension in areas around the globe. littlejohn of soviet troops from afghanistan of course represents a historic step in it

how do you deal with the soviet union? all the concessions, the kissy kissy kumbaya approach of the previous decade didn't work. and in the area of nuclear weapons n particular, he was very well aware when he became president already as a campaigner that the treaty signed by mr. nixon, and i happened to value mr. nixon as a president. i worked for him in the white house. i worked for mr. johnson, mr. nixon and jerry ford in the white house. i was on the nsc. i was there longer than anybody else in the country. i think bob gates comes next. and in a summit in 1972, nixon signed three treaties. the first was the start treaty, which basically froze some numbers but didn't make real reductions and was not verifiable beyond the national technical means. means no on-site inspections. and the second treaty was the anti-ballistic missile treaty, which i already then opposed very strongly on moral grounds, because it was wedded to the doctrine of mutually assured destruction. i personally as a staff member and as some of you experi

and soviet intermediate-range nuclear missiles. the significance of the inf treaty can hardly be overstated. for the first time ever, the levels of nuclear arms will actually be reduced, rather than having caps placed on their growth. these missiles will not simply have been shuffled around on the map or placed in storage. they will have been destroyed. the exchange of these instruments of ratification alone would have made the moscow summit a success, but the general secretary and i made important progress in other areas as well. we moved ahead on start negotiations, negotiations that would lead to a dramatic reduction in both sides' arsenals of strategic nuclear arms. on bilateral issues, i'm especially pleased by our agreement to hold increased exchanges involving high school students. the number of students will at first be in the hundreds but could grow into the thousands. imagine it. hundreds and then thousands of young people who have firsthand knowledge of each other's country and, yes, who have made friends. turning to reg

the soviets take the brandenburg gate.he gate, which lies in the soviet sector, is reasonably restored after the war. then in 1956 and '57 the quad rigor is once again removed from its perch atop the gate. it's to be recast at the jay nork foundry. the rededication of the brandenburg gate and the remounting of the quad rigor was supposed to be an interalley affair. they decided to remove the crown before reinstalling the chariot. also returning the quad rigor so it faced east. it continues to look out over the soviet sector of berlin. access to the area around the russian war memorial and up to the brandenburg gate had to be restricted in 1971. that after a right wing radical shot a soviet century at the russian war memorial. it would take 17 years, the city of berlin's 750th birthday celebration and 1.1 million marks to prompt the reopening of public access to the western side of the gate. april 27th, 1987. west berlin governing mayor and commandant major general patrick brooking moved aside the barricades which for 17 ye

the soviets may have had other plans.but my friends, there were a few things the soviets didn't count on. berliner -- in the 1950s, predicted we would bury you. in the west today, we see a free world that achieved a level of prosperity and well being unprecedented in all human history. in the communist world, we see failure. technological backwardness, declining standards of health. even want of the most basic kind. too little food. even today, the soviet union still cannot feed itself. after these four decades, there stands before the entire world one great and inescapable conclusion. freedom leads to prosperity. freedom replaces the ancient hatreds among nations with comity and peace. freedom is the victor. now, the soviets themselves may in a limited way, be coming to understand the importance of freedom. we hear much from moscow about a new policy of reform and openness. some political prisoners have been released. certain foreign news broadcasts are no longer being jammed. some economic enterprises have been permitte

the soviets may have had other plans, but my friends, there were a few things that the soviets didn'tr helz berlin er yorhort and berlining snauser. in the 1970s, khrushchev predicted that we will bury you. but this the west we see a country achieving a prosperity and well-being unprecedented in all human history. in the communist world, we see failure, and technological backwardness and declining standards of health and even want of the most basic kind, too little food. even today, soviet union cannot feed itself. after these four decades then, there stands before the entire world one great and inescapable conclusion, freedom leads to prosperity. freedom replaces the ancient hatreds of the nations with commonity and peace. freedom is the victor. and now, now that the soviets, themselves, may in a limited way be coming to understand the importance of freedom. we hear much from moscow of the new policy of reform and openness. and some political prisoners have been released. certain foreign newscasts are no longer being jammed. some economic enterprises have been permitted to operate wi

