reading about the soviet union. it is extraordinary the time rigging took so he was not a avid reader to read about russia, to try to understand about russian people and to get beyond simply the conflict. to get beyond simply threatening them. reagan believes that they could change. he also believed that they had gone far enough, in his threats, he believes that they were willing to change course. he was willing to be the movie after who pursues one element and then switches the narrative when people have become sufficiently concerned. he wanted a happy ending. as much as he wanted to put pressure on the soviet union, he wanted a happy ending. gorbachev was willing to take serious risks and make some serious changes. gorbachev did most of the work to change the soviet union but reagan met him halfway and supported him. reagan made gorbachev believe that he had a partner. even though they disagreed. they disagreed on this strategic initiative, on industrialism versus capitalism. -- came to believe that region wasn't

he argue d the united states mot hold the soviet union accountable. don't pretend they're a normal state. talk about their human rights violations. in 1982, his first full year of president, into his first full year, reagan refused to even meet with the soviet ambassador until they released a group of pent cos tal pen te cos talls who were seeking asylum in the embassy. he called for the release of jewish citizens. many were released in the '70s. more in the '80s. russian jew srs released, they moved to israel and they became prominent figures there. the recent election in israel was in large part determined by russian jews who had left russia in the 1980s. moved to israel and now had become important voters and politicians in israel to this day. that's just to connect this history to what happened the last few days with the elections in israel. reagan claimed the united states was about human rights and power and we were going to push the soviets. we were going to mobilize ourselves and our allies. be strong again and push back the soviets. at the sam

we are way ahead of the soviet union. when he says as he did in january that we have the worst and most crowded schools. when he says 17 million people go to bed hungry every night, when he makes statements like this, what does this do for american prestige it can only have the effect of reducing. senator kennedy has a responsibility to criticize those things that are wrong. he also has a responsibility to be right in his criticism. everyone of these items i have mentioned he has been wrong. for that reason he has contributed to any lack of prestige. as far as prestige is concerned. the first place it would show up would be in the united nations. senator kennedy has referred to the vote on communist china. condemning votes for hungary and looking into that situation then we got a last year. let's look at the reaction to khrushchev and eisenhower at the last u.n. session. did khrushchev gain because he took his shoe off and pounded the table and shouted and insulted? not at all. the president gained. america gained by cont

the soviet union does understand strength. particularlyong, as we face a crisis over berlin, which we may in the spring, or in the winter, it's important we maintain our determination here, that we indicate we're building our strength, that we are determined to protect our position, that we are determined to protect our commitment. and then i believe our desire to live at peace with the world. but until we're strong here, i believe a summit could not be successful. i hope that before we do meet, there will be per limitary agreements on those four questions, where these two of them, or even one of them that would warrant such a meeting. if we had stuck by that last winter, we would be in april -- a better position. mr. howe: we have time for only one or two more questions before the closing statements. now mr. cronkite's question for senator kennedy. walter: senator, the charge has been made frequently that the united states has been on the defensive around the world, and policy has been one of reaction to the soviet union rath

[inaudible] a question about the influence of the nuremberg trials inside the soviet union. how does propaganda contribute to that time, and how was -- what was the reaction of the soviet people? .. hard to tell from the document that i looked at, soviet press coverage, it is a controlled trust so the fact that it is covered in soviet pravda, people read pravda, doesn't tell us what people thought about the trials and what was going on. from memoirs i have a sense that early on there was interest in the trials and what was going on. if the news is any indication that is all anybody cared about but people had other problems too. think about what is happening in the soviet union, the soviet war - what does it look like to have a country where 7 million are dead where millions more are homeless, the amount of destruction and a lot of the focus of people is on rebuilding, trying to restart their lives which is not to say there is not interest. i never want to say something unless i've seen the documents and i want to do more research in terms of reception and that is one of the t

