some immediately he's potent of trying to restore the soviet union well this is rude. the majority of the country the countries do they really want a confident nation with russia what's your opinion number one the peony union was established. through the so-called roma treaty but nobody blames the initiator of the union project for trying to restore the roman empire you know this is a very nature will process when certain countries which are neighbors to each other try to to to facilitate their economic legislation the custom regulations and all other things you know the answer is no russia does not try to restore the former soviet union russia. tries to set on the new project because of the previous barrage of the c.i.s. the common core of the bills of independent states frankly speaking it's still a rather good political project but it does not work in economic terms of call of the civilized defense did you know it is true the civilizing the divorce instrument exactly so i think that in case both russia kazakhstan belorussia probably kyrgyzstan probably some other cou

people travel between the united states in the major universities and went to the soviet union. people in the soviet union won the nobel prizes together during the cold war and people traveled from the third world to eastern europe or eastern europe to latin america. all these different places so what's very important is people were not isolated. people were sharing ideas and these ideas fundamentally the implemented them and created new economies. >> you teach sociology, not economics you are an economist by training? >> i was a math major at one point, like math. on a sociologist. sociologists are interested in the numerous things, one of which is neoliberalism is interesting to sociologists because the policies are being implemented worldwide. people want to know where do these ideas come from but people also want to know the consequences of these ideas on the world. what's happened to people where they are implemented and they are interested in how people react. they're interested in the social movements that emerge that are going against neoliberalism for other systems. thi

the soviet union was coming to him. we finally got access to official information on the labor camp system. all of the stuff had been classified top secret. and so we start to learn that a substantial number of prisoners were released every year. this force us to really think again about what the system and what exactly it was doing. so what i wanted to be able to do was to look at the system throughout its chronology, to look at it in the multiplicity of institutions that made it up. these labor camps, exiled people, all these kind of individuals. but also make this something that is manageable in the course of a single book. the hoover institution archives at stanford university where's i national where i was a graduate student, struck a deal to microfilm the central gulag administration archives. is now available in the united states and a number of different libraries. the original agreement of this microfilm project was for 1.5 million friends of microfilm. and exceed it. so you can imagine nobody can ever go throu

we are balancing china and the soviet union, its practical, it's constructive and it's helpful and that is the mainstream view of the time. never really held by any president since. >> dwight eisenhower president after world war ii, did he said the tone for the republican foreign policy? >> he was very important because it wasn't obvious to the public and the country that supported the engaged foreign policy in the world. a lot of republicans were more on that tradition more skeptical and eisenhower made it clear when he became president he was going to lead the party in a more international direction and he stayed there and there never was the report nor. >> what would you considered to be quite's successes and failures? >> on the whole he was a very successful foreign policy president. he avoided unnecessary war. there were multiple cases over taiwan and and china, berlin what he means to maintain the line militarily without third world war so that was very useful. he also managed to strike a balance between the fiscal responsibility and the u.s. diplomatic role overseas to insist on

the cases the people often think of as one of the two socialism's is the state socialism of the soviet union. the state socialism of the union was very different than other kinds of socialism's. there was the socialism of yugoslavia which included a radical free-market and worker owned and controlled factories that would compete on the market. so these -- none of these systems of socialism never realize themselves. people might say that some scandinavian countries in some sense approach something like socialism, but i think many socialists would disagree and say this is to form, a special form of capitalism. >> host: when you hear the term welfare state, what does that -- >> the form of capitalism. it's a form of capitalism that 610 fax make things create quality. the welfare state in cannes and isn't is in no way socialism. trying to repair capitalism. that is a debate, but i don't think anyone could say the socialist. >> host: you talk about internationalism. hell is that changing the economy of the world? >> guest: internationalism is very interesting. the thing that we often don't recogn

it turned out that the soviet union, so continuing. it was difficult to declare. by the end of his presidency he was one back into more of the cold war. lyndon johnson, he is best known for vietnam, of course, foreign policy. initially, most republicans of the time were very firm on the idea that johnson should fight in vietnam. criticized johnson for not standing gap. so that was actually the republican position during the johnson years. >> who makes foreign policy? who creates foreign-policy? the intellectuals, scholastic types, is the president? >> is the president. that's why i found. the influence of intellectualism is overrated. probably the best is neoconservatism. and really i think if you looked at the bush years, george w. bush, it was president bush that made the key decisions whether to invade iraq, how to invade, how to follow up these actions later on. sometimes he did it ways the new conservatives alike. at the end of the day he had a group of intellectuals were influential born making policy and there were about as influential as it gets in the cos