to pull it apart it's hard to find a more drab and yet more romantic period in the history of the soviet union then in the nineteen eighties why face people knew it was falling apart then the yet there was also a growing hope that something new and exciting with the rise in its place that sons of cognitive and emotional dissonance was perfectly captured by the on the ground music of the time produced by young nonconformist musicians in what was down the studio flat in grab what was it like to leave and make music in da period hopeful despair well to discuss that i'm now joined by john a stingray an american musician and an avid chronicler of the leningrad rock scene john it's so good to talk to you thank you very much for your time thank you for inviting me now you have a very interesting a very unusual and i think is a somewhat through mantic story you came to the soviet union for just one the week you called but it was big one of our biggest rock stars on his landline and he just showed your around is that how it all began that is how it all began a friend of mine and her older sister

reach was i feeling in oxymoron the source and even bigger paradox was how this doll soviet reality was able to produce something that was so free spirited than so genuine as the leningrad proxy how do you yourself explain that phenomena you know it was incredible and of course our first three and half days was in moscow where we didn't know anybody so we were on the usual tours with the group and we looked around and even though there were some interesting things the same basis because the two own things it looked very cold people didn't look happy they were wearing dark colors they were all rushing through the streets and i thought wow this is this this is not a great place you know i would never come back again what i found out later when i went to leningrad and met bourse is that behind closed doors russian people were exactly like people all over the world and they were full of color and they were full of expression and full of creativity i was in off by the whole art scene the arts and the music scene in leningrad because nobody in america was aware this could possibly be happ

have a very interesting a very unusual and i think is somewhat through mantic story you came to the soviet union for just one the week you called but it is big one of our biggest rock stars . and he just showed you around is that how it all began that is how it all began a friend of mine her older sister was married to a russian emigre and when he heard i was going to visit russia and he knew i was a rocker in los angeles he said you need to call off he's the most famous underground rocker in russia like the bob dylan of russia i didn't believe there was any rock in russia but i thought ok i'll go and meet him because how cool he think it will be to meet me that i'm an american rocker and i met him and we sat we were at seven partment and i played them a couple of songs off an e.p. album i had released here in the states and morris thought it was very cool and it was a little bit punk and he liked it and i i felt very proud and then i said oh can i hear something of yours and we put in a cassette and i put my headphones on and i started to hear one of his songs that was called tonight and

he talked particularly to one russian, a man he came to know as victor, a soviet diplomat. soviet intelligence agents, with which the embassy and the trade delegation were stuffed at the time, were approaching large numbers of people, really, in order to recruit them as agents. this film, shot as it happened, shows victor — the soviet diplomat — collecting intelligence materialfrom a dead letter box, after an elaborate series of instructions. well, relations between the west and the east were not good at the time. there was still, underneath, quite a lot of mistrust and suspicion as to what the soviets were up to. and, of course, that spilled over in this spy affair. the whole thing was obviously brought forward by the defection at the beginning of august of a senior kgb official, now named as 0leg lyalin. his information made it plain that something had to be done. the important thing about 0leg lyalin, the defector, was that he dotted the is and crossed the ts, and so we realised that there were even more soviet intelligence officers masquerading as diplomats than we'd pr

in the last days of the soviet union people were full of hope and anticipation of the upcoming changes underground music by young musicians of the time captured the mood perfectly what was it like to live and make music in that atmosphere. welcome to the program britain has been rocked by a second alleged case of nerve agent exposure since march and the now notorious name of the substance not the chalk has led some to jump to conclusions. the two people have been exposed to the right to know what you know but shock it remains deadly for long periods exposed to the nerve agent no big chunk. he went to the safety you have to do anything is your family going to be safe is that going to be a fail safe school ation we are watched every notice because you. know you know you are but children here and there are other parents and you live right here and you know it was being checked and like. many name out. there when you start acting all funny it wasn't much use them brushing against. those who read for a. nerve agent. which has been identified as the savior of agent it contaminates if both of

