that is what i think partly drives the story of the soviet union because the soviet union was not able to adapt. two, critical in reference to today, the domestic economic revivals were combined with international adaptations in the 1980's. without taking the detail, let me mention this took place in trade, monetary and exchange rates, g-7 policy coordination, developing country debt and reforms. and so this economic revival was not based on a narrow economic nationalism. it also wasn't based on another idea that was current and has faded in history, the new international economic order, a set of economic planning model. the geopolitical analysis that move into the economic sphere often pay attention to economic strength, but what they have a hard time recognizing their is there is a dynamic to the power. part of it is a systemic ability to adapt and to change. third, the ussr could not adapt. it was very dependent on energy resources and prices. that is still true today. i note it in the paper about 20% of their gdp, 50% of the budget, and maybe 80% of their exports. so it is a huge d

the soviet union was an unlikely ally. churchill once described russia as a riddle wrapped inside a mystery inside an enigma. in europe, churchill and roosevelt agreed to deal with the brutal soviet dictator joseph stalin. tonight hear from american pilots who flew the treacherous route to this base, meet an american hero who fought with the red army and russians who defended their homeland against one dictator while living under the iron fist of another. it's the untold history of americans and russians in the titanic struggle of world war ii. berlin, may, 1945. the german capital in ruins. soviet red army soldiers celebrated at the feet of nazi, germany. together allied generals, eisenhower, montgomery and the soviets zukoff toured the vanquished third reich. >> the nazis began the bombing. the allies finished it. >> victory wasn't always certain. five years earlier, hitler was at the height of his power. after the success of its blitzkrieg against poland in 1939, hitler turned against france, holland and belgium. he rule

that was developed and produced in the soviet union during the. course of the program went on into the early ninety's when the soviet union had broken off. the allegation that the british it's unusual in the sense. that to the best of our knowledge was never put into delivery systems this is what we call being raised have with or because of its. nature and the fact that only one country actually difficult to is the foundation for the type of allegation now after all these political wrangling and the mutual expulsion of diplomats the u.k. actually did what russia requested it to do and the pursued the formal channel the o.p.c. experts have already visited salisbury to collect the samples and we are now being told that they need about two weeks to run the tast what's your bast gas as to what we can expect from the analysis. well my guests in terms of the results will be either that we have confirmation of the british assertion that the agent used india to hutto was over check one of its variations or the results will be that it is something else the

in the united states and in the soviet union.o sides were going to get into a nuclear war. >> the temper of the world is crisis. architect of the crisis, nikita khrushchev. >> as the head of the soviet union, khrushchev was very ideological. he believed that the future belonged to communism. he said, america needs to be contained, and the only way to do it is to create crises all around the american empire. >> khrushchev came to the u.n. in 1960, and he said, we are grinding out missiles like sausages. we will bury you. and americans took it seriously. >> the toughness of the khrushchev speech did as some propaganda fuels of the fire that is now raging diplomatically between moscow and washington. >> to see if the soviets were building nuclear weapons, more importantly, missiles to launch them at the united states. we were flying a spy plane over the soviet union called a u-2. >> i'm bill fox. state cable editor for the united press international in new york. a single engine u.s. air force plane with one man aboard went missing t

the programs were conducted the russia as the successor state to the soviet union was responsible to destroy all the facilities where chemical weapons were destroyed where they were struck by how they have received quite a bit of western assistance in terms of achieving the program that everything russia has declared has been destroyed in september of last year that has been certified by d o p c w. that is not of central to the accusation that's being made against russia is that it consoles an agent that was declared by a muslim in me mr sanderson with all due respect not declaring an agent is a different claim from the president of the country ordering the assassination on a foreign soil and this is the letter claimed that the foreign secretary of boris johnson is advancing against russia if russia is found in me or at the soviet union was found in violation of that treaty that would be something different and the consequences for that would be totally different than accusing a country or a country's president of ordering assassinations of foreign citizens do you see the difference

where are we today how much money is the soviet union the u.s. spending on these things and are is the same sort of cast of characters with regard to defense contractors who are trying to pile on and make a buck out of these things and response to your last part yes defense contractors see the new golden age again because basically the policy has. been changed now to back more to more strategic systems and were seen as a reason as in response to the north korean threat more development of missiles that can shoot down. the incoming missiles if if if we have that technology but it's it's what the it's like a bullet trying to hit a bullet in space however we do not have the technologies yet that can reach out to three hundred miles in space if you're going and the conclusion is you're going to knock something out and if you know it's. meant to do harm you've got to hit it on the on the in one of the booster in the boosters the booster otherwise it's up in space and you hit it and then it's you know because it's going to close the thing we have right

