president carter picked up on, was here was a president who didn't even seem to acknowledge that the soviet union, and the kind of control that the soviets had over eastern europe. and for conservatives in his party, it was just confirming the idea that president ford was out of touch with the realities and dangers overseas. carter, as we've discussed, went on to win the election, a narrow victory, but a victory nonetheless. and we had unified democratic government starting in 1977. conservatives continued to assault detente when jimmy carter was president. carter was the former georgia governor who defeated ford, again, on a campaign that was primarily about trust in government. but he also argued that he was willing to experiment, not simply with the orthodoxies of domestic policy but with foreign policy as well. so foreign policy had not been his main concern during the campaign, but carter had supported many of the policies of detente, although he placed more emphasis on the importance of human rights than did gerald ford or richard nixon. he didn't believe the two were incompatible. carter b

about glasnost and perestroika, gorbachev was kidding himself if he thought he could reform the soviet unionve society. he sensed that the soviet leaders were not ready for real change, the soviet people were, and he intended to make his case to them. >> seemed fair, the president wanted to send a message not just to america but to the russian people as well that we really care about you, and we really want to see your lives changed. bret: that began day one. >> nancy says, ronnie wants to go for a walk among the people. there's a commercial area right near the embassy at half a block away. the secret service as well. we don't think you should do it. they pointed out leaders don't just go walking in crowds, though gorbachev did it in america, and mrs. reagan says we're going to do it and we want to do it in 15 minutes. bret: and off they went. when the stunned russians realized the american president was in their midst, pandemonium ensued. >> the secret service says that's it, we're gone. they grabbed the president and headed back to the embassy. and helen thomas was right behind mrs. reagan

about glasnost and perestroika, gorbachev was kidding himself if he thought he could reform the soviet union into a free, equal and productive society. he sensed that the soviet leaders were not ready for real change, the soviet people were, and he intended to make his case to them. >> seemed fair, the president wanted to send a message not just to america but to the russian people as well that we really care about you, and we really want to see your lives changed. bret: that began day one. >> nancy says, ronnie wants to go for a walk among the people. there's a commercial area right near the embassy at half a block away. the secret service as well. we don't think you should do it. they pointed out leaders don't just go walking in crowds, though gorbachev did it in america, and mrs. reagan says we're going to do it and we want to do it in 15 minutes. bret: and off they went. when the stunned russians realized the american president was in their midst, pandemonium ensued. >> the secret service says that's it, we're gone. they grabbed the president and headed back to the embassy. and helen tho

had been a protege of nikita khrushchev and had taken over the soviet union in 1964.nev, who you see here on the cover of time magazine, shakinn's hand, was a hard-line communist who had shown no indication in the 1960's that he was open to any kind of new relationship with the united states. he had increased military spending. he had entered into a series of showdowns in the middle east and other parts of the world with the united states, but privately, the soviets were feeling the strain of higher defense spending on their economy. so he tered into negotiations with nixon, starting in 1969 in hein, and culminating in may of 1972. the agreement limited the number of anti-ballistic missile sites that each country could have, and it limited the number of intercontinental missiles and submarine launched ballistic missiles by freezing them to existing levels. and the senate approved the agreements very quickly, by august, by an overwhelming vote. the second part of detente under president nixon was opening relations to china. nixon made a dramatic trip to china in februa

or i should joining nato as nato was originally created to counter soviet union in big part russia i mean they go in itself with russia and it is absolute it doesn't make any sense anyway so the guardian has reported that u.k. is planning to use upcoming summits like the g seven g twenty nato and the e.u. gatherings to tighten the diplomatic front against russia do you think the foreign office will succeed. look i think i just did it just going back to the just going back to the whole nato thing i think if nato was norm's. pact designed to counter russian the soviet union there's no reason why as a collective security organization that russia couldn't join not think about what's the point point about russia joining nato or not joining nato and i think president putin has talked about that. so it's not beyond the realms of possibility well you know i think i think times times are changing you know i mean since the second a war they have british foreign policy has basically been to keep close to the united states as possible on the clear reasons for that britain relied on the united st