in the mid twentieth century eastern india was part of the soviet union a friendship bridge linked the two towns. and even go out in effect forms a single municipality with a common infrastructure and transport system estonians and russians lived here side by side when a stunning achieved independence in one thousand nine hundred one the border along another over river was reinstated to the so-called friendship bridge and came a checkpoint with flags of two different states once again flying over the old fortresses. before studio one independence in one thousand nine hundred one the struggle for secession from the soviet union in this republic was exceptionally peaceful. and the country managed to avoid the bloodshed that was characteristic of its cultic neighbors if you when you are not feeling. well that this is the historical whitehall all feast parliament. came here in. the late summer of one thousand nine hundred ninety one to declare recognition of the three baltic republics but yeltsin said here flanked by the chairmen of their parliaments garman off represented latvia last prev

it is one of the successor states of the soviet union it happens to be one where the all- union elite largely still control foreign and defense policy. we argue it is the soviet era habits of seeing the others as constituent some units of the same state continued after the soviet collapse. these have it's manifested themselves in the fact that before 2000, these issues were handled by a separate ministry. we argue that when moscow medals in its neighborhood, it does so not out of security imperatives. out of soviet era habit. if we assume an inherent clash of interests between the u.s. and russia in post-soviet eurasia, u.s. is presented with a stark choice. either a grand bargain or a roll back approach. since the assumption is flawed, u.s. interests and priorities should be examined in a different light. we argue what is needed is a fundamentally imagining of the region itself. a more effective engagement strategy should be based on three principles. first, u.s. policy should be predicated on their respective merits and not their value as bargaining chips or the relationships to oth

>> i was trying to do something new here is the 20th anniversary of the fall of the soviet union and as it came to an end rehab access to this system it was all classified top-secret and restart to learn a substantial number were released and it forced us to think about what the system meant so it wanted to look at the system throughout the chronology or the multiplicity of the institutions or the labor camps or the individuals to make this something manageable within a single book the archives struck of audio to microphones the archive and it is now available in the united states in the number of different libraries it was for 1.5 million frames of microphone so you can imagine nobody can go through all of this so you have to decide how do come up with the project that is manageable but allows you to tell the story you try to tell? i decided do this with the friday at of institutions to allow me to shape the way it went to the archival materials to get out of moscow or the united states to look at the way the individual camp tried to do with the demands but there are a number of dif

in the soviet union victory in world war two was celebrated on may the ninth. as one of those responsible for instituting a new day for estonia thinks is a there is marked in the european style on may eighth but celebrations on the tapes are of an entirely different kind. of what we are freedom fighters. sixty six years ago today. on may eighth one thousand nine hundred forty five. a world war two. officially came to an end. by freedom fighters the defense minister means the few surviving veterans of the twentieth estonian s.s. division and all those who fought on the side of nazi germany the veterans have been brought to the german cemetery on the outskirts. tallinn well they're brothers in arms of barry. and. the police banned speeches by representatives of public organizations wreaths from the government and other official agencies. on the same evening the chairman of the anti fascist coalition of a stony or retired colonel demian matelot sir was making preparations for victory day carolina hello karl this is mattel it's a speaking how are you remember what

russian so i would like to apologize to all the viewers if i say russian what they really mean soviet union soldiers who were though it was a different country and yours was a different country and ours was a different country as a matter of fact today when the face of europe has changed and there is no more socialist countries on the face of year could we say that actually your country czechoslovakia was and your people were the first to spark this change to start the crisis is a true. i can't talk about that you know i was never interested in the politics. and i was living in czechoslovakia and it was similar in their show. before sixty eight nothing was possible and suddenly in sixty eight everything's will be possible even even people who are not interesting suddenly you know of so i can talk about these what was really happening it doesn't interest me much but i was so happy to bring happen because suddenly i could say what they wanted to say it was stricken russia years later thirty years later with garbage yes i can tell you that i in one thousand eight hundred nine i couldn't go. bu