to cut it off from the soviet union would strike a big blow indeed. for most of the soviet union the second world war was about fighting the invaders of their land. but it wasn't quite so simple for ukraine the truth is ukraine has never been a united country. when world war two broke out a large part of western ukraine's population welcomed the german soldiers as liberators from the recently forced upon them soviet rule and openly collaborated with the germans. the real scale of collaboration was not announced for many years after the war but we now know that whole divisions and battalions were formed by ukrainian collaborators such as s.s. galaxy and not to golf and roll into battalions. just in the beginning of the war more than eighty thousand people from college cina region voluntarily enrolled into division s.s. galad seen in a month and a half notorious for their extreme cruelty towards the polish jewish and russian people on the territory of ukraine. members of these military groups came mostly from the organization of ukrainian nationalists b

to cut it off from the soviet union would strike a big blow indeed. for most of the soviet union the second world war was about fighting the invaders of their land. but it wasn't quite so simple for ukraine the truth is ukraine has never been a united country. when world war two broke out a large part of western ukraine's population welcomed the german soldiers as liberators from the recently forced upon them soviet rule and openly collaborated with the germans. the real scale of collaboration was not announced for many years after the war but we now know that whole divisions and battalions were formed by ukrainian collaborators such as s.s. galaxy and not to call and roll into battalions. just in the beginning of the war more than eighty thousand people from college cina region voluntarily enrolled into division s.s. galad seen in a month and a half notorious for their extreme cruelty towards the polish jewish and russian people on the territory of ukraine. members of these military groups came mostly from the organization of ukrainian nationalists t

and reagan putting himself in the shoes of the soviet leaders in the soviet military establishment, andering his rhetoric, finally realizing that this still clear establishment that is ruling the earth that both sides are enthralled to, the only ones who can contain it are presidents interacting on a one-on-one basis. company had i sat the confidence to go into a room and sit down with officials. and then when the soviets had a , heier, such as gorbachev was ready, but he was ready because he has studied history, and he had broken through that mirror imaging mindset, you really understand the limitations of the intelligence he had been given by his intelligence community, but also he developed a new appreciation think ofsoviets would basic policy moves, that in the past, he would not have given a second thought to. there was an empathy to this political character that i do not think he is often given credit for, but i think it's truly a -- one of his more underappreciated characteristics as a president. host: here is what of some of what that here is -- here is what reagan said on this

soviet union.t was during the cold war. we are post-cold war, we still have challenges, and now they want to get tough on russia. i am howling at this. for those of us who were around this town in the '80s, and if we worked in the reagan administration, you couldn'tfo t dealings with the soviet union. a break with the left on his dealings with the soviet union. but now they want to set up a shadow government. i want to play something for you to react to. this is a former cia man under obama. let's watch. >> fbi director continues the investigation, department of justice continues to support the investigation, congress continues saying this investigation is legitimate. curious point in american government, when do we see almost a shadow government come out and say, we cannot side with the government, when there is a cabinet or the senate? that's the big question. >> laura: shadow government needs to form to apparently undo the presidential election? your reaction? >> where's the obama former cia dir

when the soviet invaded afghanistan. and supported the force of the government against them which i read in that a lot of people ended a little afghanistan were supporting which i he didn't they were welcoming and supporting and they were giving the space for mujahideen and their children were fighting against the government then supported by so. of it union but when it comes to the taliban because people of afghanistan have experienced the taliban. kind of have the taste and the smell of what they want in this country they don't have a lot of local and popular support at the local community and so therefore in many local communities people would like to see the international forces as a signal is a must search for tol'able not to come to those villages i think that's the difference if i could summarize it but i think one of the perhaps most obvious things in common that at least i see in both the how the soviets and the americans in gauging your country is that both try to remake afghanistan in their own image both put