great powers because i think it is too dangerou dangerg the cold war for the united states and soviet union to collide in an exchange so both states have clients that they could use periodically or alliances. the differences is the soviet states were really bad actors. iraq, north korea and serious, libya. >> has the u.s. ever used rogue states in your view? >> we have states we cozy up to the fear of communism. i would say boy scouts states ss that we would assume are opposite standing. for example, in the congo it was a very disreputable character. we backed him periodically because he was a staunch anti-communist and in haiti for a long time and the so-called were staunchly anti-communist. so we tended to back them o or excuse the human rights violations that we never really used a state confrontation in a more aggressive manner as the soviet union did. >> is there an advantage now to have north korea as a client state? >> that is an excellent question. there are trade-offs. it's a complex relationship. i would say yes it is an advantage for china to have north korea because it kept the

so kim turned once again to the soviet union. moscow so improved relations with north korea as a way to curb most influence. in one nine hundred fifty nine the soviet union and north korea signed an agreement on the use of nuclear power and in one nine hundred sixty three moscow supplied pyongyang with a nuclear research reactor. the us military reconnaissance aircraft laser provided images of the reactor site. dificid is he went into operation in nine hundred sixty five at the young p.r. new to scientific research center located about one hundred kilometers north of pyongyang. by the one nine hundred eighty s. u.s. intelligence agencies were becoming concerned about the development of north korea's nuclear program. but they weren't able to find out much about. it it. when i was in the intelligence community working and cia we called north korea the hardest of the hard targets i used to work the soviet union and in retrospect that was an open book compared to north korea so you gather tidbits of information you put it together an

members of the communist party in rural areas to govern it so governing desirous empire of the soviet union and modern russia has always been difficult simply because of the expanse and the fact that the population is not densely settled russia has a very peculiar relationship between people in power and it's usually assumed the leadership suppresses the people's demands for rights but i take it from your book that in the case of the nineteen thirty six constitution it was actually the other way around that stalin was actually more liberal and progressive society you could take a yeah i was quite surprised when i was looking at particularly hevia scorpius which is the right too. you belittle to have rights when you stand trial to not be arrested without the sanction of the prosecutor etc people were not interested in that that was something that was designed as part of actually reforms to get away from this revolutionary reality legality and sort of equal. implementation of both punishment and arrests and people weren't interested people had a lot of problems with crime in the countryside a

would take longer they positioned i said soviet union was like falling out of a one story window and america's like story falling out of a twenty story window and i think would seeing this now play out real time america's falling out of the twenty story window it is a collapse gap the soviet union america collapsed roughly the same time for roughly the same reasons and now america is having its boris yeltsin moment with donald trump. four men are sitting in a car when the fifth gets shot in the head. all four different versions of what happened one of them is on the death row there's no way he could have done it there's no possible way because the list did not shoot around a corner. sort of the shevardnadze controversies surrounding the poisoning of x. spice it has plunged relations between moscow and london into another crisis what is the way out of the deadlock while i ask lord peter truscott a member of the u.k.'s house of lords and former member of the european parliament . and you wrists between the u.k. and russia is one following this. london is running its european neighbors

ambassador of the soviet union. he is a rare academic who is also successfully bridge this often too wide gap. i will close by noting that it is a testament to his abilities as a diplomat that he is manage to get no fewer than four secretaries of states to provide enthusiastic blurbs about his book on the back cover. none of the books that we have done together had even single secretary of states. but maybe the next one. it's my pleasure to introduce my friend and colleague and former ambassador to russia from the united states, michael the fall. i urge you to buy his book at the end of the talk this evening that mac. >> thank you. after that introduction we should just go to questions. the summer might a chance summarize my life. thank you for coming. i know i am competing with warriors first game in the season. i know you really want to talk about russia. i would rather be watching the warrior's right now. i am thrilled you are here. this book means a lot to me. it's a tragedy. a tragedy about u.s. russia relation

want to be very resourceful benefiting from yes if the soviet union didn't like to document everything i wouldn't have anything to work with and everything that they've documented lets me see various aspects of people's lives for example the people there feel the ridge here in one thousand nine hundred four he's given a prize of a thousand roubles for his good work but later nine hundred thirty six he's considered a suspect person so you can see how. standings change based on their successful implementation of economic plans different change in policy and you can see these people rise and fall in fortunes reviews documents what is it like as a researcher to work around with documents like this i mean it would it be fair to describe them as a treasure trove or is it something pretty here. well i'm always excited by them. it's sometimes people think i'm odd because michael michael about this beautiful document and they're like it's about harvest to sticks. do you think anyone before you or your work. not on this one but on this one this is actually larry he's the guy invited me to cure u

