the soviet union.responsible for the bombing and bloodshed that inevitably ensued from the act of aggression? the north koreans and those who support them. who then can stop the bomb iing and the bloodshed? the north korean, and those who support their aggression. what member of the security council is supporting the north korean regime in the security council? the soviet union. who then is supporting the united nations charter and really working for peace? the 53 members of the united nations who are supporting the republic of korea. is the soviet union one of 53? no. >> no, not the soviet union, but the 53 of the 59 members of the united nations, which are sharing in the united nation's action in korea. these are the nations, united for peace, who have used the peaceful mediation in the five years of the nation's progress and the nations that now and forever stand to meet and halt aggression anywhere by the powers invested in them by the united nations charter. ♪ >>> every saturday at 8:00 p.m. easte

got in a boat and then in the soviet union in 1930 s. it's important to remember that this was the period of the great depression and it was also a period in which the soviet government was during a massive recruitment people with turkey who killed. key graduated a diversity as agriculturist there's no career moves there's no jobs and there's so much discrimination what he's supposed to do he went to a country where. he had no clue what was going on and you watch russia on the news soviet union communism why would you want to go there george times had a dream. and he found a solution and. history for some of the african-americans who went to school reunion in the 1930. 6 look at. cern james patterson. james patterson became a national icon. famous circuits. the movie circus has an extraordinary story behind it i think it was said to be stalin's favorite. if you see in the opening scene there's a woman running from a an angry crowd threatening her and throwing rocks at her and at the bundle says and carrying is her black child. this german

great question and as a russian scholar i know who is looking at the actual response inside the soviet unionwith that coverage of what was going on it's hard to tell from the documents that i looked at that yes there is soviet press coverage so the fact it's doesn't really tell us what people thought about the trial what was going on and from memoirs that there was interest in the trial of what is going on and again if the news is any indication but again what is happening in the soviet union what does it look like to have a country were 27 million are dead millions more are homeless? again the amount of destruction so the focus of people is on rebuilding to restore their lives. as a historian so we would have to do more research and that's one of those things it's hard to get at. >> so what impact if any that has a lasting impression. >> and in terms of the impact of the trial also because of what happened that the nuremberg trial and in germany to reeducate the german public also what most germans thought about it. and a bunch of riders in germany at the time saying there's not that much i

the soviet union. who is responsible for the bombing and bloodshed that inevitably ensues from the fact of aggression? the north koreans and those who support them. who, then, can stop the bombing and the bloodshed? the north koreans and those who support their aggression. what member of the security council is supporting the north korean regime in the security council? the soviet union. who, then, is supporting the united nations charter and really working for peace? the 53 members of the united nations who are supporting the republic of korea. is the soviet union one of the 53? no. >> no, not the soviet union, but the 53 of the 59 members of the united nations, which are sharing in the united nations action in korea. ♪ ♪-ykykÑp these are the nations united for peace who have used the peaceful methods of mediation in five years of united nations progress, and the nations who now and forever stand ready to meet and halt aggression anywhere with all the powers vested in them by the united nations charte

she had not seen what the soviet union was or could even imagine what it might be and gets all the soviet union and ideology that went with it [inaudible] may be a yearning for something many idealistic young people have thoughts and often the phrase we use is we outgrow that there is a wonderful photograph i think about sitting in a treaty absorbed in a book. that is the way she was but yet as you say ended up espousing the violent revolution. she was ready from a very young age that makes it interesting for the first half she was a heroism and then victory on the other side of the fence and to me that is fascinating we had experienced america as a love-hate relationship and elements she deeply admired and others that she despised it was an intoxicating place. a huge melting pot very rich on the one hand and massive poverty on the other side with shots fired. most of the people in the story have the most extraordinary he was already a communist spy and had been recruited by the intelligence. brutal repression at the time of the government and recruited the first of all the most formidabl

