boone: jewish people of the soviet union need your help and mine right now. we can be part of this. god is unfolding his prophetic plan in our lifetime. the children of israel are returning to the promise land. spokesperson: soviet citizens here live in very crowded conditions, very cramped quarters in big apartment buildings and the neighbors are always always watching. russian jew: whei was growing up, my mother had to close the shutters and draw the curtains before she lit sabbath candles. spokesperson: there's always somebody who's going to whisper to the authorities that so and so is observing the jewish holidays, and then this person is going to get in trouble. emigre: i remember that at the age of 5 or 6 years old i did not want to be jewish beuse it was a shame. it was a hate name, a curse. just being called a jew was a curse. emigre: i worry because i know wt the life of the elderly people is there, not only because of the anti-semitism but economically it's impossible to live there. emigre: they have no money for food and money for things. go". announcer: the governments of

to our efforts hundreds of thousands of needy jews in the former soviet union. without your help, without no one would know about them. no one would find them. no oneould be able to help them. maria: there are lots of different religis here but none of them give help to us like christians and jews do. announcer: the nternational fellowship of christians and jews works through the joint distribution committee. an organization dedicated to helping those in the jewish community of theormer soviet union. together, they join hands and hearts through "isaiah 58". eckstein: s isaiah says in chapter 58, "and if you give yourself to the hungry and satisfy the desire of the afflicted then your light will rise in darkness and your gloom will become like midday. donor: i have been overwhelmed by what i have seen. the poverty. the lack of medical care. i can't imagine myself having to live under those conditions. these people are destitute and they have got to have our support as christians. support and our prayers. (singing hebrew) shalom alechem donor: this is the only foo

we were flying a spy plane over the soviet union called a u2. >> i'm bill fox, in new york. ngle-engine u.s. air force plane was missing not far from the soviet border in the rugged mountains of southeastern turkey. >> to a stunned and startled audience, kruschev announced that an american u2 spy plane had been shot down in the soviet union. >> kruschev made the wreckage a public exhibition. to the soviet union, this wreckage was a national cause. national outrage over the violation of soviet boundaries. >> and so, out comes the cover story. >> the department has been informed by the nasa a u2 research plane, piloted by a civilian, has been missing since may 1. >> eisenhower said, no, that didn't happen. et cetera, et cetera. he had been drawn into a trap by kruschev. >> the soviet leader said not only did they shoot down the plane, they had the pilot. >> francis gary powers, an ordinary man caught up in extraordinary circumstances. and in a way, magnified by them. >> i realize i committed a grave crime. and i realize i must be punished for it. >> the evidence of espionage, c

secretary of defense robert mac o'mara believes this meant war with the soviet union. kennedy did not believe that. they continued to engage in communications with khrushchev and the kremlin in moscow and thankfully, these discussions resulted the next day in agreement that ended the crisis. i think both men, kennedy and khrushchev, realized that this could mean all-out nuclear conflagration, all-out nuclear war. this memorial was initially developed in may of 1963. less than one year after major rudolph anderson's death and the 1952, he a tober of was born in this area and played in cleveland park quite a bit. as a boy growing up in was involved in boy scouts. he apparently loved to fly from a very early age. he attended nearby augusta circle elementary school and greenville high school. wassenior yearbook quote good humor is the clean blue sky of this also gives you an insight as to his character. major andersoner death, the united states was extremely keen on returning anderson's body to the united states from cuba. inre was a funeral here early november, about 1800

it's upon us to help her. >> here in the former soviet union, jews live with a target on their back. elrly holocaust jews who are sometimes beaten, who have to walk in fear in their neighborhoods, these are jews, it's bred this intolerance, this prejudice, this hatred. these are people who are frightened and yet they struggle to survive. >> it's hard to imagine how cold it is right now here in the former soviet union and i'm wearing a coat. the elderly holocaust suivors that live here, they oftentimes don't have coats. they don't even have blankets and they surely don't have heat. the need for heat is so urgent that we get it to the elderly people in whatever form we can. to some elderly people we bring them heating fuel, to others it's wood. when we came in here we found katrina sitting like this. it's freezincold here in katrina's house. and katrina is telling me one piece of wood a day, which means that maybe she has a fire for an hour. (speaking foreign language) >> katrina tells me about making the choice between buying food or paying for wood for heat. so she climbs up on the c