. >> during the time of the former soviet union, this car was a symbol of power in cuba. the communist island and poured it them at a subsidized price and they soon became the most popular car and cuban roads. favorite --uba's old american cars and excellent condition like this 1962 oldsmobile. but they are outnumbered by the hundreds of thousands of russian cars which is a reminder of soviet times. in fact, according to official figures, there are 250,000 of these cars on the road. simple engineering and durability make them popular not only for personal use but also as taxis, ambulances, or police cars. >> for me, it is like a wartime. it is a car that has been able to adapt to the city. >> but the automobile boom ended with the collapse of the former soviet union in 1991 and the input of spare parts and new cars stopped. during those years, cuban ingenuity was the key to keeping these cars running. >> for example, the buses -- they filled in when we cannot get new ones and that is how we solve the problem because we had no other means. >> now it has returned to the bus

the history of what was then known as chapters of a care though the country was dominated by the soviet union and the red of liberalization was taking place the czechs on the slovaks were anticipating a milder more democratic version of the soviet regime the reformist alexander do puke had just come to power huge the communist party's grip on the country granting citizens agree to freedom of expression the reforms home of the one not received well by the soviet union a series of negotiations followed but you were so sore as leader leonid brezhnev wasn't satisfied with the results eventually on the twenty first of all the troops from five warsaw pact countries and to join us live eight here soviet tanks were deployed in the streets of the capital prague during the uprising seventy two chacon slovak civilians were killed and later on a group of moscow citizens held a protest on red square against the invasion demonstrators were arrested in lean upon ishtar the soviet invasion put an end to this showed period of liberalization in czechoslovakia which had to wait a further twenty years to be read

european parliament passes more decisions binding on the member states than the supreme soviet of the soviet union ever passed for the soviet republics and look at america north america is engulfed in intense integration processes that involve the united states canada and mexico the same is true for latin america and africa but it is ok over there and nobody has any objections but when it comes to russia here we are imperial ambitions i can tell these critics who. by the way they don't seem to be very conscientious or scrupulous you know what mind your own business go combat the climbing inflation and the growing national debt and even obesity do something useful. to petes in western countries did not react strongly to your decision to run for president at the upcoming elections they said it was russia's internal affair and as angela merkel put it they were ready to work with any legitimate lee elected president you must understand however that politically western states consider you a hawk how do you feel about that and what is going to happen to the reset of russia u.s. relations which exists as

collapsed in military spending when done be fact out of them are so simple because soviet union and then would actually be out of cash and people these guns or rockets or whatever and that me will happen in russian. president medvedev said that he will continue to work on his modern vicious modernization project even if when he when he is no longer becomes prime minister i'll be i'll continue the modernization currently modernization projects are aimed as they say into the future but they cost a lot today. are they a significant spending in the in the russian budget i think can comparable to the military budget to put the pension age and so on and of course we're not talking about the president of a of slavery projects like scoll cover another be related projects there are not a bit of smaller actually toward the mine you can smaller going to military problem and in that sense our pension pension spending these are completely different things this is not the will be saving money you know there will not be able to save a lot of money by cutting this project so i think i think mos

collapsed and military spending went down by a factor of ten or so simply because soviet union and then russia didn't have the cash to pay for these guns or rockets or whatever and that me well happened in russian. president medvedev said that he will continue to work on his modernize ambitious modernization project even if when he when he is no longer protocols prime minister i'll be i'll continue the modernization project that modernization projects are aimed as they say into the future but they cost a lot today. are they a significant spending in the russian budget how they could compete comparable to the military budget to put the pension budget and so on and of course not when you're talking about the present event of space very projects like scoll cover and other related projects there are not a bit of mine you could smaller than actually adored the magnitude smaller than the military program and in that sounds are french and pension spending these are completely different things this is not whether they will be saving money you know they will not be able to save a lot of

here we are, the 20th anniversary of the fall of the soviet union and as it came to an end we had accesso official information on the labor camp system and it was all classified during the soviet years. so we started to learn a substantial number of prisoners was released from the camps every year that forced us to think about what the system meant and what it was doing. when i wanted to do was too low texas instruments throughout its chronology in the ball publicity and institutions, the labor camps, the exiled people of the individuals but to make it manageable in the course of a single book but the hoover institution and stanford university as a graduate student, the stock could deal -- struck of a deal that the glove go to the central administration archive now available in the united states to different libraries. the original agreement was for 1.5 million frames of microfilm and they have exceeded the number. nobody could ever go through all of this so you have to decide how do, but the project that is manageable but allows you to tell the story that you tell? so come to the given