continuity of office overseeing the soviet union inside the usa. everyone agreed he was charming and populated and incredibly knowledgeable about foreign policy affairs. than throughrather the state department, nixon and kissinger talk about the crucible of data with the soviet premier. he is shown there on the left. here is nixon talking with him, leaning in to make sure he gets the nuances of the translation right. himn was able to persuade with the rightness of reducing nuclear arsenals. each side was spending far too much money on nuclear arsenals. they were increasing the danger of accidental war. they have a mutual interest in de-escalating. negotiations began. the strategic arms litigation. in 1972 it leads to the signing of the salt agreement. one interesting aspect of it --t is depicted on the right it shows an anti-ballistic missile. if the enemy fires its nuclear weapons against us, we will surround our cities with defensive missile bases. if our radar shows enemy missiles are coming towards us, we will fire anti-ballistic missiles which

one of the bits of good news people do not realize is that after the soviet union broke up three countries give up nuclear weapons. belarus, ukraine, and because extent inherited a part of the soviet arsenal on their's territory. after a lot of work in the clinton administration, and people did not realize that was going on, we in russia working together got three of those countries to give up nuclear weapons. it is an interesting story. one of the ways we attracted particularly ukraine because extent to get rid of their -- kazakhstan get rid of their weapons was because you as if you willwn fuelpower plants -- fe for power plants. we would work with russia to convert it to fuel and we bought it for our power plants. 20% of the electricity in this country is still nuclear power. about 2001 we fuel from those weapons that had been dismantled in uranium and made it into fuel. we bought enough material for 50% of our fuel supply. if you do the arithmetic, 20% of electricity comes from nuclear. 50% of the fuel and 10% of all electricity in america, light bulbs, everything else, came from mater

and its corollary, the policy of deferring negotiations for a post-war settlement and gave the soviet union time to consolidate, and redress the nuclear imbalance. >> so looking back on it, he's saying, unfortunately, containment wasn't -- it wasn't effective at preventing the soviet development of a nuclear weapon which consolidated the soviet position, and the bottom of that paragraph, the relative strength was never greater with the cold war. secondly -- secondly, the nature of military technology was such that the balance of power could no longer be thought of as uniform. nuclear weapons were so cataclysmic that as the arsenals grew they proved less and less useful to have every conceivable aggression. >> thirdly, our containment could never be an adequate response for communist ideology and traps form relationships between states into conflicts between philosophies and pose a challenge to the balance of power through domestic upheavals. >> can you paraphrase that one? >> basically, he's saying that the policy of containment that george outlined back in -- i think early '50s, late '40s

military conception with the balance of power and its corollary with the postwar settlement given the soviet union time to redress the nuclear imbalance. looking back on it he saying, unfortunately was an effective at preventing the soviet development of a nuclear weapon, which consolidated the soviet position. at the bottom of that paragraph, our relative strength was never greater during the cold war. could you read the next one? >> secondly, the nature of military technology have the -- was such that the balance of power could no longer be thought of. lessoved it less and useful to repel every conceivable aggression. prof. allitt: go down to three. >> thirdly, could never be an adequate response with the communist ideologies. it transformed into conflicts between philosophies and posed a challenge to the balance of power through domestic of evil. prof. allitt: can you paraphrase that? he is saying that the policy is outlined back in the early 1950's, late 40's when not work now because these aren't simply just wars anymore. with germany it was a direct conquest of territory. it is more of a con

the soviet union. who is responsibility for the bloodshed that inevitably ensued from the facts of aggression. the north koreans and those that support them. who can stop the bombing and the bloodshed? the north degree krans. and those who forth their agraegs. what member of the regime? the soviet union. who is supporting the charter and really working for peace? the 53 members that are supporting the republic of ko a korea. is the soviet union one of 53? no. not the soviet union, but the united nations that are sharing in the action in korea. these are the nations, united for peace, that have used the peaceful mediation in the five years of the nation's progress and the nations that now and forever stand to meet aggression any where by the powers invested in them in the united nations charter. >>> weeknights this month, we're featuring american history tv programs as a preview of what's available every weekend on c-span3. tonight programs on the military. we'll travel to northeastern france with histo

but the soviet union is the future but today we live in the era. [laughter] >> exactly and what they could come into the germany was considered to be of the next revolution. but then to take place in germany. and yes she saw all those that went with it. >> i'm trying to think of the word. she was bookish. bookstores. and with that idea or a yearning for something. i don't want to give too much of the details away but how does she make that transition? in the phrase that we use is we outgrow that but she grew into that action oriented. >> she is a contrast as you say gentle and bookish she wrote short stories and lived in the house the largest private library in germany. he can get much more bookish than that. that's the way that she was but as you say was espousing a violent revolution from the very young age. and then for the first half of her life and then with the war with the soviet union to with the allies to defeat the nazis but those that prove it around her in some ways and as a change of beliefs so from our perspective so for me that is fa