he accepted the award, but then we was expelled by the soviet writers union and soviet authorities hadd him to turn down the prize. he was living in sort of internal exile. bernstein wanted to meet him. he invited pastornack to the september 11th concert. pastornak accepted. pastornak then invited mr. and mrs. bernstein to come to his datra, which they did. they had an unforgettable time, bernstein reported. they spoke about art and politics and music and all sorts of things. on the night of september 11th, that same evening, at the thrilling conclusion of the shastakovic symphony, the composer embraced bernstein. pastornak said you have taken us up to heaven. now we must return to earth. the philharmonic's visit to the soviet union was a dramatic moment in the history of cold war musical diplomacy. leonard bernstein had articulated with great passion his belief in classical music's power to reshape international relations. when the orchestra returned to the united states, they came down here to perform in washington for an audience of government officials and diplomats. bernstein gave

the soviet union rejected it.here had been overflights over the united states, there would not be this mutual overflight business, they thought it would be for targeting purposes. if we had gone into space first they would well have accused us of going into space or doing what the you 2 is meant to do. it is a complicated story but what i call playing the long game, a big political hit. the successful satellites, artificial satellites but in the end, establish a framework for space, tremendous development without conflict. >> host: he had the long game in his mind a lot, had plenty of experience. the other thing that was interesting about your book was because he had so much, he was in good position to have a realistic idea, what they would do or wouldn't do and did not consider themselves phonetic that they were somewhat rational players. >> guest: he had a tremendous sense of humor. i asked what he felt was one of the biggest intelligence conclusions of the 1950s and my late father said the soviets were not earl

and so through an agreement with the soviet union, the united states and soviet union agreed to launch artificial satellites in 1957 eisenhower administration, there was no surprise about. the point of free access to space which is what eisenhower strongly endorsed and had to make it possible for the use of the free use of satellites in orbit. and the reason is satellites were so important eisenhower'sbecause it would help avert a surprise attack . and before the satellite could be watched, into free access of space, you want it, he proposed overflights for the united states and soviet union supply their aircraft over each country territory to ensure thatthere would not be a surprise nuclear attack . now, i just have to say about the sputnik thing, the administration knew they were going to launch their satellites didn't even feel very badly. as a matter of fact encouraged the soviets to go first behind the scenes without telling them anything but they were sort of hoping that the soviet union would go for so that the soviet union would ask identically. establish the precedent or for u

and soviet union. more than just that, it was in 1959, stepping back a year, where belgium said we're giving you your independence next year. you're going to get your independence next year. so as what happened in other parts in africa, when colonial powers leave, there leaves a power vacuum or the availability for other o influences leaders to rise up and lead this new country. in congo, various congolese people started organizing political parties and the guy who came to the forefront was a guy named patrice. you might have heard that name because the anniversary of his assassination was a few years ago. 50 years. kind of tells you where this story is headed. as soon as he gained the presidency, democratically elected by the congolese people, he's met with a civil war. you see, there's a section of the belgian congo that they didn't want to be a part of this new state. they wanted to be independent, separate from the new state of the congo. and so he's confronted immediately with having to deal with

the train bearing the first american ambassador to the soviet union crossed the polish-soviet border in the early twilight of a late december afternoon. the deserted forest at the border zone crowded the single tracks on either side, silent, snow-covered, and foreboding. next to the barbed wire stood a century tower in a clearing, and on top of it was the figure of a polish soldier with a gun and fixed a bayonet, his coat turned up against the intense cold. a short distance beyond the border, the train slowed down at a little cottage besides the tracks, and the soviet border guards with their long coats and the blue caps of the secret police came on board. a few minutes later, there were lights and voices outside the windows, and the train pulled up to the station. people crowded around. that individual turned out to be before and officers agent in mix -- turned out to be the foreign officers agent in minsk. i set up nearly that whole first night looking out the train window. to me, this first contact with the soviet union has an exceptional meaning. i spent five years in intensive p

