that is what i think partly drives the story of the soviet union because the soviet union is not able to do that. two, critical in reference to today, the domestic economic revivals were combined with international adaptations in the 1980's. taking the detail let me mention , this took place in trade, monetary and exchange rates, g7 policy coordination, developing country debt and reforms, and so this economic revival was not based on a narrow economic nationalism. it also wasn't based on another idea that was current and has faded in history which is the international set of economic planning model. the geopolitical analysis that move into the economic sphere often they -- pay attention to economic strength. but they have a hard time recognizing there is a dynamic element to the power. part of it is a systemic ability to adapt and to change. third, the ussr could not adapt. it was very dependent on energy resources and prices. that is still true today. i note it in the paper. about 20% of their gdp, 50% of the budget, and 80% of their exports. so a huge dominance in the overall econo

to the next panel because as i said i still believe the nature of the structural reforms in the soviet union for the economy were a huge challenge. i still wouldn't know today exactly what one should do. in fact, vlad made this point. some of the soviet reformers were looking more for a better model from china or chile than they would have had from gorbachev's democratization. if on top of that you open up the political system, it is never going to work. to come back for the realm of possibilities, i think at least bush and baker were partly of the view to say, look, this is a historic moment. we want to try to sort of maintain or keep up the momentum as much as we can. we need the harvest, the benefits for things we wanted to achieve over the course of 40 years. then, we also have to be prepared for some of the down sides. you asked about the gulf war. that was a story where many people in this room are probably well aware. baker was in mongolia. dennis ross and i were back in moscow with a guy who was very close to him. we rarngarranged for baker to c back and have a statement at the airpo

impact and this is partly because he had the power to have such an impact as the leader of the soviet union and as a still totalitarian regime in 1985, but it also has something to do with his uniqueness in the sense that he did not do what other soviet leaders in his peer group would have done. if he had he was reflecting the values that he all shared or we could say that he was reacting to the demands of the situation which they all faced, but no, he acted in his own idiosyncratic way and there were members of the bureau who stayed with him almost to the very end, and edward srebrnaza because he did resign. edward, whom his closest ally with whom he grew estranged and vladim medvedev. he was unique and he was exceptional and that's what i want to enlighten in light of the conference so far because what struck me about many of the papers is how much continuity the paper givers have discerned in the hundred years between 1917 and 2017. of course, there have been differentes and stalin is wanot putin and the communist ideology is not to return to the trinity of the czars and the nationality

and soviet union second? and for -- do you think gorbachev understood in 1991 that he would never get massive western aid, and if he did, why did he continue to behave as if he would? >> i didn't hear that. what did he say? >> did he understand in 1991, did gorbachev understand in '91 that he was not going to get western aid. >> if he didn't, why did he keep acting as if he did? >> well, i guess he understood after a while he wasn't going to get it. i mean, it took a great deal, i think, of determination and courage to ask for it in the first place. you know, initially, i think it was other people around him who named numbers. and gorbachev always put it more generally, like if you spent x-billion dollars in the gulf war, can't you spare anything to change, you know, the soviet union in this crucial way? that was highway of asking for it. but i think he understood, and he didn't always behave in a way as to make it more likely. his response to the gambit was to send primakof to washington, rather than another

briefings on the soviet union. soviet internal pg. a 15 minute fame from 1985 details detail attention the vast system of indoctrination and which dischurj individualism and encourage kremlin rule. >> the soviet communist party has not face add serious internal threat to its political rule since the 1920s. yet after years of forced san franciscos by the population, shortages of food and clothing persist. housing remains inadequate. intellectual and artistic expression were striefld. and corruption reaches all levels of society. the soviet people respond with public displays of sinnism. but almost never openly challenge the leadership. the soviet regime doesn't hesitate to enforce rule through the violent of suppression of individual liberty. but prefers to use less onnerous methods of control such as propaganda techniques. the use of propaganda from cradle to grave by the kremlin has helped to ensure at least the passive acceptance of rule by the soviet people. the soviet regime disseminates propaganda through a vast network operating