when was the soviet union and the other was china. the nuclear weapons rights have been going on since the end of world war ii with growing urgency since 49 when that russians tested their nuclear weapon for the first time. by 1969, the low population states of the great plains were honeycombed with missile silos and so where the planes of siberia. each side ready to fire declare weapons against the other. both sides gradually realize they had a common motive in trying to reduce the nature of an accidental exchange of weapons. they had a common interest in preventing nuclear war from ever taking place. it's destruction was so complete. they reached the idea of mutual controlled destruction. they could kill each other's populations many times over. it was clearly a time to start rethinking how to understand the arms race and whether it made any kind of sense. both sides had already appreciated's, when they signed the treaty in 1963 that they had a common interest in not testing these weapons in the atmosphere. by 69 they also recognize

i did not think we should've extend nato immediately after the collapse of the soviet union. i felt we should help extend the economic side, reaching out to eastern europe through the european union, but not as a soviet military was collapsing move american presence into areas that were right next to near their border, america presence or nato. so we made some mistakes after the cold war. so in between the lessons of world war i, which give us very poor marks and lessons of world war ii, which i think were unique in the history of the world in terms of a pluses and post-cold war, somewhere in between. we got a lot of work to do so that our children and grandchildren can live in a world that does not have the perils of those things hanging over us. i'd close with a thought that we really are in a race between cooperation and catastrophe on what i call the issues of survival. it's going to take wise leadership both in america as well as in countries that are adversaries such as russia from time to time, also including china. and i think that another lesson we learned is that act

although we want to coexist with the soviet union, we don't want to give them an easy target. we are continuing to hope as george said way back in 1946, that eventually the soviet system is going to fold up because of its own imperfections. this is a little badge. here is mao in the foreground. this shows you his self conception. the people in the background are karl marx, frederick engels, lenin, and stalin. mao saw himself in this classic lineage of communism. the next of the great leaders. inside china it had been incredibly turbulent in the years between the chinese revolution and the arrival of nixon and kissinger. ford was perhaps the most catastrophic policy decision ever made. this was an attempt by china to create a five-year plan which was supposed to run until 1963, to produce grain production in the countryside and go through a crash course of industrialization. what actually happened was the peasant farms were forcibly collectivized. you could see people in the photograph on the right working on collective farms. the hope was the rationalization and efficiency of l

of the soviet union. in the play about the statesman who brought freedom to his people there is no reference to today's russia no reference to the terrible disappointment that has still not been forgotten almost 30 years after governor chose resignation. but that was to come i was a young woman when perestroika came and back then i was promised a whole new world a world with a functioning freedom of the press freedom of assembly and rights to sexual and gender self-determination that the world that was promised to me then has nothing to do with the world today with 3 years of research s. the climax of the play is the death of michel garber chubs wife from cancer and the turning point of his career. the last chapter is called gorbachev and solitude the theater may be filled with enthusiastic applause but in real life things quickly became quite lonely around which i cover charge. and his dream of a better freer russia. for convincing deception. photo editing software it's what israel. possibilities formula

through an agreement with the soviet union -- the united states and the soviet union agreed to launchrtificial satellites in 1957. of the eisenhower administration, there was no surprise about that. the point of free access to space which is what eisenhower strongly endorsed, and had to make it possible for the use of, the free use of satellites in orbit, and the reason the satellites were so important eisenhower is because it would help avert a surprise attack. and before the satellites could be launched into free access of space, he proposed overflights for the united states, and the soviet union to fly the aircraft over each countries territory to assure that there would not be a surprise nuclear attack. now i just have to say about the sputnik thing, the administration knew they were going to launch their satellites and didn't even feel very badly. as a matter fact, sort of encouraged the soviets to go first behind the scenes without telling them anything, but they were sort of hoping the soviet union would go first so that the soviet union would accidentally establish the preside

i did not think we should have extended nato immediately after the collapse of the soviet union. i thought we should help extend the economic side, reaching out to eastern europe through the european union. but not as a soviet military was collapsing move american presence into areas that were near their border. american presence in nato. so we make some mistakes, after the cold war. we are between a lessons of world war i, which give us marks. and lessons of world war ii which i think we need in the history of the world in terms of a plus. and post cold war, somewhere in between we have a lot of work to do. so that our children and grandchildren can live in a world that does not have the perils of nuclear biological, climate change, all of those things hanging over us. i thought they were really a race between cooperation and catastrophe. where would i call the issues of survival. it is going to take wise leadership, both in the u.s. and in countries that are adversaries from time to time, russia is not category. but also including china, and i think that another lesson that we l