would take longer they physicians i said soviet union was like full. out of a one story window and america's like story falling out of a twenty story window and i think we're seeing this now claim real time america's falling out of a twenty story window it is a collapse get the soviet union america collapse roughly at the same time for roughly the same reasons and now america is having its boris yeltsin moment with donald trump so that he talks about the racist outcomes of the education system and part of it is caused by the prison system takes up so much of the state budget so there's less available for california schools and these schools if you look at per capita spending on students it's actually the fourth lowest in the america also they have you know the pro immigration policies which but don't have the funds to adapt to the all the languages spoken in the schools so all the classes are held back because a lot of the students don't speak english which is fine if they just teach them all to be bilingual instead but they're all having to catch up o

the prophecy of the day i assume you're one of the very few recession benefiting from yes if the soviet union didn't like to document everything i wouldn't have anything to work with and everything that they've documented lets me see various aspects of people's lives for example this fellow could have appealed there fyodorovitch here in one nine hundred thirty four he's given a prize of a thousand roubles for his good work but later nine hundred thirty six he's considered a suspect person so you can see how the standings change based on their successful implementation of economic plans different changes in policy and you can see these people rise and fall in fortunes reviews documents what is it like as a researcher to work around with documents like this i mean it wouldn't be fair to describe them is it treasure trove or is it something pretty clear. well i'm always excited by them. it's sometimes people think i'm odd because michael michael would like this beautiful document and they're like it's about harvest to sticks. do you think anyone before you or your work. not on this one but on th

thousand and fourteen and long before that in fact italy had an excellent relationship with the soviet union it was the country with biggest problem is very . sixty sixty seventy and cultural economic and political relations the fear that built into the car factory do you believe the same as you could read latin and there was a town called do you think in the soviet union named after the time communist leader so from that departed from that area i'm not surprised at all that this government would do is mention the need to get closer to russia for one thing. time companies are dying to do business with russia again particularly the ones that voted. in the north where the later one a lot because many of those countries have suffered a major loss of business because of the sanctions imposed on russia so. well no i was just going to ask you know there was a lot of tweet fighting if you will just ahead of the g. seven summit why do you think the trouble made this particularly in support of russia just as he was heading off to the g seven meeting. i think trump is focused not on the g. seven but r

ambassador to soviet union. mcfaul is rare academic who has also successfully bridged this often too wide gap between policy and academia. i will close by noting that it's testament to mike's ability as diplomat that he has managed to get no fewer than four secretaries of state, two democrats, two republicans, three women, one man to provide enthusiastic blurbs about his book in back cover. none of the books have singled secretary of state but maybe the next one. so it's my pleasure to introduce my friend and my colleague and our former ambassador to russia from the united states, michael mcfaul and i urge you buy his fascinating book at the end of the talk this evening. [applause] >> after that introduction we should go to questions. thank you all for coming. i know i'm competing the warriors. first game to have series, so i know that you really want to talk about russia and i actually be watching the warriors right now. but i'm thrilled you are here. this book means a lot to me, it's a tragedy as i will tell y

. >> anthony: how many years was it part of the soviet union?s, until 1991. so, 70 years. >> anthony: but what remains of those times? >> nazareth: [ speaking foreign language ] >> lia: [ speaking foreign language ] >> anthony: you sound wistful about the old days. are things better now or worse? >> lia: [ speaking foreign language ] >> anthony: when armenia was swallowed up by the soviet union in 1922, it became the armenian soviet socialist republic. with that came purges and paranoia, but also a rapid industrialization, the evidence of which is still seen today in the abandoned factories and workers blocs of another time. and a soviet mentality, and sizable russian presence still hang over the country like a dead weight. no matter how you felt about soviet rule, the transition was a rough one. after the collapse of the ussr in 1991, armenia suffered terrible food shortages, and a ruined electrical grid that allowed only a couple of hours of power a day, if you were lucky. >> nazareth: the worst of those years would be 1992 to 1994. >> anthony

well the question of the us versus soviet union. always boils down to mutual annihilation we could have killed everybody in the soviet union they could have killed everybody and i the state and the rest of the world would have gone it was an absolutely insane situation the thing that saved it was that each side knew that if a war occurred the leaders themselves would get killed and so when you know that you're going to get killed in a war and not to some poor peasant soldiers going to get killed you make different decisions about starting a war faced with the possibility of a spiral towards nuclear will the next day twenty fifth of october the soviet stepped back. the alert was defused. we do not consider it. but the soviet union we do not believe it is not at this moment. in fact we have been over the operative story that really. went. on. for a full twenty four hour as the world had stood on the brink of between the two great nuclear powers but common sense at prevailed. on october the twenty fifth the un security council issued r