of the soviet union was drawn completely arbitrarily the whole area was a state for 70 years and the borders didn't matter there are dozens of territories in the caucasus that have been merged to a separate that randomly considering they're going to. start in the next of these traditionally barren minions inhabited the piece of land to azerbaijan and after the soviet union collapsed both states armenia and azerbaijan became independent and since then they have been involved in a dispute about this in clave so nagorno-karabakh is a so-called disputed territory which is internationally recognized as part of as it by john but to mostly governed by armenian people and thereby john has made repeated threats to take back the region by force. armenia has the backing of russia has strong ties to turkey what role are those major powers playing in this confrontation while russia plays an important role here to deliver some weapons to armenia it has displayed its armed forces to protect armenia but it has also good relations with azerbaijan is a gas oil and gas and oil producer there is certain

through an agreement with the soviet union, the united states and the soviet union agreed to launch ournal satellites in 1957 parts of the eisenhower administration was not surprised about that. the point of free access to space, which is what eisenhower strongly endorsed, and had to make it possible for the use of the free use of satellites in orbit. and the reason the satellites were so important to eisenhower is because it would help avert a surprise attack. and before the satellites could be launched, into free access to space a proposed overflights of the united states and the soviet union to fly their aircraft over each country territory to a short they would not be a surprise nuclear attack. now i just have to say about the sputnik thing, the administration knew they were going to launch their satellites and done not even feel badly, as a matter fact sort of encourage the soviets to go first behind the scenes without telling them anything. they were sort of hoping the soviet union would go first, so the soviet union would accidentally establish a precedents for free use of outer

a strategic objective was to prevent the soviet union from becoming the dominant country. e soviet army had occupied czechoslovakia and 42 russian divisions appeared on the chinese border. the use of soviet military pressure was a feature of the cold war world. opening armsy control negotiations on nuclear weapons. use the summit with the soviet union to create incentives in china, but the soviet union tried to blackmail us. we said, ok, we are going to try this. look at what nixon said about china. he addressed the problem of china from the view of world order. that by getting china involved in the the wholenal system of international politics would be transfer because all other countries would have to consider the impact of china in terms of the new system. he calculated we might produce a situation in which america would be closer to most of the contestants and each other. the second or third day in office i looked at the war plans and the expected consequences of a nuclear war were ended. , we cannot let these and in a wayup that did not destroy civilization. occurring

the, growth in the soviet union the growth in the soviet union is greater than ours. and highof low income population density and inadequate resources. three, a poll taken in february asked people which thought would be first in 1970 scientifically and militarily, and a majority felt that it would be the soviet union by 1970. you in, weost received support on the position we had taken of only two african countries, one, liberia, which has been tied to us for more than a century, and the other union of south africa, which is not a popular country in africa. every other south african country either abstained or voted against us. more countries in asia voted against us than with it. the candidate who was candidate in the president of brazil order to get the benefit of castro supporters. there are many indications, many in ghana. supporting soviet foreign policy at the human -- at the u.n. >> mr. vice president? >> i would say first of all senator kennedy's statement he just made is not going to help our polls abroad. let's look at the other side of the coin. let's look a

we find that the soviet union is a very primitive economy. it is catching up with us, and it is not catching up with us. we are well ahead and we can stay ahead provided we have confidence in america and don't run her down instead of builder up. we can look also at other items which senator kennedy has made but i alone would say this. in this whole matter of prestige and putting a stand for what is right, getting back to this , i canthat we discussed think of nothing that will be greater for the prestige of the united states among the free nations in asia than for us to take senator kennedy's advice that will go against what a majority of the senate, both democrat and republican voted in advance, wesay in will surrender in areas of the country. in other words, if the united states is going to maintain its strength and prestige, we must not only be strong militarily and economically, we must be firm diplomatically. certainly we have been speaking of whether we should have retreated. let's remember that the way to win is not to retreat. >> than

and so through an agreement with the soviet union, the united states and the soviet union agreed to launch artificial satellites in 1957. so the eisenhower administration there was no surprise about that. the point of free access to space which is what eisenhower strongly endorsed and had to make it possible for the use of the free use of satellites in orbit, and the reason of satellites were so important to eisenhower is because it would help avert a surprise attack. before the satellites could be launched, in different access to space, he proposed overflights for the united states and the soviet union to fly the aircraft over each countries territory to ensure that there would not be a surprise nuclear attack. i just had to say about the sputnik thing, the administration knew they would launch their satellites and didn't even feel very badly. as a matter-of-fact sort of encouraged the soviets to go first define the scenes without telling them anything, but they were sort of hoping the soviet union would go first so that the soviet union would accidentally establish the precedent for free