it was the whole region, through the soviet union. l and i keep emphasizing that in some ways since germany worked out ok, we don't see it as a big problem. but we realize in history, it was a german question as much as a russian question. within eastern europe, that related to germany. they are as anxious about germany as they are about russia and the soviet union. i don't recall the particular facts you mentioned about supporting eastern europe as opposed to the soviet union. u.s.,ality was, in the and whether you think this is too narrow of a vision -- remember, bush did a budget deal only thehat time was big deficit, and ended up costing him reelection. the idea was, in the case of german reunification, we are willing to help, but we did not feel we should pay for it. we were very supportive of the germans paying for it, and in the gulf war, baker gets the saudi's to give additional contributions. there were not small sums of money put in by the imf and world bank. moneyinue to believe that alone, unless you get the fundamentals r

the soviet union become an open book. >> the men chosen to fly the ultimate spy plane was francis garye grew up in virginia and took the trip at a county fair and at 21 entered the force trained as an f- 84 fighter pilot. he was ordered to korea but suffered an appendix attack. >> that mission to korea, his name was given to his commander as one of the outstanding pilots. >> power's son founder and president of the cold war museum. he studied his dad's spy missions extensively. >> the cia was looking for outstanding pilots to fly these new airplanes. my father jumped at the opportunity as it was explained to him, he would be flying a unique and new aircraft doing something very important for the american government. >> did your dad tell you what it was like to fly in one of these missions? >> he said it was very quiet, very peaceful. he said he was very close to god. >> would francis gary powers every touchdown again or end his life . >>> ellen then head of the cia requested permission for another flight over the soviet union. it was rumored they detected the last flight. >> he said lo

not the soviet union. and they offered the alliance to china because it expoli explici directed to the soviet union. now moving to putin. putin is a very different person than khrushchev but it's also very different person in comparison to brezhnev. there's some similarities. there's not differences. let's go through them. for those that didn't have a chance to read the paper. putin like brezhnev is deeply e-liberal. he respects force, supporting military, venerates fatherland war like bresch nevada and promotes state. to reduce him to a kgb man is a height of -- it's deeply wrong. he had a deep learning curve. he learned a lot, what does it mean when the is state is destroyed? and russia was flooded by highly unpleasant realities. so he accepted fundamental failure of communist as economic dock dri doctrine. he does not want to rebuild a soviet empire. his project is to improve russia's place in the existing world order, not to create a new one and here comes the rub. if you think about it, if you talk to

hishis father, [indiscernible] an old friend of the soviet union. an that is the interest, of course. that is the interest, of course. it really was to persuade him to it really was to persuade him to behave. at least more moderately, they have that area. and for the interest of stupidity in the middle east, interest was the very low price of oil which we suffered from. so now we see if they would pay and recount the soviet union being inherited. recount $12 billion at that worldit would be a dream to go with that for a quarter of that. and to assure that the president, we are old friends. that.at about it did they were mesmerized. , youoked at me and said know, it is, you know, it is unbelievable for 30 years or i don't remember how many, that i am a dictator here. twentysomething. and ite coming to me stands against american imperialism. giving weapons for that. and it is from moscow. [indiscernible] [indiscernible] and there is a certain degree of respect for them. and, i have to pay for the weapon that was given to me. i mean, it is mind-bogglin

russia propaganda today something to brezhnev soviet union could not even dream of. rt is a my respect, very successful enterprise. russian operations in social networks, using american platforms, like facebook, it is a tremendous achievement. to overestimate putin's strength, no, of course. we know russia is weekend getting weaker. but underestimate putin is also well, leting and say, it go down and the united states can ignore it. we cannot. we cannot ignore it. with an let me conclude optimistic note. crimea is an exception. it's a one-off thing. -- puts not needin mart in does not need more territory. if anything because more territory comes with more people and they need more pensions and things. [laughter] sideroblem is the american doesn't want to provide that opportunity. perhaps for putin, it was as much a grand illusion as detente was for brezhnev. >> thank you. [laughter] >> while them -- well done. to jeremy, whose essay is on nixon and detente. jeremy: i want to start by thanking the organizers and how delighted i am to be here with barbara and vlad. i w