. >> anthony: how many years was it part of the soviet union? until 1991. so, 70 years. >> anthony: but what remains of those times? >> nazareth: [ speaking foreign language ] >> lia: [ speaking foreign language ] >> anthony: you sound wistful about the old days. are things better now or worse? >> lia: [ speaking foreign language ] >> anthony: when armenia was swallowed up by the soviet union in 1920, it became the armenian soviet socialist republic. with that came purges and paranoia, but also a rapid industrialization, the evidence of which is still seen today in the abandoned factories and workers blocs of another time. and a soviet mentality, and sizable russian presence still hang over the country like a dead weight. no matter how you felt about soviet rule, the transition was a rough one. after the collapse of the ussr in 1991, armenia suffered terrible food shortages, and a ruined electrical grid that allowed only a couple of hours of power a day, if you were lucky. >> nazareth: the worst of those years would be 1992 to 1994. >> anthony:

no bow just rhetoric quite incredible transition from the soviet union to the. so seen all of the shirts and yes the brazils great ones the ones great ones and finally the soviet union were rushing to die the house of the faithful will go we're told him and he's gone past that point because. he saw we have very privileged to be in the peru peru going out for the local group told us they pull caution they pull over to try to pull about the funds and they've been so poor it's a shame but what does the shaman tell us what a shame and dollars should we feel if this are not true a doctor. in the months and then disappeared from many centuries back from sensitive once in the macho culture way before they make us think us come from ten to fourteen that much come from sense and want so so i played football for a long saw on the internet and i have at the moment a very very bad achilles tendon can you help me i will doing what do you want to do tell me what you want to do on tonight they please let's go and stand on him he was. very scary never to be pushed i mean before

know about just lesser of quite incredible transition from the soviet union to the. so seen all of the shirts and yes there is brazil's great ones even when these great ones and finally the soviet union were mobbed i wish that i had the house of the free will for the tournament he's got a point really. so we're very privileged to be in the peru adds peru going out for the local but by a group called luck they pull caution they pull over to try to pull back the funds they've been so poor it's a shame what does a shaman tell us what a shame and doors shimmies feel if this were not true as that story we call in the motifs and then disappear from many centuries back from sensitive once in the macho culture way before the press conference ended for that much conference in one so i played football for a long saw on the internet and i have at the moment a very very bad achilles tendon can you help me piece ok i will doing that what do you want to do tell me what you want me to do on tonight they please let's go i'm stunned to hear you once well. i'm very scared never to be

one of the things that regan denounced the soviet union for in that speech was them giving covert political training and assistance to marxist lennonist in the went ever after the ussr. and he announcesed a american counterpunch against soviet efforts to promote communism around the world. he announced american led international efforts to promote democracy, small d, democracy around the world. >> while we must be cautious about forcing the pace of change, we must not hesitate to declare our ultimate objectives and take concrete actions to move toward them. we must be staunch in conviction that freedom is not the sole prerogative of a lucky few but the inalienable and universal right of all human beings. so states the united nations universal declaration of human rights. which among other things guarantees free elections. the objective i propose is quite simple to state, to forest the infrastructure of democracy, the system of a free press, unions, political parties, universities, which allows a people to choose their own which to develop their own culture, to reconcile their own difference

no bad just rhetoric quite incredible transition from the soviet union to the. so we've seen a lot of the shirts yes the brazils great ones the one is bright ones and finally the soviet union will die russia to die in the house of the faithful for the tournament he's got a point because. the south we have very privileged to be in the parade through going out for the local but by a group prologue they pull passion they pull out try to pull about the fun of it full stop. what's a shame and what does a shaman tell us what a shaman doors down should we feel if this were not true that story we call in the motifs and then disappear from many centuries back from sensitive once in the macho culture way before they make us think us come from ten to fourteen that much come from since it was so so i played football for a long time in the incident and i have at the moment a very very bad achilles tendon can you help me piece ok i will doing what do you want us to do tell me what you want me to do and tonight they please let's go and stand on here if you want. to fix the. ve