what we understood about the soviet union russia and communism and sell he was an adviser to presidents particular of george bush sr he played a pivotal role in academia and i would even say in foreign policy but then everything changed he was basically disappeared by the academy because he disagree with the the consensus. view of russia after the cold war and he was always one that would say engagement because he remembered the cold war and remember how detente for all been sailing works because it kept us out of the major conflict your thoughts about him because united moralists studied the same thing with our lives parallel. in the go ahead george yes you're absolutely right peter he was a towering figure and he has been for many years i mean don't forget back in the 1970 is the consensus view among analysts of the soviet union was that change was impossible but the soviet system had to reach a kind of bureaucratic equilibrium you know there would be a brashly it would be replaced by another pressure it replaced by another pressure and he broke that he's that no i think that the sovi

the white house had railed at the soviet leadership to allow the jewish refuse-niks to leave the soviet union. they even made future trade with united states contingent on improvements in soviet immigration policy. the term refuse-niks was highly used during this period in the united states and europe to refer to jews who had consistently been denied the right to emigrate by the soviet union. when mikhail gorbachev came to power and instituted his policies of greater openness, jews were finally allowed to emigrate in greater and greater numbers. however, as soviet policy became more liberalized, their chances for coming to the united states became more restricted, because the immigration and naturalization service now argued the jews could no longer claim persecution because the soviet union was easing up on restrictions of the jewish population. -- theson why the reasons to emigrate were slowly starting to evaporate. it was american jewish groups who passionately advocated on behalf of the soviet refuseniks. it was these groups that reminded the bush and clinton administrations of their obli

of soviet union became a. stateless independent countries decided who will be from these population who will be the citizens and i was born in the extend its neighboring country and at the early ninety's my family and me we decided to move to cuba some because we have related groups that in this transition time we tested all these bureaucratic procedures to get new citizenship and that's why after getting my little degree i was understand how was it difficult to be on. on determinate status me and my family was a lucky most of people pass a dispersal process and they became miss new citizens of new country actually but some people from the rural areas or not will inform at will this huge persecutors or the people from the disputed territories borders border zola's so for people who pass it these little did live in came to congress and off to these illegal did land so. these people became stateless what we do i think it's our duty as human beings to give back to people which you have to their worse but they den

the, growth in the soviet union is greater than ours. this has a great affect on the developed world which faces problems of low income and high population density and inadequate resources. a gallup poll in february asked people in 10 countries which country they thought would be first in 1970 both scientifically and military -- militarily. every country except greece felt it would be the soviet union by 1970. in the post u.n., particular dealing with red china, we received support of a position we have taken by only two african countries. one liberia and the other, south inica, not a popular country africa. every other african country either's estate -- either abstained or voted against us. more countries voted against us in asia than voted with us. on the resolution you are so much opposed to, the same thing happened -- the candidate who is a candidate for president of it -- called to castro to get the -- there are many indications. both supporting soviet foreign policy at the u.n.. say our prestige is not so hot. the longer we give th

the polish government feared that the soviet union would put a stop to solidarity. the new leader was appointed army general wojciech jaruzelski. who had one point where you could not cry you will go to him without. first cry protections look out are not in conflict if you try. to serve should quote it as. such i was summoned in the middle of the night to a room where there were 30 generals just of the. eurozone skippers they had to put that. to motives that someone asked me whether i thought we could reach an agreement with solidarity of those. he knew i was tired and upset and. if so i expressed an opinion that reflected what i truly believed that based on my recent experience physically the i said. no absolutely not there will be a confrontation to egypt the. the government decided to act on december 13th 1901 here result ski imposed martial law throughout poland the military was mobilized they cut off all telephone lines and enforced a curfew jaruzelski believed that this crackdown would silence the solidarity movement once and for all and would also prevent the

secondly the economic growth of the soviet union is great. and to adjust it -- this has a great effect on the developed world underdeveloped world which faces problems of low income and, under developed resources. three, gallup poll taken in february ask people in ten countries, which country they thought would be first in 1974 scientifically in maryland militarily. and a majority in every country felt it would be the soviet union by 1970. for, in the vote in the un, particularly the vote with red china last saturday, we received the support of the