not the soviet union. and they offered that alliance to china because it's explicitly and strategically directed against the soviet union. now moving to our putin. putin is a very different person than kruschev but also very different person in comparison to brez nef. there are similarities and differences for those who didn't have to chance a read the paper. putin like brez nef is ill liberal supports sfroers, veterans great fatherland warily brez nef. he reduce put ton kgb man is a primativism. . he had a steep learning curve. he learned a lot what does it mean when the state is destroyed? and russia was flooded by highly unpleasant realities linked to economic and political liberalization. so he accepted fundamental failure of communism as doctrine. he does not want to rebuild a territorial soviet empire. his project is to improve russia's place in the existing world order not create a new one. and here comes the rub. if you think about it and if you talk to you know very knowledgeable russian -- i just

i think it was same in soviet union. despite stalin was supposed to be single dictator which he was on one hand. on the other hand, he created or was promoted by new class which was actually the way of old bureaucracy, but at least peasants come to st. petersburg and moscow. a lot of their habits and ways effected the course of the soviet union. my impression is that this kind of structure is coming in vicious circles. why is it coming repetitiously, even after major upheaval of major revolutionary events which look on the surface as a major revolutionary event like in 1970 or 1980, and in all times that's for my mind a little different mystery of history. it's not political, just what happened. history, history. that's what i can offer as degree of soviet and failed democratic regime in russia. thank you. >> wla do you think of corporate pieces in the paper. what is the meaning for development going forward, your take please. >> thank you. first of all, delighted to be here. thank you for the lead. i think corporate ass

so compromise stops at the door of -- at the border of the soviet union. understanding stops. empathy stops at the border -- at the doorstep of the kremlin and so on so forth. there's some remarkable exceptions and there's one remarkable exception is the brezhnev nixon meeting. >> absolutely. >> no one could believe it. brezhnev takes him aside, basically abducts him, entourage, takes him over with a translator and all of a sudden they begin to feel like they're both intensely insecure individuals, both have enormous power and yet they can trust each other and it's a miracle. >> i if i could i want to say one more thing. i think vlad has nailed it. what's so important is for a leader to develop a complex portrait of his or her interlocutors and then to educate the american public about that. one of the things that makes this so difficult is our rhetoric at home has always been simplistic but it's become even more simplistic and i think this happened to obama as much as it's happened to others is you get locked into your political rhetoric at home more so than ever before. that

what is the case is during in the 1970s the soviet union, the kremlin, exploited environmentalism. after the helsinki accords which for the west was about human rights. there was language in there about the environment. so the soviets tried to shift the argument about -- about a common home that brezhnev made a speech on the environment and signed up to a u.n. pact on acid rain. they didn't mean they that to do anything but all about demonstrating to greens in the west that soviets were on the right side of the environment. on the nuclear winter, the evidence is very clear, defector said this was -- the kgb's proudest achievement, the nuclear winter scare which was taken up by american signties, conference in washington to play up the threat and basically put -- it was really to undermine the reagan administration and the nuclear arms build up, and if they got their way, if the scientists got their way the outcome of the cold war would have been very different. >> okay. right here in the back and then to you. >> paul larken, heritage foundation. i've read a few newspaper conditioned

earlier than that, the head of the kgb became the head of the political bureau and the leader of the soviet union. when he was the head of the kgb, whoreated groups of people develop a section of the market economy, the transformation of the soviet plan system that did not use the term market economy, but basically they were toying with the semi-capitalist system in yugoslavia, elements of private property or land that existed in poland. , these kgbt forces people, they are all involved in the market economy and obviously we are already seeing the competition between different groups inside the same corporations, for instant -- instant -- instance, -- during the soviet times, he is the head of the someny that consisted of 500 different industrial -- rprises [indiscernible] he has trouble now because of the sanctions imposed by the united states. they were able to develop, to drill for oil in and arctica. these are competing forces. they are going to compete. this will not allow for any total state. there will be no total state. there is no ideology. they are trying to promote russian orthodox as