there was one narrow issue that divided the united states in the soviet union deeply and that was the issue of soviet leader joseph demanding $10 billion in recreations from western germany over o 100 billion dollars today's money. the united states, however, spending enormous sums to keep e western germany alive it was descending into disorder and chaos so the united states said that this is not possible because we would effectively be financing those reparations because western germany is not close to self-anding but done that after world war i and weren't going to repeat that era. but there was -- a much deeper fundamental conflict between the united states and the soviet union when it came to germany and that soviet union could count and a united germany being ally of the other. that was simple too threatening to both parties. fundamental national interest. so mid-april after meeting with stalin that goes nowhere george marshall flies home an make a very famous radio address and announces that patient is sinking while doctors deliberate and we would not wait with any longer. that

work just over a particular point you're saying russia is officially the success of state to the soviet union it was assumed all the responsibilities of the previous state under international law the soviet negotiated the treaty the final months of. russia from the lows those negotiations if you any of collapsed in one thousand nine hundred one it wasn't that the soviet union that was negotiating there be accessing to that treaty it was russia but anyway even if there was some lack of transparency on the soviet union part i honestly don't know the history of that to argue about that even if that was the case is that enough to advance the very serious allegations that the british government is advancing because at the end of the day we have two nuclear powers accusing each other or at least one accusing another of using chemical weapons on its territory in so subjecting in the general population to the very very damaging effects of this agent but the very point is that. the programs were conducted the russia as the successor state to the soviet union was responsible to destroy all the faciliti

work just over a particular point you're saying russia is officially the success of state to the soviet union it was assumed all the responsibilities of the previous state under international law the soviet negotiated the treaty the final months of that it was actually russia that from the as those negotiations if you any of collapsed in one thousand nine hundred one if it wasn't that the soviet union that was negotiating there be accessing to that treaty it was russia but anyway even if there were some lack of transparency on the soviet union part i honestly don't know the history of that to argue about that even if that was the case is that enough to advance the very serious allegations that the british government is advancing because at the end of the day we have two nuclear powers accusing each other or at least one accusing another of using chemical weapons on its territory in so subjecting the general population to the very very damaging in fact of this agent. the very point is that. the programs were conducted the russia as the successor state to do so here union was responsible to des

those soviet union. and its old comrades in arms fire. but i meant more in the sense of nine hundred fifty three views the situation truly gets out of hand if it becomes a genuine emergency. of the glorious soviet army behind us six he says for that's a very tricky question at a. yes it's a thing these days along. we don't interfere as actively anymore. because it's going to have plenty of urgency lovesome especially with your training school and your overall pretty of experience. in february one thousand nine hundred fifty the ministry of state security had one thousand one hundred full time employees. by late one nine hundred eighty nine it had ninety one thousand that worked out to one worker for every one hundred eighty east german citizens. this shift is evidence of milk as priority after he took over the helm of the ministry in one nine hundred fifty seven he moved from force and opened suppression of dissent to more subtle forms of surveillance. through intimidation and preventive measures this does he aimed to nip any dissent in t

his summer residence was turned into a sanatorium for farmers in the soviet union. the revolutionary soviet regime nationalized the palaces in crimea. under the auspices of the first workers and farmers state the russian riviera for a select few was to be turned into a holiday paradise for all. the new soviet man was seen as a collective entity the principle of working and living together extended to vacations as well. rest and relaxation in the interests of increasing production. millions of soviet citizens gratefully accepted the state sponsored holidays. people from every soviet republic came to vacation in crimea the peninsula was part of the soviet union whether it was russian or ukrainian was of no interest it just didn't matter. for many people here the fact that the soviet union ultimately collapsed on the divergence of its constituent parts is an accident of history a painful failure. thinkers shorn the genesis of a soviet people one that was no longer split up into separate nationalities but had something of a common identity was a concept repeated like a