, and everything on the soviet union, and everything that was in the soviet union, they are proudthey call enemies, it is practical, what it was in the soviet union and now we need to go back over 30 years, what happened when the soviet union collapsed, and understand, it is not so many things change. i am not asking you to create another iron curtain but you have to understand, all ideology, actually, is very similarto all ideology, actually, is very similar to modern russia, how it was in the soviet union, again, i am talking government, not the people, they will try to build something different, ordinary people like aleksei navalny, he is not ordinary, he isa aleksei navalny, he is not ordinary, he is a politician, and has a lot of supporters. sorry, do you have any doubts in your mind as to who was responsible for this? again, in the case of my husband, the key was the polonium—210, after it was discovered, it was proved beyond doubt it was a state—sponsored murder. now, when they have another drug used in the state of russia, we have another question, was this programme of ch

knowing that the way we did it which we've been warned about triggered the exact response from the soviet union that was predicted at the time. and the soviets and their own crash bomb program, and they tested their bomb in august of 1949, and then in 1952, the united states tests their hydrogen bomb, and the soviet union test the prototype hydrogen bomb in 53. and it moves the hands of the doomsday clock at that 0.2 minutes before midnight. now it's at 100 seconds before midnight, the closest it is ever been. we are an event very dangerous situation and there were many instances during the cold war and since where we survived by pure applied luck including during the cuban missile crisis. >> peter cosmic you have led student groups for roughly 25 years now every summer to japan to attend the annual memorial services. one of you learned from the japanese over that period of time? what's their perspective and has it changed over the years about the bombing? >> well one of the things that makes my student trip so interesting scent we travel with japanese students and professors. so we get to see

the soviet union is no more. gonea has tremendously down -- i think their forces are 10% of ours or something like that, except their nuclear forces -- and we still have first use commitment. nobody can get out after the cold war. the plan is carried out, how many people would be killed? only the soviet union and china because i thought they did not have an answer. i had been told by colonels they did not compute that because they did not want to know. , you would need less planes and bombs to do it. they came back with an answer. i was wrong. i said only soviet union and china because i did not want them to say we have to compare albania, give us more time. no. the answer came back in a chart toh horizontal axis time allow for follow over six months. fatalities, not casualties, fatalities. i will not take time to do a you of how many people might think the joint chiefs would tell the president that if he ordered us to carry out our commitment to nato, how many people would be killed in the soviet union and china

analysts of the soviet union was that change was impossible but the soviet system how to reach. it kind of bureaucratic equilibrium you know that would be a brashear would be replaced by another pressure it replaced by another pressure and he broke that he's that now i think that the soviet system can change and and in fact that change is quite likely and when gorbachev and about and whatever else you can say had coverage of he certainly instituted drastic changes he was right and you have to say he was right and those people who criticized him repeatedly in print and on television like richard pipes were wrong i mean they were absolutely wrong as a lot of this is a totalitarian system of totalitarianism by definition chemical change so he was right there and of course in subsequently when he has been an advocate but they don't he has been consistent he was an advocate for they don't in the seventy's in the eighty's ninety's and through the present basically he's saying that war is the worst possible outcome in relations between the united states and so if you're in and then rus

vs the world how the soviet union viewed the united states and that that is that is remarkably missing in our foreign policy right now is try to understand what the other guy hanks and i think that was what the success of cohen's analysis of ending the cold war so a lot of what underpins i deploy a missile if you don't have the cloners it has to be based on having some recognition for the position of the other side and if you can understand that and perhaps you can meet somewhere in the middle as opposed to if you just see them as an inherent evil of couching. or if it's a little war and conflict this don't this ocean. and because of this i think that there was a great part of his success and again dead establishment recognized him as all for this. but again they recommended in a here a high step. special administration he was to go to mass for the media during the cold war when there was this push for the taliban reckitt when you recognize that they have security costars as well so it doesn't beg the question what happened after the cold war well the cold war you had the unit color mo