collapsed in military spending went down big factor of ten or so simply because soviet union and russia didn't have cash to pay for these guns or rocket sort of approach and that me well happened in russian. president medvedev said that he will continue to work on his modern ambitious no no sation prizing even if when he when he is no longer code becomes prime minister i'll be i'll continue the modernization currently this modernization projects are aimed as they say into the future but they cost a lot today. are they a significant spending in the in the russian budget how they could comparable to the military budget to put the pension and so on of course not to when you're talking about the president of a of speed very projects close call cover now don't you later projects there are not a lot of money because smaller actually to order of magnitude smaller than the military program and in that sense are pension pension spending this are a completely different thing and this is not whether they will be saving money you know they will not be able to save a lot of minute by cutting

collapsed in military spending when done with factor of ten or so on simply because soviet union i'm going to run out of cash to pay for these guns or rockets are about and that me will happen in russian. president medvedev said that he will continue to work on his more than a vicious modernization project even if when he when he is no longer becomes prime minister i'll be i'll continue the modernization project the modernization projects are aimed as they say into the future but they cost a lot today. are very significant spending in the in the russian budget how they could comparable to the military budget to put the pension and so on of course not the. president of any of slavery projects like scald government other related projects there are not of the smaller actually order of magnitude smaller than the military problem and it sounds horrid french and pension spending the syrup and polluted different things this is where they will be saving money you know and they will not be able to save a lot of money. in this project so i think i think most of the having a source will be

conflict with the soviet union?' the state department wrote back a reassuring letter saying, 'well, in fact, a lot of these people have, in fact, been removed from the state department. and--but there are still some who are left, whose cases are still pending for investigation. we'll get to them as soon as we can.' the number that were left was 57. this was in 1948, the number 57. and this was how the number 57 gets to mccarthy, is that mccarthy's--in the wheeling speech--s--stated that number, the number 57, as the number of people that he claimed were either communists or communist sympathizers still on the state department payroll. now mind you, there's a gap here. he's speaking in 1950. the state department spokesman in 1948's giving a number 19--given the number mccarthy has no way of knowing which is accurate--whether that number is still accurate. but the point was--as i make in the book--is that no one did because the--because the personnel files had been sealed. all of this stuff, by--by truman's order, had

behind by the soviet's giant nuclear program when the soviet union fell apart. one thing u.s. officials do, u.s. government personnel do in the spy versus spy world we live in is try to track down the old soviet uranium and plutonium so it doesn't get sold to terrorists groups looking for a weapon or enough to make one on their own or enough highly radioactive material to explode radioactive shrapnel and explosives. in muldova in june, police trained by authorities, identified a ring of people trying to sell 20 pounds of highly enriched uranium and some unknown amount of plutonium. the associated press reporting the asking price was about $30 million. the arranged buyer of at least a sample of the uranium was a north african man who has not yet been found. nor has one kilogram of highly enriched uranium that these authorities still think is out there and in criminal hands and for sale. because there is a functioning black market on which terrorist groups are shopping for uranium and plutonium. but thanks to the u.s. doing this work, prioritizing this, having a pr

. >> during the time of the former soviet union owning a car was the biggest sign of power in cuba. they soon became the most popular cars on the cuban road. this is cuba, old american cars in excellent conditions. but they are outnumbered by the hundreds of thousands of russian cars that are a reminder of soviet times. >> according to official figures there are 50,000 cars on this road. it is simple engineering and durability make them popular for personal use and taxis, ambulances or police cars. >> for me it is like a war tank. it has adapted to the city. >> but the oonl boom ended with the collapse of the former soviet union in 1991 and the input of spare parts and new cars stoped. >> that is how we solved the problem. >> now they have returned to do business in cuba, but the russian company lost its dominance. >> we now buy it for various reasons. chinese cars are more comfortable and better value for money. >> 0 years later they no longer represent innovation but they are still a moving reminder of the link that shares the ussr with this island. >> fabulous that. brings us to