announcer: in 1989, the doors of the former soviet union finally opened. for most jews who had been denied jobs and forced into terrible poverty, , there wastill no hope of having the means to ever realize their dream of returning to their homeland. but thanks to the help of the worldwide jewish community and programs like "on wings of eagles", what was only a distant dream became a modern-day miracle in the fulfillment of biblical prophecy. eckstein: this is the first sign that a jewish imigri will see when they arrive here in israel-welcome to israel. speaking hebrew) welcome home. and see this sign, it's often a very emotional experience, an overwhelming one. announcer: tens of thousands of jewish families in the former soviet union are waiting, praying, and hoping for their chance for freedom in the promise land. christians are joining with jews to rescue these persecuted people for several reasons. first is to participate in the modernay fulfillment of biblical prophecy. second is to show to god's chosen people that christians love them as jesus loved

they came to the soviet union first and then the russian federation. they had an open mind to have some background for what it was they were encountering and most importantly they imported the idea that you need to listen. it's not just articulating or setting out the set of plaintiffs also listening to what the other side has to say. we gave the members of congress the sense of what they were dealing with in this rapidly changing world of the of people and it was immensely important. there was in the same two make a major contribution and in the broadest expansion and taking the institutions, the libraries of the russian federation which had been straitjacketed for three quarters of a century and the most arcane access controls where it was parceled up by rank but it wasn't designed for people to read and explore. they were designed to provide the people who needed to know something with that information if it was a little suspicious. jim brought one in particular that became a partner and in finding ways to open up the libraries, he pushed people lik

won't you share your blessings with those in need here in the former soviet union. won't you divide your bread with those in need here. announcer: when you call you will receive an "isaiah 58" prayer packet with pictures and information on individuals being helped by the program. become a partner in isaiah 58 now. robertson: i believe a blessing has been ordained by god for those who bless abraham abraham through isaac and through jacob and through the patriarchs and all the way to the current nation of israel. hagee: you will discover the prosperity of the lord. you will discover god's favor and a peace in your heart that only god can put there knowing that youave done a mitzvah, a divine something, that blesses the heart of god. falwell: that is why i believe in the work of the international fellowship of christians and jews. it is exemplary of the kind of cooperation which is need between both communities of faith. needy jew: now non-jews are coming to help us again. tell this righteous people thank you. needy jew: thank you for bringing me the food box. in the u

i'm standing here in the ukraine in the forr soviet union in an area called a shtetl. an old jewish village. i'd like to show what happened to the jewish community in the past but even more importantly i would like to show you what the jewish community is like today in the former soviet union. i think you will be surprised. announcer: a 100 years ago russia was the center of the jewish world with 5 to 6 million jews living there. although russia's largest ethnic group, persecution. then came the bolshevik revolution. hoffman: the soviets systematically destroyed any kind of base for religious affiliation. they closed synagogues. they closed jewish schools, sent rabbis and teachers to jail and prison. and tried to convert everyone to their brand of materialist atheism. announcer: then came the nazis. between 1941 and 1945 soviet jews were savagely persecuted. subjected to every possib pain and humiliation and murdered in mass executions. eckstein: this is babiyar outside of kiev here in the ukraine. one of hundreds of killing fields from world war ii's holocaust through

they come from every province of almost every country in the former soviet union. the idea has remained the same since the inception of the program and it is the one that i think embodied the ideas that jim had for this program. you bring people that haven't been here before. it doesn't matter whether the speaking coach or not. give them a couple days in washington to understand what our bureaucracy thinks they should and then you send them out to some town or city in the united states to live with families or among families to eat how we really do things at the local level, how we do the things they have to do. that program has been extremely successful and i can tell you it is unique, and today is the biggest crook in the united states government has in that part of the world. i simply would say that in a broad sense of the world when it came to america's policy abroad or the development of the relations with a rapidly changing and totally transforming part of the world, james ideas as a library of instruments to develop and conduct and conceptualize different ap