the soviet union has been moving faster than we have. but the reason for that is obvious, they start from a much lower base. although they have been moving faster in growth and we have, we find today that their total gm p is only 44% of our warm gnp, that is the same percentage that it was 20 years ago. as far as the absolute gap is concerned, we find that the u.s. is even further ahead than it was 20 years ago. is this any reason for complacency? not at all. because these are determined men. they are fanatical men. and we have to get the very most out of our economy. i agree with senator kennedy completely on that. where we disagree is in the means that we would use to get the most out of our economy. i respectfully submit that senator kennedy to walk and would rely too much on the federal government on what it would do to silver problems, to stimulate growth. i believe that when we examine the democratic platform, when we examine the proposals that he is discussed tonight, when we compare them with the proposals that i've made, that th

the soviet union is making great gains.t isn't enough to compare what might have been done eight years ago, or ten years ago, or fifteen years ago, or twenty years ago. i want to compare what we're doing with what our adversaries are doing, so that by the year 1970 the united states is ahead in education, in health, in building, in homes, in economic strength. i think that's the big assignment, the big task, the big function of the federal government. mr. smith: can i have the summation time please? we've we've completed our questions and our comments, and in just a moment, we'll have the summation time. voice: this will allow three minutes and twenty seconds for the summation by each candidate. mr. sm1th: three minutes and twenty seconds for each candidate. vice president nixon, will you make the first summation? mr. nixon: thank you, mr. smith. senator kennedy. first of all, i think it is well to put in perspective where we really do stand with regard to the soviet union in this whole matter of growth. the soviet union ha

many things that were banned in the soviet union are now presented with pride including cossacks traditions. not far from red square are the offices of sardar t.v. a broadcaster that propagates a return to traditional values. even in the lobby it's clear who has the say here the president and the patriarch of moscow and all russia. the broadcaster was founded by constantine malefic an orthodox businessman and putin ally here journalists criticize western decadence and declare homosexuality to be a cardinal sin so our grad t.v.'s biggest star is host andre often asked he have. that's always true to your he's considered one of the best and definitely of well equipped and russian say in the world. the main specialty of it is the hand by in that i can all. jesus spent a crater it's one of one of the symbols of our channel. in 2017 and very often as you have made international headlines when he produced a video offering the russian homosexuals a free one way ticket to the us. he's a jew from which this is not a joke we really want you to move there where you can openly submit to your since you b

who can't win the cold war, talking about easing relationships between the united states and the soviet unionad of taking the fight to the soviets. >> ronald reagan decides it's time to take the nuclear option. >> reagan is calling to tell him that he is going to challenge ford for the republican nomination. >> it's impossible to overestimate how furious ford was. you do not challenge the president of the united states when he's an incumbent. you just don't do this. reagan says, i hope that this won't be divisive and ford completely blown away by that comment. how can it not be divisive when you're running against the president of the united states? >> the first major showdown is the new hampshire primary. >> you can't be the sitting president of the united states and lose the first primary in new hampshire or you're dead. >> ford knows his fate will be sealed by the outcome. >> ford's campaign wants to show how presidential gerald ford is. there is no need to change horses mid stream. >> president ford has trust in america. america has trust in him. keep him. >> but the polls show that many

soviet union is making great danes. enough to compare with what would have happened eight years ago or 20 years ago. what weo compare with are doing with what our adversaries are doing. 1970 the united states is ahead in education, health, holdings and economic strength. that is a big function of the federal government. we have completed our questions and comments so now we have the summation. >> this is three minutes and 20 seconds of summation by each candidate. >> three minutes and 20 seconds of summation by each candidate. vice president nixon, would you make the first summation. v.p. nixon: i think it is will to put in perspective where we do stand with regards to the union in matter of growth. the soviet union has been moving faster than we have. but the reason is obvious. they start from a much lower base. have been moving faster and growth, we find today that their total gross national product is only 44% of our gross national product or it that is the same percentage that it was 20 years ago. we find that the u