the soviet union was about to be dismantled. - [polyakova] people including myself who lived in the soviet union at the time didn't see it coming. people were ready for a change. they wanted western values. they wanted democracy. (epic russian music) - [yelchenko] there was a lot of hope that the new russia which also became an independent state, like every other former republic, would change. that they would become a country with normalcy, with the human rights and democracy. - [kara-murza] a new era began. an era when we had genuine freedom of the media in russia. when elections actually mattered and when the outcome of the elections was determined by how people voted. (epic russian music) - [narrator] russian president boris yeltsin faced the task of implementing an array of political and economic reforms. the seeds of which had been planted by the soviet union's last premier, mikhail gorbachev. - [sachs] almost everybody was facing extreme uncertainty and alarm at a collapsed economy, empty shelves, high inflation and tremendous political turmoil. - then under the advice and guidance o

shortly before the soviet union collapsed, a self-professed psychic named anatoly kashpirovsky appeared conduct mass faith-healing sessions to millions throughout the soviet bloc. and the faith healer juna davitashvili is said to have helped soviet leader leonid brezhnev and later president boris yeltzin. nearly 30 years later, countless healing services are now available online. the patriarch of the russian orthodox church considers president vladimir putin's rise to power a miracle of god. he also foresees an impending apocalypse. it's not unusual for a police officer to ask a priest to bless a location where numerous car accidents have occured. christ has become an antidote for misfortune. sociologists point to depression, anxiety, and a disoriented society as an explanation for the rising belief in the supernatural. >> people have no idea what's going to happen in the near future. they plan their lives from one paycheck to the next -- maybe a few months at most. >> back in the altay mountains, yelena gomayun insists healers are more than a rural phenomenon. she says her clients from

same down the cutoff was the chief radiologist in the soviet union's ministry of health he was sent to the polygon as a government representative he remembers meeting with soviet officials on one particular day in one nine hundred fifty seven last by michelle it does that political question through brittania what should one. of the young we trade about got there. richard. quickly delude you could put a slimy with people early but i spy a way but more in with the yes but you may to be. the nurse who was in the machine or they got the aftermath of the mullah evolved but this one got the act of congress that is but then you look at polls for the. slaughter. and he. gets to put him there. with a buddhist look again. i do know a lot of there was a bum way was not you just. get that when you see him word for you in your ears j.m. that's in a year. dr brown hung off was finally signed to head a medical team investigating the effects of radiation on thursday in the public eye . serious health problems from anemia to high incidence of cancer schizophrenia which sometimes resulted in suicide or

fall of france and we were isolationist with misguided view of the strength and eventually the soviet union that led to three events that changed the course of history the three most momentous events and then changed a second world war that was the soviet invasion on june 22, 1941 with pearl harbor attack and then singapore the next day in malaysia. and then the inexplicable declaration by italy and germany on december 11. at that point suddenly the axis on earlier preparation with the ferocity of the japanese and german soldier with those wonderful munitions and technology found themselves in a war they could not win. 170million against an alliance with the prewar gdp six or seven times larger so what was the decision about? as historians we don't like to say that was stupid there were all sorts of kinds if you were german or japanese. so britain was not able to be defeated despite those occupations so the idea was that we could be immune from the blockades if we turn on the provider of the soviet union. france collapsed this time around they will collapse very quickly and with the spanish

i was shortly before the soviet union collapsed a self professed psychic named anatoly kushti roski appeared on t.v. to conduct mass faith healing sessions to millions throughout the soviet bloc. and the faith healer journal davi tash really the said to have helped soviet leader leonid brezhnev and later president boris yeltsin. nearly thirty years later countless healing services are now available online the patriarch of the russian orthodox church considers president vladimir putin's rise to power a miracle of god he also foresees an impending apocalypse. it's not unusual for a police officer to ask a priest to bless a location where numerous car accidents have occurred christ has become an antidote for misfortune. sociologists point to depression anxiety and a disoriented society as an explanation for the rising belief in the supernatural. but it's the libby to go have no idea what's going to happen in the near future and that was they plan their lives for one paycheck to the next of the maybe a few months at most work from them when you're for komisarek back in the timezone tens yelena g