and why it took away from the seminar is the concept the soviet union would not be around forever. and i remember vividly the discussion of the assertion was a more fundamental watershed. all of the students regarded that but by the end of the course i was persuaded them that. would enter the foreign service id the state department had this subversive mission it is not the case. i certainly did not expect to be around with the culmination at the end of the soviet union but when it did we cannot claim them to be psychologically prepared if i was entirely comfortable because of that seminar i had earlier with a great teacher. [applause] >> of a friend of mine lies in the library in she said it doesn't matter. and with everybody who was in this room and for two countries with russia in america. thank you very much. [applause] >> i just want to mention in one honor. i am a friend of the wilson center. and the president designates dr. billington as librarian of congress emeritus only the second person or the third person in the history of our country to be afforded that honor. if you do

until the soviet union collapsed on itself. he did not think it could exist in perpetuity and as long as it could be held inside its borders and not expand, the west would prevail. his idea of containment became the underlying principle of the western response and the american response. kennan himself came to have great doubts about his own theory. he did not think the united states needed to be a policeman to the world. he had much more limited vision of what it was. but containment in the philosophy of containment was the basis for president johnson's decision to support south vietnam believing that the communist vietnam was trying to take over south vietnam. and believing that china was behind north vietnam. the containment theory was the rationale for the united states to send troops to vietnam. here was the author of the containment theory saying it does not apply here. you need to get out as soon as possible this is not a winning situation for the united states. >> from washington, d.c., a special report on this morning's

believed thata this established war with the soviet union. kennedy did not believe that and they continued to engage in communications with her chef at the -- with the kremlin in moscow. thankfully, they resulted the next day with an agreement that ended the crisis. both men, both leaders, realized that this could mean all out nuclear conflagration. this memorial was initially developed in may of 1963. less than one year after major rudolph anderson death and the crisis of october 1952. he was born in this area. he played in this park, cleveland park quite a bit as a boy growing up. he was involved in the boy scouts. he loved to fly from an early age. avesta circle elementary school and greenville high school. his senior yearbook quote was -- good humor is the clean loose sky of the soul. that gives you a little insight into his character. after his death, the united states was extremely keen on returning anderson's body to the united states from cuba. there was a funeral here in early november, about 1800 local people attended the funeral. h

we were behind soviet union with the korean war broke out.e were using a lot of planes in world ward ii. we caught up quickly with the red army, focusing on new planes that were invented, making debuts in korea. the helicopter was widely used as well. it is large-scale for the first time. there are a lot of famous people who fought in korea in the fighter jet, including a of the original astronauts like neil armstrong, buzz aldrin, john glenn, and the baseball hall of famer ted williams. you have all of the amazing men to were known and unknown the families who fought in this new way of fighting. this is actually my favorite portion of the exhibit. we really highlight jesse brown. he was from mississippi and one of the first african-americans to join the united states navy, as well as the first pilot. he struggled when he joined the pilot program. they did not want him. to be in the navy, you have to pass a swim test. they kept trying to say he cannot swim. he basically outlasted them. to korea, and december of 1950 his plane is shot down. he

because it was in the 1960s during the cold war, where we were sort of at war with the former soviet union. >> so when the soviets aimed their nuclear missiles at the united states, we aimed missiles back at them -- missiles called icbms. icbm stands for "intercontinental ballistic missile." that means it could fly from our continent to another continent, carrying a nuclear warhead. one kind of icbm was the titan ii. it was a giant rocket kept armed and ready to launch in an underground chamber called a silo. spread across uninhabited areas of the u.s. they're no longer in use, but you can take a tour of one thanks to the arizona aerospace foundation. >> well, nicole, first of all, welcome to launch complex 571-7. >> thank you. >> we're gonna go underground. >> whoo-hoo! >> nuclear missiles are always kept underground because that is the safest place you can be in a nuclear war. >> that is true. >> so we're gonna go down about 35 feet. [ gong crashes, mysterious music plays ] >> hey, watch your step here. >> as i followed chuck, he explained what it was like to visit the site when it was m