when they go to get out to other place and get the game and that's the feeling that the former soviet union have something in common and when these people who live in for arabs for syrians when big come back to the former soviet union. these kind of go for it let's say should so i think they knew about it and they could put it away and but they didn't but there is no any official decisions that sent has a. government sponsored troops that sponsored by the clones sucked in piper for slum it forms it's absolutely different from the like but from general stuff but made for them to give another claim by armenia was one of its planes was shot down by a turkish fighter jet strenuously deny it but we've seen over the last number of days some statements of support from for azerbaijan how far do you think turkey is willing to go to help its ally well you should understand the situation be thrown the chair of the gun the shaken out too many forces inside or you wouldn't looting of a gun but a tea party now wanting to replace him and he's fighting for the place so if the media put a fortune would be o

russia one previously the soviet union had a long tradition of making that actually and on a very long scandal that's sure and i think the only thing we can probably agree on is that nobody really agree so knows where the 1st generally available and effective function will come from now there is 11 more important distinction between a russian and the west and approaches to your taxes and. partner and it from from your own writing because in the west as you write this states used to be involved in the production of saxons but it's no longer the case in most countries it's primarily a corporate down to price in russia most vaccines are still developed produced and overseen by the state and i wonder if there is any difference in how the scenes made how they are developed how they test the child and market it how they sell how they've used depending on who runs the back of the business by that it's the state or whether it's at or prevent a price who as are times i'm working with people from 9 country is on a book. there twitter writing on exactly how this shift from a public to private dom

show how the soviet union, as well as united states use their till actions to interrupt around the worldand brushes has interfered all around the world. look at 2016 and detail as part of that history. and use all of that background to chart out a task for the future. not only by 2016 but everything that came before it is a general purpose of the book. that's why it needs to be written. >> thanks to david britt is a super interesting historical book. when putting this issue in historical context is something really interesting and necessary. like to pick up on that. the unclassified version of the 2017 community assessment of russia interference in the election found that quote russia's average influence the 2016 u.s. presidential election had a significant escalation in level of activity in scope of effort compared to previous opportunities break could you elaborate on how putin's recent efforts are different from the past? >> lawrence could speak with you again, even virtually. i'm pleased to be participating in this virtual event. because david has written a very excellent book, very

the soviet union tried to take advantage. the soviet premier kristoff concluded that kennedy was weak and decisive and so demanded that western powers abandon berlin. as you know, at the end of world war ii, berlin was divided into east and west between the soviet union and the western allied powers. kristoff said that west berlin was a threat to east german. kennedy blames cia for putting him into that position. he briefly considered breaking up cia into its various missions or business areas and distributing it throughout the government. that was justifiable anger on his part but he got over there. he also considered replacing alan dulles with his own brother robert. robert kennedy likes working with the agency but he was a savvy enough politician to realize that that wouldn't work very well. it is not career enhancing for politicians to be cia director. so he turned that down. now just a few months after the bay of pigs debacle, kennedy is meeting with the soviet premier in vienna. kristoff berated kennedy for american impe

the majority said the soviet union. rockefeller has been more critical of our position in the world that i have been, various reports of congressional committees, that the relative strength of the u.s., militarily, politically, psychologically, scientifically can't compare to the soviet union and china and has deteriorated in the last eight years. we should know it, the american people need to know the facts. >> senator, following this, how would you go about -- without wrecking or economy? >> we have been very different to latin america. the program was broke off. do it was done because we wanted to get through the beatings, the condemnation through russian. therefore we -- we really have looked at but in america, we have associated ourselves. secondly, i believe that it is far better for the u.s. instead of concentrating on the underdeveloped world's, on surplus military equipment. for 300 million dollars, surplus military equipment. we paid more military aid in the layoffs did any country in the world. we know now th