during the second world war of course the united states and soviet union's were allies in the battle against nazi germany. but as the soviet dictator observed at the conference in 1943 the best friendships are those found in our misunderstandings and no doubt the misunderstandings were profound and contributed enormously to their friendship over the years. fdr believed or needed desperately to believe that if they would effectively contain themselves and for his part heie believed that they would go home after they had with world war i and the misunderstanding began collapsing almost immediately. stalin begins trying to expand his porker impressed new claims in turkey and iran. he backed down after they sent a military flotilla to the regio regions. the watershed moment came in 1947 the british empire was rapidly collapsing because britain was going bankrupt and the british ambassador in washington came to the state department and announced they were withdrawing all of their troops from greece protecting against communist rebels and this set off alarm bells in washington because they

the current russian government is not the soviet union. the soviet union which had the uper states which was backed by the warsaw pact, that seems to be -- we are trying to complete the former soviet union with russia. we are trying to give them the same objectives. we are trying to act like they are the same nation. they are not. creating in the minds of the american people, the soviet bogeyman but we are using the russian government. it is completely different. they don't have the same military might. they don't have the same influence around the world. they are a powerful, rich nation. they do have all terrier motives to the next -- they do have all terrier motives. this is what they are using as a backdrop to all the truck collusion and all the things they are trying to tackle to the trump administration. guest: a great point. it is a good point to not conflate russia with the soviet union. many people are saying that the russians are try to become a superpower. that is not the russian perspective. the russians are try to remind us tha

there they showed the jewish bolsover as a method spread in the soviet union. a million people went to that propaganda exhibit which was meant to further insight war against bolshevism. it was a victorious advance about troops war correspondents have reported that the soviet paradise has made a deep impression on them it is showing them the hopeless groene daily grind bit by bit with each break in their advance. propaganda ministry slogans railed that poverty misery and squalor were ever present in soviet union it was proof that the war in the east was justified. so it's a poisonous group reacted immediately. and they have not found. it was about the home front after the war in the east. and they wanted people up in arms again. and that's one shoots poison at the idea of writing a short text entitled permanent exhibition the nazi paradise or hunger lies the gestapo for how much longer. and someone found a printer and then.

dance fight with the soviet union this is what they called it in the west and the soviet russia they said speaking about on the show he told us and he said a russia lost twenty three point eight percent of its territory forty eight point five percent of its population forty one percent of g.d.p. . nine point four percent of its industrial potential almost half forty four point six percent of the defensive capabilities because the truth armed forces of the soviet union were divided between a former soviet republics saying our modern military. it was obsolete and the armed forces were in a pitiful condition so we had a civil war going on the caucuses. and leading uranium enrichment. facilities had us inspectors working in there and yet a certain point it was a big question of whether we will be able to develop this or to do with an area tall whether someone asked whether. russia was capable of servicing the nuclear weapons we inherited from the soviet union and russia and was. deep in dead and unable to find its armed forces and our partners probably believed . they were insurgents of

the biggest protest there since the fall of the soviet union. >> people were hanging off lamp posts.reets. really shocking. >> reporter: putin was now living the same nightmare he had endured as a kgb officer in east germany in 1989. this time, in his own backyard. and he wasn't even president at the time. he was prime minister, having handed the presidency over to his associate, dmitry medvedev. >> as the winter went longer and longer and got colder and colder, the protests got bigger and bigger. >> reporter: as putin saw people turning against him, hillary clinton weighed in. >> the russian people, like people everywhere, deserve the right to have their voices heard and their votes counted. >> when putin hears something like that, i imagine he hears bush talking about saddam hussein. he hears that as, they are coming for me. they're trying to drive me from power. what the hell do you know about my people and whether they deserve to have their voices heard? like, i'll tell you if they should have their voices heard. >> reporter: with his back against the wall -- [ chanting ] >> repo

the soviet union was about to be dismantled. - [polyakova] people including myself who lived in the soviet union at the time didn't s it coming people were ready for a change. they wanted western values. they wanted democracy. - [yelchenko] there was a lot of hope that the new russia which also became an independent state, like eve other forr republic, would change. that they would become a country with normalcy, with the human rights and democracy. - [kara-murza] a new era began. an era when we had genuine freedom of the media in russia. when elections actually mattered and when the outcome of the elections was determined by how people voted. (epic russian music) - [narrator] russian president boris yeltsin faced the task of implementing an array of political and economic reforms. the seeds of which had been planted by the soviet union's last premier, mikhail gorbachev. - [sachs] almost everybody was facing extreme uncertainty and alarm at a collapsed economy, empty shelves, high inflation and tremendous political turmoil. - then under the advice and guidance of western economists, wester