. >> the soviet union is the future although today not today. >> exactly. core she had never been to the soviet union at that point she didn't know what was or could even imagine what code involved into but many people in the world germany was considered to be the crucible of the next revolution many people believed it would take place in germany and that was a widespread belief we get all the ideology that went with it she saw that is the future and that for the rest of her life. >> she rose bookish from the bookstores on more than one occasion so it sounds like you start with an idea or are you learning but how do you get into the action? i don't want to get the details away but how does it happen she makes the transition? many idealistic people have thoughts that we outgrowhat but she grew into that. tell us about that. >> she started off as a very gentle sur short stories you n get much more than that was a picture of her sitting in a tree at about 14 with the book. that's how she was but yet she ended up espousing violence an she got a gun. she was rai

same down, the cutoff was the chief radiologist in the soviet union's ministry of health. he was sent to the polygon as a government representative. he remembers meeting with soviet officials on one particular day in 1957. last. but michelle, does that political question through brittania that many of the young we train about got their richard. i'm pregnant gun. did you get a stomach would be ready for those by the way, but more in with the yes, but you may tip it either as it was in the murphy law, they got the aftermath of the mullah evolved. but this one got the act that is for the you've got to look at culture, the slaughter fish can only guess to put him there a good they're going to look at the you know, long as there was a problem. it was not. you just get that when you see jim worded year for you in your years, james, that's a year dr. brown kind of was finally signed. he had a medical team investigating the effects of radiation and serious health problems from anemia to high incidence of cancer. schizophrenia which sometimes resulted in suicide and cover. the repor

and so through an agreement with the soviet union, the united states and the soviet union agreed to launchatellites in 1957 parts of the eisenhower administration there is no surprise about that. the point of free access to space which is what eisenhower strongly endorsed, and had to make it possible for the use of the freest of satellites in orbit. and the reason these satellites are so important to eisenhower's because it would help avert a surprise attack. before the satellites could be launched into free access to space, he proposed overflights for the united states and the soviet union to fly their aircraft over each country territory to assure there not be a surprise nuclear attack. now i just have to say about the sputnik thing, the administration knew there went to launch their satellites and did not feel badly. as a matter-of-fact sort of encouraged soviet union to go first behind the scenes without telling them anything. but they were sort of hoping the soviet union would go first. so the soviet union went accidentally establish the precedents for free use of outer space. so, not

same down, the cutoff was the chief radiologist in the soviet union's ministry of health. he was sent to the polygon as a government representative. he remembers meeting with soviet officials on one particular day in 1957. last by michel, it worked as a political question through brittania, but what there are many of the young we traded by got their richard credit gun that they did you got but a slimy were people but i think by the way, but more and more. yeah. you might, if you the nurse was in the machine or they got the aftermath of the mullah evolved, but disregard act of congress. that is but then you look at public slaughter shishkin annie guest. a pretty me with a buddhist look at gaining again the law as the violence that the move was not get back when you were a dear for you in your ears j. m. that's in a year dr. brown was finally signed to head a medical team investigating the effects of radiation on the public eye. serious health problems from anemia to high incidence of cancer. schizophrenia which sometimes resulted in suicide cover. the report was duly sent to

the soviet union is the future. course today when they -- we live in an era where the soviet union is -- and of course she had never been to the soviet unit that point. she had not seen what the soviet unit was or could even imagine what the soviet union evolved into but for many idealistic young people in the world and not disturb me don't forget that germany was considered to be the crucible of "the next revolution." many people in germany and outside believed "the next revolution" was going to take place in germany. that was quite a widespread belief. and yes she saw all the ideology that went with the. >> she sob that is the future and cheap comes to that there most of her life. >> i'm trying to think of the word, she's a bookish character. her world is the publishing may you reach you or did book stores and more than one occasion so seems to me you started with an idea and it will be earning for something. how did she get into the action and? all of a sudden she had been shot high and i don't want to give away