both were talking about the soviet union. is it time to re-orient to our peer competitor being russia or then soviet union to the prc now? are they number one in our competitive department? >> i think they do pose the most serious threat and, frankly, an opportunity for america, if we can get it right. if you compare and contrast the two as between not the soviet union but russia and china. we have one that has wealth and resources. and the other that is a power that is struggling mightily. we need to make sure we understand what china is doing. the president has been very clear about the risks to america associated with their willingness to steal our property, intellectual property and otherwise. eyes wide open with respect to russia's efforts in the south china sea and around the world to build out much bigger, stronger, tougher country. there's things we need to do alongside them and where we have shared an interest. where we don't, we need to make sure america is properly positioned to speak to them about each of our two

since independence and the collapse of the soviet union. m less certain about because when you look at the political culture and the way the politics works in kazakhstan today, it seems, frankly, that you have barely evolved from the soviet days. kaza khsta n barely evolved from the soviet days. kazakhstan is evolving. i think there is no ground to make a comparison between the soviet style democracy and the contemporary kazakhstan. kazakhstan has evolved dramatically and tremendously. you have i—party rule, don't you? dramatically and tremendously. you have 1-party rule, don't you? no. we have 1-party rule, don't you? no. we have three parties. here in the senate we have no political factions... however the two parties in the lower house that are not the ruling party, they basically supports naza bayev and ruling party, they basically supports nazabayev and are loyal to the regime. you do not have any genuine opposition because, frankly, the biggest opposition party, the democratic choice party, has been banned. it is illegal. we have no su

just lets a very quite incredible transition from the soviet union to about. so seeing all of the shirts and yes the brazils great ones even when these great ones and finally the soviet union die russia to die the house of the faithful will go it's only once you start fantastic. point killing. people so we're very privileged to be in the peru peru going out for the welcome but by a group called out they pull caution they pull over to try to pull a bad funds and they pull so poor a shine but what does the shaman kid tell us what a shame and does whatever should we feel if this were not true as that story as we call in the moon things and then disappeared from many centuries but from sensitive once in the macho culture way before they make us think has come from ten to fourteen that much come from sense and want so so i played football for a long time in the incident and i have at the moment a very very bad achilles tendon can you help me piece ok i will doing what do you want to do tell me what you want me to done tonight thanks elise let's go and stand on him

no bad just lesser quite incredible transition from the soviet union to the. so we've seen a lot of the shirts and yes the brazils great ones even ones great ones and finally the soviet union will die wishing to die the house of the free will go we're told him and he's got a point really. so we're very privileged to be in the parade per you going out for the welcome but by a group called out they pull caution they pull out try to pull about the funds they pull so pulls a shite but what does the shaman tell us what a shame and gore swallow should we feel it is our natural diet or we call in the moon taste and then disappear from many sentences about some sensitive once in the macho culture way before they make us think us come from ten to fourteen that much come from seem to want to shoot so i played football for a long time in the incident and i have at the moment a very very bad achilles tendon can you help me piece of bait i will doing what do you want to do tell me what you want to do and to my thanks lisa. let's go and stand up here you want to look like a

network and it's because the normal channels of communication often don't work certainly in the soviet union the only way to get things done was to ask your friend who you know paid someone with some falling key to get you some seed you know you see this most acutely during the war we have shortages of everything you have this barter system in the. chairman chairman become sort of the go to fixer one more carlo i found interesting was you mentioning about stalin wanted to have. competition technocrats staffing the state system and there is a similar desire on the part of the current putin administration to have the technocrats in charge prefer some reason and i had this fellow and ministration of the putin mr quinn find enough of those people do you think they. perhaps do they have a problem with the recruitment system or do they run against this informal system of relationship if you mention what's what's been the style of this era the level of education was a huge problem you know you have people that have and i have one guy he's the head of the. district land organization in the district

he was widely viewed as paul manafort's alter ego in the former soviet union. special counsel's indictments thus far have spelled out how paul manafort's consulting business in the former soviet union, it took millions of dollars a year from pro-russian political interests. ultimately, he branched out, not just from -- branched out beyond politics into doing business dealings in the region as well, including some attempted business partnerships with a somewhat terrifying russian oligarch who is close to vladimir putin and who famously cannot get a visa to visit the united states because of his alleged ties to organized crime. according to multiple civil lawsuits about their failed business dealings, paul manafort ended up owing that guy, oleg deripaska, many millions of dollars. i don't know any of the people involved here personally, but i'm guessing that oleg deripaska is not the kind of guy who was very comfortable to owe millions of dollars to. i'm just sort of thinking he might be the kind of guy that that keeps you up at night. konstantin kilimnik appears