. >> this site was built because cold war, where we were sort of at war with the former soviet union. >> so when the soviets aimed their nuclear missiles at the united states, we aimed missiles back at them -- missiles called icbms. icbm stands for "intercontinental ballistic missile." that means it could fly from our continent to another continent, carrying a nuclear warhead. one kind of icbm was the titan ii. it was a giant rocket kept armed and ready to launch in an underground chamber called a silo. in all, there were 54 silos spread across uninhabited areas of the u.s. they're no longer in use, but you can take a tour of one thanks to the arizona aerospace foundation. >> well, nicole, first of all, welcome to launch complex 571-7. >> thank you. >> we're gonna go underground. >> whoo-hoo! >> nuclear missiles are always kept underground because that is the safest place you can be in a nuclear war. >> so we're gonna go down about 35 feet. [ gong crashes, mysterious music plays ] >> hey, watch your step here. >> as i followed chuck, he explained what it was like to visit the site whe

there has been substantial change in movement within the soviet union as well as. perhaps even more in the countries of eastern europe. these changes have not been inhibited because of our efforts to maintain the postwar arrangements by organizing the western alliance. they have taken place because of internal developments as well, and because the communist regime in moscow has recognized the western alliance cannot permit it to extend its dominance by force. over time, the same process will hopefully work in the far east. they must learn they cannot redraw the boundaries of the world by force. what we are pursuing is not a static concept. unlike the communists, we do believe in social revolution and not merely as power cloaked as revolution. we believe in constructive change and imperatives, that was the meaning of president johnson's conference, to encourage the south vietnamese government to transform the country to bring about a better life for all of the people. in meeting our commitments to south vietnam, using substantial military force, at the same time we

do my bit incia to the cold war against the soviet union.nd so i go to the white house with him in 1989 and we have the liberation of eastern europe, the reunification of germany, the victory in the cold war and the collapse of the soviet union. i was spending 2, 3, 4 hours of the day with the president, travelling domestically. it was an amazing time. we knew we were making history every single day. he was so good at it and he managed it so well, so that every day was exciting and he made it all so fun. brian lamb: i want to run a clip, about a minute long. it is about a man who was for 28 years a staff member of the budget committee at the hill, and he looked at your book "duty" and analyzed it here after 2014. >> what is a republican today and what is a democrat? >> i think to dispose of gates, he is an ideological operative of the permanent regime that exists, whether you are a democrat or a republican in the oval office. these people pose as technocrats and experts on national security, or for that matter, like larry summers and some ot

the soviet union and mr. khrushchev, as he symbolizes it, is determined to surpass us and he is fighting us, competing with us in every area. not merely military, he is competing with us economically and in economics and education, science and technology, culture, and we have to be prepared to meet that competition and to surpass it, to expand the area of freedom. now you can't do that if you ignore problems at home. for example, if we are going to have a foreign policy which is willing to give economic -- loan economic assistance to every nation of the world under the international development loan fund, which i have supported, it seems to me we must have a domestic policy which will make policy loans to local communities, to local industries, to americans for the improvement of economic conditions in our own country. in other words, our ability to maintain our strength abroad will be dependent in no small part upon our capacity to have whole production and employment at home with social justice. now i have

i committed to release, declassify all of the estimates the cia had ever done on the soviet union. committed 2-d classified details on coke -- declassify 1950'soperations in the to make them more available to the press and the hill. i felt the same way and the department of defense. sometimes the transparency is not to the public that it is internal. there are a lot of bosses who say, if you only knew what i knew you would understand why i decided that. i think most of the time, that betrays someone who is very arrogant or someone who is very insecure. i found in being very transparent about what i was as director of central intelligence and secretary of defense, inside the building, so there were no secrets in terms of my agenda and where i was headed, that it was a strength. when i had all of these task forces at the cia, windows task forces gave me those reports, i made them widely available in the cia and intelligence committee -- community, and when i drafted a decision memo i would make that available. i am sitting up there on the -13ond floor, and if some gf is going to have