soviet union was franklin roosevelt, and that franklin roosevelt did it in a very personalistic way. many things, nixon recognized himself, if eisenhower was his first model, roosevelt was his model. from the beginning nixon places emphasis upon doing what presidents in the cold war had not done before, seeking to meet with the soviets when there isn't an agreed upon agenda. the most extreme example is china. the only presidential trip i know of when there isn't an agenda when you get on the ground. he doesn't know if or when he's going to meet with mau. doesn't know what's going to happen. he doesn't go quite to that extent with the soviets. but there is a similar desire in what he thinks of rooseveltian terms to meet with the other side, to sit down, as he said, and talk things through man to man and that phrase turns up time and again, the perception that the elites are the effete, femme recognized individuals and these are the -- nixon meets with the soviet counterpart more times in his relatively short presidency than throughout the interdecade before. kennedy and johnson, each

basically after the collapse of the soviet union, russia, which they identified with the soviet unionthis is what they called it in the west, "soviet russia," they said. russia lost 23.8% of its territory, 43.5% of its gdp, 39.4% of% of its industrial potential. 44.6% of defensive capabilities, because the armed forces of the soviet union were divided between the former soviet republic. military equipment was obsolete, and the armed forces were in pitiful condition. we had a civil war going on in , and uranian enrichment this -- uranium enrichment facilities had u.s. inspectors working there. at a certain point, there was a big question of whether we would be able to develop strategic weaponry at all. some asked if russia was capable of inheriting weapons from the soviet union. was deep in debt and unable to fund its armed forces. part of this problem, we believed, the resurgence of the and the defense sector of the economy, our country would be impossible in the near future. takethere was no need to russia's fuse into consideration. they decided they would push forward and achieve un

some of us recall the cold war between the soviet union and its satellites and the democratic nations of the western world primarily of course united states what i recall most was the increasingly heightened rhetoric and the weapons build up expression of what was then the new frontier dubbed star wars after the original star wars movie from one thousand nine hundred seventy seven in real life back then star wars or what in the us was called the s.d.i. the strategic defense initiative saw the development of ultra advanced weapons systems which included lasers and particle being that would shoot down the opposing sides nuclear missiles for younger folks and by i was younger then at the time it was a pretty unnerving period while star wars their s.d.i. slowed significantly after the end of the cold war when mikhail gorbachev became the leader of the soviet union recently there's been a lot of talk about north korea and their nuclear missile program and now with president russian president putin who gave a recent state of the nation speech where he discussed cruise missiles that could re

soon after the soviet union fell my name is mike.i live in fester and over the hill retired physicist interested in climate change and global warming and all that kind of stuff. when the soviet union felt they listed lots of confessionals and you made a good case that this was, the soviet union and the international communist conspiracy as always they have a role in this but it was absent in all of the bad things they admitted doing to us in the papers that were released at that point. is there any documentation that are turncoat spies who said they were in global warming in some of these other things that are in your look for left-wing conspiracy is? .. signed up to a u.s. pact it didn't mean they have to do anything tha but it was all abot demonstrating to people that the soviets were on the right side. the evidence is very clear that this was the kgb pill best achievement and there was a conference in washington to play up this threat it was to underline the reagan administration. the outcome would be very different. >> right here

done then you fled to the soviet union troops. i was here and when i had to escape but it was i left my brother behind and i was twenty one when i kissed him on the head and i said now you have our bed to yourself now you can sleep he didn't even notice i was leaving but the couple of. in berlin police interrogated his parents the highs and the trip to moscow fame as a surprise it personally i wasn't even at the train station when he left us. was no none of us went that he didn't expect us here. in moscow in the big arrived in moscow with only one suitcase and the first was unimpressed. it looked like the newsreels red square on paved. dirt mud which would always is in the center of town so it was emaciated laborers beggars in rags rafia shoes. but the idea of socialism was an inspiration to us all these are made to show a wonderful. german communist party recommended area for the international linen school this was where the young communist revolutionaries received their training the curriculum was well suited to milk is taste mi