so a compromise stops at the door of at the border of the soviet union. understanding stops, empathy stops at the border and at the doorstep of the kremlin and so on and so forth. there are some remarkable exceptions and there's one remarkable exception is breshnev and nixon. it's remarkable and nobody could predicted. breshnev takes him aside and basically abducts him to the horror of his -- entourage and takes him to whoever is translating and all of a sudden they begin to feel like they're both intensely insecure individuals and both have enormous power and yet they can trust each other. >> right. right. >> and it's a miracle. >> i think that i just wanted to add if i could, just to build on vlad's nailed it. i think what's so important is for a leader to develop a complex portrait of his or her interlocutors and educate the american public and our rhetoric at home has always been simplistic and it's become even more simplistic and it happened to obama as much as it happened to others as you get locked into your political rhetoric at home more so than

like the soviet union. it is first based on fear and the idea that we needed to understand how far they have gone and what they've done with the weaponry. and later became, what can we do with these scientists and this material? intelligence operatives conceived of ways to bring them back to the united states or possibly deal with them in countries during occupation. paperclip was first an idea among intelligence professionals and also the american scientific community. that was aware of how germany had progressed in weapons technology during the war. and there was an understanding that with the atom bomb and with the invention of these long-range rockets, we have entered a new era in warfare. it was not quite yet the cold war where you are looking at the soviet union as his intense enemy in 1945. but no matter who is out there, the technology has changed the way warfare can be conducted in we needed to find an advantage against whatever potential enemy there would be. and that involved finding the best sci

. - to ask the distinguished delegate of the soviet union to limit himself strictly to the point of order. - it became clear that in the face of the soviet veto that the united nations wasn't gonna be able to solve the most pressing global problems. as a result, america, we focused that institutional energy on building things like nato, like the european union, that would create stability of rule based institutionalized stability. - [narrator] the cold war rivalry with the soviet union compelled the us to promote its system of liberal democratic values, free markets, and free trade as a global standard to be emulated. - what the soviets held out was a model of global integration that was connected to social and economic progress for those at the bottom. let's say the american model, liberal internationalism, made a different case. argued that it was not so much the language, the equality of all peoples, but rather the liberty of all people. free speech, freedom of assembly, what we would recognize as american national norms now being exploited worldwide. (foreign chanting) - the united st

the soviet union. therussian people and citizens of the other countries had to live in the rubble. else whond everybody were well-intentioned had to work with the rubble. rule of law to speak of. intra-russian mechanisms to have a totally clean democratic process. i absolutely agree. i know you understood it at that time. boughto understood how that election was by the oligarchs and the oligarchs control media. rather than -- i just did not want to turn it into the fact that yeltsin was elected. he was running a dirty campaign. not just because of that. the oligarchs new -- knew. [laughter] number three candidate. he famously said in one of his campaign speeches, do not worry, this will be the last election you will ever have to vote in. >> he said many things. he would take alaska back. privatization -- very quickly. privatization experience was extremely crucial for the way russians see the 1990's and democracy and free market. ist was built as a result oligarchy. it also disillusioned people. it almost eliminated support for the democracy. people were not idiots. basic during th

soviet union relations. i think a very big priority was to make sure the nuclear ch chemical and biological weapons were save and secure. there was the nonlou garr program where nuclear weapons were withdrawn from belarus, united states came through and securing chemical weapons, not biological in russia. and that program produced real cooperation. military to military, politicians to politician, that cooperation produced stories of success, friendships, and ability of these people to trust each other, connect with each other, and work in the future. there were other priorities. certainly expanding nato was a big priority for the united states. a lot of time i think in the u.s. public statements but also internally, they treated yeltsin's resistance to the idea of the expansion as just his pr. he needs this for his pr. but if you look domestically, if you look at yeltsin himself, he basically said in 1995, in that summit, he told clinton, for me to agree to the borders of nato, expanding toward those of russ

we have fought ghengis khan, tamerlane, alexander the great, the british, the soviet union. so really the idea of accepting the dominance of another country, is not in the gene of the afghans. - afghanistan has been referred to as the graveyard of empires because it's a very rugged, dry generally, typography. neither the russians, nor the british, nor the americans, have been able to, for a significant period of time, subdue afghanistan. and, it's not that you can't do it, it's what costs are you willing to incur. - [narrator] the costs were too high for the soviet union when various ethnic groups united as the mujahideen to drive them out of afghanistan in the 1980's. - the mujahideen, during the afghan war, were generally engaged in a war of liberation against the soviet union. it was a war of liberation that was given religious connotations because that idea of jihad against the soviet union, it made the war legitimate, and it also allowed them to tap into resources across the muslim world in form of money and fighters. - the kingdom, along with the united states, and oth