no bad just lesser quite incredible transition from the soviet union to about. so we've seen all of the shirts and yes the brazils great ones even when these great ones and finally the soviet union will die russia to die by the house of the faithful will go but told him it's the start point because. the south we have very privileged to be in the parade her you are going out for the welcome but by a group called luck they pull us. they pull over to try to pull back the funds but they've also force a shine but what does a shaman tell us what a shame windows should we feel if this were not true that story as we call in the motifs and then disappear from many centuries back from sensitive once in the macho culture way before they make us think this conference center for the much conference since it was so so i played football for a long time in the incident and i have at the moment a very very bad achilles tendon can you help me piece ok i will doing what do you want to do tell me what you want me to do on tonight they please let's go i'm standing here you want. to

around cruising the former soviet union to look for opportunities. we realize that turkmenistan had a huge world class gas reserves which were produced by the soviet union but after breaking up they were not produced any longer because russia had his own gas supplies to bring to market from siberia so mr john was stock was reserves and no market. unocal wanted to build two pipelines one for oil and one for gas the pipelines would go from many stunned through afghanistan pakistan and india a distance of well over seventeen hundred kilometers construction costs would be close to ten billion dollars. of gonna stun could earn four hundred million dollars per year in transportation costs which would more than double the afghan government's income at that time the whole area is just in turmoil you know the pakistanis don't like the afghans afghans don't like the fact stan is the turkmen are skeptical of both of them and then he got india and pakistan all is just a mess in there. as he gets up there was a power vacuum off to the withdrawal of soviet forces

nuclear weapon. >> to get the bomb, kim il-sung needed help from his powerful cold world ally the soviet unionve the north civilian nuclear technology. training its scientists in russia and helping them build a small nuclear research reactor. but they stopped short of giving them the bomb. afraid of the chaos that might result tie soviets told the north koreans don't build the bomb. >> after china joined the nuclear club in 1964 -- kim il-sung asked chairman mao for help but mao refused to help, as well. if north koreans wanted the bomb themselves.have to make it kim il-sung ramped up nuclear programs at the universities to foster home grown talent. >> they were going to train their own people so they did not have to rely on the rest of the world. >> the north tried to copy a nuclear reactor in great britain. that the brits used to make their nuclear arsenal. >> it makes really nice plutonium for nuclear weapons. >> the designs for the reactor were not hard to find. >> by the 1970s, you can go to a university library and check out books on nuclear reactor design. >> to get all of the entry kat

he rebuilt it with money from his sponsor, the soviet union.idges, roads, plants and factories. and by the 1960s, north korea became a relative economic success. >> this is a guy with a 7th grade education and became a powerful dictator of the 20th century. >> kim who had endured the terrifying nuclear attack during the korean war. begun his own quest for the bomb. >> it never occurred to kim that north korea should not have nuclear weapons. >> by the 1980s he began turning over some of his duties to his son. father and son were vastly different characters. >> you can talk to certain migrants and they will tell you he frightened them. >> he was introverted. >> -- >> there were doubted by kim jong-il succession. they faded -- he was a massive pr propaganda. >> he turned him into a god figure. >> the great midst of the kim dynasty and the stories of the god-like acts and sacred bloodline. kim jong-il largely created them. >> he was influenced by christianity in a strange way. they have what seems like a bible that is all about the works. bible st

this division driven by the us and the west and the soviet union from behind the iron curtain would dominate work for decades inside the sky during the cold war it was a wrestle with of information east of the curtain read because it brought uncensored news about political events in that sense it was of course a thorn in the side of the people in power in the soviet union and germany. and. you know the leader of fuel in kigali. that it was divided to split by the big. powers and disfigures of influence in one nine hundred sixty five began broadcasting from the rwandan capital sending out signals that reached across the continent and all the way to asia. briefly then the berlin wall collapsed shortly after deutsche of a launch the television program d. w.t.v. . but as the cold war ended new conflicts sprang up in its place. rwanda in one thousand nine hundred four the hutu people began to massacre the tutsi people lawyers were trapped at the station in kigali technicians and their families were rescued by belgian forces but rwandans working for the broadcaster had to be left behind most of th