but after the berlin wall fell in 1989 and the soviet union collapsed in 1991, many former soviet satellitees and republics sought and won the protection of nato's security umbrella. most galling to the russians was nato's 2004 incorporation of three tiny baltic states, former soviet republics where many ethnic russians still reside: lithuania, latvia, and estonia. >> we will defend our nato allies, and that means every ally. >> warner: in september 2014, after the ukraine crisis erupted, president obama went to estonia to reassure the baltics and to warn the russians. >> so if, in such a moment, you ever ask again, "who will come to help?," you'll know the answer: the nato alliance. >> warner: but is russia actually a threat to its baltic neighbors? >> absolutely. you know all of the countries on russia's periphery have been either invaded by russia and occupied. this kremlin has a foreign policy that essentially asserts their right to have political and economic control over their periphery. >> warner: what do you asses is putin's intention vis-a-vis these countries? >> he wants to mainta

both the united states and the soviet union have spies working to gather information in response to the lingering threat of nuclear war. our film begins with one soviet spy played by mark rilentz and we see him receiving information shortly before the f.b.i. raids his home and takes him into custody charged with espionage. wanting to keep a solid front to the rest of the world, they want the accused to have a solid defense so they bring in jim donvan played by tom hanks to represent him much to his regret. but without a true trial, he's found guilty. at the same time, a u.s. air fleet is training on secret spy planes to gather photographic evidence of tht things happening in the soviet union. on his first reconnaissance mission, pilot francis gary powers is shot down and arrested in enemy territory. the c.i.a. realizes that this man has secrets they don't want the soviets to find out and talks began of an exchange. the c.i.a. brings in donvan to go broker the trade which is to occur in east berlin. as the movie progresses, we see donvan travel to east berlin and witness some of the horr

i played finland. >> my sister was the soviet union. and i was further handy happened my father had said something that we now know it wasn't his fault in those days, but it was not politically correct and it was probably sexist. and he told me we do not hit girls, and you will never hit your sister again. into that again part. >> right. >> but my sister didn't get the same sort of warning. so i was kind of like a unilaterally disarmed finland. [ laughter ] and she was a soviet union bristling with weaponry. [ laughter ] >> so i think if it hadn't been for my sister's expansionist backseat policy, i would probably know the difference between a butte and a mesa. [ laughter ] >> but to this day you don't. why it when americans go overseas, we are terrorized or feel awkward or embarrassed because we don't use the language. >> tt doesn't bother me. >> it didn't bother you? >> in french for instance, i don't use verbs in french. as a matter of policy. you can ruin your whole about thinking about whether you used the right tents or a number o

if the united states did so, it would move ahead of the soviet union in international standing. prof. brinkley: do you remember where you were for kennedy's inauguration? were you moved by his inaugural as a new generation taking charge? know, iuchtenburg: you followed -- i did not follow that very closely. that he would seize upon an opportunity as the first democrat in the white house since truman to do something forthright about civil rights. speech was about the cold war, about foreign policy. it is a scary speech when you read it. i knew ted sorensen, who wrote it a little bit. i liked him very much and admired him. but i did not care for that famous speech. tooought it was warmongering, paid too little attention to america's troubles at home. there were other things that kennedy did that i admired. prof. brinkley: was martin luther king jr. your hero at that point or one of your heroes westermann -- your heroes? prof. leuchtenburg: definitely. prof. brinkley: what about the death of kennedy, when he was killed. do you have any recollection of ?ow you process those grim day

naturalization service now argued that the jews could no longer claim persecution because the soviet union was easing up on its restriction of the jewish population. s to emigrate were starting to evaporate. it was american jewish groups who advocated on the half of the soviets. it was these groups that reminded the bush and clinton administrations of their obligation to accept those who had once been at the center of foreign policy negotiation. advocacy on the part of american jewish groups that facilitated the entrance of over 358,000 former soviets from 1990 to 1998. but here are some other examples. 1989 massacre, congress worked hard to pass legislation to allow chinese students studying in the u.s. to remain here. many chinese students were afraid to return home because they had been supporters of the student protesters and they were afraid to go home and perhaps face retaliation on the part of the government. president george herbert walker bush objected to these initiatives because he feared it might strain diplomatic relations with beijing. in the end, his administration vowed to