planes to land in the soviet union.moving towards other agreements. complete --ike to conclude my remarks by expressing the hope that communications between our nations will develop and for the improvement of international cooperation the world. i invite all of you to visit my country and enjoy. >> one step that brought the united states and the soviet union closer together was the consular pact signed at the white house in june. it was the first bilateral treaty between the two nations. the culmination of diplomatic exchanges victim 35 years ago -- begun 35 years ago. the general assembly overwhelmingly approved a nuclear nonproliferation treaty. all the united states and the soviet union had worked to secure its acceptance. johnson appeared before that body for the fourth time, held the passage of this measure as the most significant step toward peace in united nations history. >> it is the most important international agreement in the field of disarmament since the nuclear age began. prevent theto spread of nuclear w

the present was a an soviet cartoonist' depiction of two presidents as boxers having just knocked out cold war with the world as referee. >> george bush and brent scowcroft, his national security adviser liked to fish together and one summer, they were fishing and they were thinking about what kind of world would emerge after all the dominos had fallen. it's very rare that the world is so fluid and flexible that world leaders can think this way, talking about what the world should be, what it could be. what they imagined was the world that didn't happen after world war ii. the world of collective security of big powers, sharing responsibility preventing war. they used the term new world order. how do you achieve it? healthier pet in 28 days. purina one. natural ingredients, plus vitamins and minerals in powerful combinations. for radiant coats, sparkling eyes, and vibrant energy. purina one. 28 days. one visibly healthy pet. sometimes a day at the ballpark is more than just a day at the ballpark. [park announcer] all military members stand and be recognized. sometimes fans cheer for t

the present was a soviet cartoonist' depiction of two presidents as boxers having just knocked out thewar with the world as referee. >> george bush and brent scowcroft, his national security adviser liked to fish together and one summer, they were fishing and they were thinking about what kind of world would emerge after all the dominos had fallen. it's very rare that the world is so fluid and flexible that world leaders can think this way, talking about what the world should be, what it could be. what they imagined was the world that didn't happen after world war ii. the world of collective security of big powers, sharing responsibility preventing war. they used the term new world order. how do you achieve it? >>> today in a 45-minute state it's the fuel that helps power color this stunning and hair this healthy looking, every time you color. it's the oil-powered formula lia. it propels color deep into hair and without ammonia. it's in the oils. olia. brilliant color, visibly healthier hair. you might or joints.hing for your heart... but do you take something for your brain. with an i

became known as the crazy ninety's in all the post soviet territories. he's leaving behind fifteen independent states which share only a disastrous economy and an uncertain future after having been under a government controlled economy the free market dramatically changed the rules of the game new business has emerged instantly in the first. all the guards were born overnight. the former country with no class division suddenly became stratified the chosen few became rich while the rest had to fight to survive. so as opposed to bush in you they say mr bush was. a what does that say. you know she's still of us let us hope statistic when using your phrase in the world when you sell as opposed to pollution is a. good. a less than human you to do little good reason you know it is the oldest day in each you and me and as many of you know dumbass how you will. post the system might be good you should listen to it and i'm just impressed i'm going to bushel things when i eventually you will still at the appraisal out of a socialist slush a chicago the people's gr

ceasefire acceptable to egypt soviet allies. the russians had to. for the rich jews it was acceptable so we had to rewrite it in history and. showed up from the. right again. we push it to the next morning. within two days the draft of un security council resolution three three eight had been accepted by both the soviets and the americans. but instead of returning direct to washington kissinger made a stopover in tel aviv for a few hours. that's off to news twenty second of october he would give his blessing to israeli plans to violate a cease fire even before the time of god. on the sick for the toba nine hundred seventy three the egyptians mounted a lightning attack across the suez canal. their goal to liberate the sinai peninsula occupied by israel sixty is in the six day war. to field all means one hundred thousand men had established bridgeheads ten kilometers deep into sinai. during the first week of war the israelis had lost equipment at an unprecedented rate. five hundred tanks. and fifty aircraft. to an egyptian army equipped with the lates