foreign secretary of boris johnson is advancing against russia if russia is found in or at the soviet union was found in violation of that treaty that would be something different and the consequences for that would be totally different than accusing a country or a country's president of ordering assassinations of foreign citizens do you see the difference at least what though true to explain this situation is that because it was the cliff and because no future and it's precursors are not listed in the cuckoo weapons convention there is no way that the international community has been able to verify what the agents are how much as or was produced and where it comes from now one of the things of the investigation that's now being carried out by the view inspectors at the invitation of the united kingdom will review i hope that's something you can recall forensics who will review whether it was recently produced it will reveal what the precursor agents were that were used and it's a very affectionate it'll be able to tell us whether it was done in a laboratory in a small quantity or was it it

when the soviet union fell, the listheylisted all kinds of confessionals.and you made a good case that the soviet union and international conspiracy shall we say had a role in this, but it was absent in all the bad things they admitted doing to us in the papers that were released at that point. is there any documentation that they said they were in globalho warming and som in some of thesr things that are in your book that were left-wing conspiracies? i accept the left-wing conspiracy but like we are talking about it was a direct collusion. i think global warming came from sweden. it is the case is in the 1970s the kremlin exploited environmentalism after the accord which was about human rights and there was some language about the environment so they tried to shift the argument they made a speech on the environment and signed up to the fact it didn't and they had to do anything but it was all about demonstrating that they were on the right side. the evidence was very clear that this was the proudest achievement which was then taken up and there was a confe

(suspenseful music) - after world war ii, given this sense of a growing peril from the soviet union, this confrontation of global systems, we set up a series of bases around the world. (suspenseful music) - we needed a military that was sufficiently large to prevent intimidation by the soviet army, the soviet military, so that the political forces that we generated would have impact, like the marshall plan, the united nations charter. we created an international system that was favorable to our interests. that became the foundation for much of the defense department's planning for 35 years. - [narrator] by 1991, the soviet union, america's primary post-world war ii foe, collapsed. - world war three didn't happen, because the united states and europe were too strong. we effectively deterred any kind of soviet attack. (exciting music) (people chanting) - [narrator] history did not end after the cold war. (people cheering) (speaking a foreign language) (speaking a foreign language) america's defense strategy would need to adjust to the new balance of power. - those who won the cold war b

in order to push through the agreements and just destroy the soviet union. through the agreements andeements and just destroy the soviet union. i want your view on selling top level in the united kingdom today. and that is the very mysterious illness, the critical honours, a rational double agent in hospital fibrous life alongside his daughter. sergei skripal was seen to be working for the uk, went to russia, then was sent to the uk any spy swap. that was not a question, that was a position. do you think russia's response will for what has happened to sergei skripal? and have nothing to sergei skripal? and have nothing to do without, and i can say that you do not speculate on that. it you start speculating, even if they did not give his declination what happened. there was no investigation about that. why we should put everything on the hard side? why should we think about the enemy psychology from the first thing, from the first thing? will never agree on anything. we will never agree on anything. we will never agree on anything. we will never agree on anything. we might want to thin

for the american public it represented two things, first that symbolically the soviet union had beaten the united states into space and second the ability to launch a satellite into space was linked to the technology to launch an intercontinental ballistic missile. the idea of the continental invincibility of the united states had been breached and bombers that might take hours to reach the united states, and icbm in under an hour. it was a political crisis, eisenhower tried to downplay it, he had access to classified information, he knew the united states intelligence community was working on the first earth imaging satellite later known as corona. that was not revealed to the public, we were not as far behind as the soviet union was often portrayed in the press. administration officials tried to downplay it. gen. curtis lemay called a hunk of iron and sherman i adams, eisenhower's chief of staff derided concerns about a space race, a basketball game where people tried to put things up in space but nonetheless there was a lot of pressure on eisenhower to do something. he authorized th

non-citizens most of whom are ethnic russians lithuania latvia and estonia declared independence when the soviet union dissolved in the early one nine hundred ninety s. many ethnic russians who had settled in the baltic states during the soviet era remained lithuania granted citizenship to all residents. and a studio require non-nationals to pass language and history tests to be granted citizenship well today about twelve percent of lots of u.s. population and six percent of a stone the us population are non-citizens the vast majority are ethnic russian so here in our studio to discuss this in the spring is an award winning investigative journalist and broadcaster and is one of the two founders of the baltics interfere and best again of journalism from the left to be on capitol regard we're joined by old up scott an educator and entrepreneur and from brussels we have told and the stony and politician and member of the european parliament welcome to the stream all of you know i want to start with the view from the studio to give our viewers a look at how some people became non citizens in the baltic st