the soviet union. the russian people and the citizens of the other countries had to live in the rubble. yeltsin and everybody else who were well-intentioned had to work with the rubble. there was no rule of law to speak of. we didn't have intra-russian mechanisms to have a totally clean democratic process. svetlana: i absolutely agree. i know you understood it at that time. you also understood how bought that election was by the oligarchs and the oligarchs control media. so, rather than -- i don't want to turn it into clinton was to blame for yeltsin being elected. yeltsin was running a dirty campaign supported by the oligarchs money. not just because of that. the oligarchs knew it, when the bank was nationalized. [laughter] strobe: the number three candidate famously said, don't worry this will be the last election you will ever have to vote in. [laughter] svetlana: he said many things. he also said he would take alaska back. can i respond to jeremy's question? privatization. >> very quickly. svetlana

tonight as president gorbachev resigned and bought one and seven decades of communist rule in the soviet union. the years after the disintegration of the u.s.s.r. became known as the crazy ninety's in all the post soviet territories. he's leaving behind fifteen independent states which share only a disastrous economy and an uncertain future after having been under a government controlled economy the free market dramatically changed the rules of the game new business has emerged instantly in the for. most all the guards were born overnight. the former country with no class division suddenly became stratified the chosen few became rich while the rest had to fight to survive. the same as it was the bushings they said mr bush was. a what does that say. you know she still is letting us hopes the us to win using your seat in the world when you sellers of those implosion is a. good cuba alist in you mean you didn't do a good reason you know it in their will to stay in and you join in as me and you know dumbass hail. the system like the good bush list is and i'm just going to ask them to get a missile

it was the soviet union technology and it must be ok with north korea as well. to give just one example, admiral thomas more justified than minimal risk assessment by talking about the soviets. the soviets were doing the same thing with their scholars, this is a routine collection of intelligence. that thefic fact pueblo is not going to the soviet union was ignored and almost all levels of the risk assessment process. theory, the navy evaluated seven factors when considering mission risk. there was a political climate and sensitivity of the region. the navy's ability to provide port forces, the scope of the intelligence staff, the ship also overall ability, the expected weather in the presence of the shipping international waters. by any reasonable standard, the pueblo about the first to six of these requirements. the weather in january of see japan would be atrocious, they have clearly shown it wasn't in operational condition, the political sensitivity of north korea is something that even today is obvious to even the most casual onlooker makes it a risk for the

since the collapse of the soviet union spread across the country the protesters condemned alleged election fraud and called for putin's resignation falling oil prices were causing widespread economic hardship and corruption was rife putin himself was accused of becoming one of the richest men in the world through graft. the ruler in the kremlin was very worried and hid himself in his palace. and he started to fight back using a tried and tested method accusing the west america and the cia of conspiring against him. and we do have serious concerns about the conduct of the elections russian voters deserve a full investigation of all credible reports of electoral fraud and manipulation and we hope in particular that the russian authorities will take action on the recommendations that come forward putin had heard this statement by the american secretary of state on t.v. the night before as have most of russia he called it a declaration of war. and you did signal solution. to maintain his power and mobilize the russian public hooten wanted to make russia a world power again and recover the stat

soviet union but in order to achieve that he first needed to reconfigure his own power structures. he shut out liberals and surrounded himself with hard liners many were either former k.g.b. agents like him or loyal. his friend vladimir a former k.g.b. officer a wealthy businessman and pious creditor joined the inner circle that unofficially advises the russian president. rid the supervision of the school system it seemed that there were no any grounds for more i just struggle when somebody decides that he possesses the troops. to everyone. that is the malaysian bet can lead to actual error over you war water or you know or your logical warm or cold war whether. this new cold war is of course directed against the winners of the previous one against the u.s. and its armed extension in europe nato. since the collapse of the u.s.s.r. in one thousand nine hundred ninety one the transatlantic alliance has encroached on moscow's spear of influence poland romania and the baltic states which were occupied by soviet forces sought nato as protection. nato carried out a series of large scale