tallinn has modernized at an astounding rate since the fall of the soviet union. business district shines with the same glass and steel gleam you'll find in any modern city. yet nearby are the rugged and fully intact medieval walls, and the town within these ramparts has a beautifully preserved old-world ambiance. among medieval cities in the north of europe, none are as well preserved as tallinn. the town hall square was a marketplace through the centuries. its fine old buildings are a reminder that tallinn was once an important medieval trading center. today it's a touristy scene, full of people just having fun. through the season, each midday, cruise-ship groups congest the center as they blitz the town in the care of local guides. like many tourist zones, tallinn's is a commercial gauntlet. here there's a hokey torture museum, strolling russian dolls, medieval theme restaurants complete with touts, and enthusiastic hawkers of ye olde taste treats. woman: [ laughs ] steves: but just a couple blocks away is, for me, the real attraction of tallinn -- workaday loc

as a result, the advances of soviet power was stopped and the soviet union gradually adjusted policies to the situation. but within a year after the establishment of nato, the communists took over china. this posed a new and serious threat. particularly, for those new nations of the far east that had been formed out of colonial empires. the problem in asia were different from those in europe. but the result was much the same, instability and uncertainty and vulnerability to both the bully and the aggressor. western europe, with established governmental and socialist institutions, recovered quickly. but new nations of asia, particularly those who have not known self-government for a century or more, continue to face a formidable problem which they still face. the first test came in korea, when the united nations forces , predominantly american, stopped the drive of communist north korea, supported by material aid from the soviet union. it stopped the chinese army that followed. it brought to a halt the communist effort to push out the line that had been drawn and to establish communist

people had given the cia a pass on a lot of things because of this existential conflict with the soviet union, of i believe after the end the cold war we would have to be more open about what we did and why we did it, and even to an extent how we did it, to help the american people better understand why intelligence was important to the government and to presidents, and why presidents valued it. >> sunday night at 8:00 eastern on q&a"." >> this year, c-span is touring cities across the country, exploring american history. next, a recent visit to santa barbara, california. you are watching american history tv, all weekend, every weekend on c-span 3. given the growing demands for water for environmental needs, there is more of a demand to develop additional sources, and to continue to diversify. one of the city's hallmarks is diversification, because we know how vulnerable we are in an arid climate like this, where you could go multiple years without much rainfall. we are right on the beach in santa barbara. we are currently in a drought. it officially started in 2011, although it takes two to

jihad against the soviet union, and struggle in sri lanka started the fourth wave. the post 9/11 is the five wave ask that is combining history, and theology, matched by utilization of the information technology of the fourth industrial revolution. it's translated interest a stink ecology, -- of violence. our knowledge and response -- as we are struggling between naming thephone na, knowing and it having an action plan on the basis of an an aligned strategy to distract, overcome and destroy the fifth wave of terrorism. symptoms are often -- causes are rarely confronted. voices of analysis are not followed. and there's no common framework. without a common framework on intelligence, that drives use of force, we keep repeating mistakes. while the enemy learns fast, we are slow to adapt. from seeking ungoverned spaces, the aim of the fifth wave is to establish territories of terror. my second point is on dimensions and drivers of conflict. i am focus here on afghanistan as an illustration. often times the war is described as a civil war. it is not. first, we have a reg

and, of course, the soviet union would view the united states in the same way. they would say this is just a moment. and have good reason to distrust the united states. from the soviet point of view, they would say if you thought hitler is so bad, why did you not do anything when he invaded us? why did you wait till he's on the outskirts of moscow. then you came in because the japanese attacked and the germans did you a favor. there's no reason from the soviet point of view to trust american interests and motives any more than for the americans that came to trust soviet interests and motives. but we like to fight wars as crusades so here we are, the innocent country. we've been attacked. we haven't done anything to cause this. but now that we're engaged in this war, this war becomes something more than just a fight to the retaliate. wilson's 14 points, they were going to really remake the world. in an american image complete with an international organization that's going to americanize global politics. and one of the reasons americans become disenchanted is with