we were way ahead of the soviet union. and the only way we could eventually tell that work work on the two programs that eisenhower initiated was the u2 and also the satellite programs . or reconnaissance purposes. >> your version of the story made me think they must have had some pretty good lawyers on the scene advising if you do it this way, then let the soviets go first, this is going to set the precedent that allow us to get what we want which is free and open spacing and if we go first trying to dominate it and it will work. >> we had to because we had proposed the open skies treaty and as the geneva summit in 55 and the soviet union absolutely rejected it. they would have had overflights over the united states they didn't want this mutualoverflight business because they thought we were going to use it for targeting purposes. so you can imagine this if we had gone into space first , they would well have accused us of going into space or doing what the u2 was meant to do. sort of a complicated story, but it's what i c

the soviet union knew we were flying over the soviet union and we knew they knew but no one said anythingecause no one wanted to admit weakness. so to go back to your question, i don't think anyone thought, oh, we'll be able to completely deny this but the hope was, we can plausibly deny it. we can say, we were there to help out if they asked us to help them. we were there as a friend. but we're in no way behind it. we weren't the ones instigating it or funding it so they could deny key parts of it, and, while accepting other parts of it. does that answer the question? this gentleman here. and then i'll come to you. >> aside from the lack of air power and air cover, did you find any information regarding infiltration of the brigade by castro intelligence officers that already gave up the plan even before they even landed? >> i did not. but it's not, that's not because it's not out there. i think it's commonly assumed that he did know. it's hard to believe -- he had spies in miami so certainly he knew what was going on among the cuban exiles in miami. he probably had spies in guatemala. an

the delegation of the soviet union. ambassador andrei gromyko signs for russia.ritain is represented by her delegation chairman, lord halifax. the republic of france, acting delegation chairman joseph van coeur. 38 of 50 nations to sign is the united states of america. secretary of state statinius. >> ladies and gentlemen, we're all aware this is an extremely historic occasion. the charter for world peace has been completed. but this is not the end, it is only the beginning. the great task lies before us. and it is our solemn and our sacred duty to see to it that the united nations comes into being and fulfills its promise. with faith in our cause and good will in our hearts and determination to work unceasingly for this end i'm confident that with god's help we shall reach our goal. [ applause ] senator connolly is next to sign for the united states. senator arthur vandenberg. commander harrell stasam, former governor of minnesota. a vital and a difficult job well done. appearing before the last formal session of the united nations, president truman congratulate

it turned out to be a fiction we were way ahead of the soviet union and the only way we could tell thats the programs they initiated and the satellite program for these purposes. >> your version of the story you must have had some good lawyers on the team advising if you do it this way let the soviets go first then this is going to set the precedent to get what we want and if we go first they say we are trying to dominate and it won't work. a. >> we had proposed the open skies treaty added t at the gena summit in 55 and the soviet union absolutely rejected. but they didn't want this mutual overflight business because they thought we were going to use it for targeting purposes. you could imagine they would have accused us of going into space for doing what it's meant to do. it's a complicated story but it's what i call playing a long game. took a big political hit when sputnik went up but in the end it is what began to establish the framework that allows all of the development to take place without conflict. the other thing that was interesting about your book is because he had so much d

the he dares to do what no one has done before reform the soviet union. in 1906 cover tough began his restructuring his perestroika risking what many russians still can't forgive him for today the collapse of the soviet union. in the play about the statesman who brought freedom to his people there is no reference to today's russia no reference to the terrible disappointment that has still not been forgotten almost 30 years after governor chose resignation. able but that was to come i was a young woman when perestroika came and back then i was promised a whole new world a world with a functioning freedom of the press freedom of assembly and rights to sexual and gender self-determination that the world that was promised to me then has nothing to do with the world today with 3 years of we see chess the climax of the play is the death of me wife from cancer and the turning point of his career. the last chapter is called gorbachev and solitude the theater may be filled with enthusiastic applause but in real life things quickly became quite lonely around which

brezhnev's soviet union. dan was in leningrad and i was in moscow. several years later when we were both senior directors on the nsc under the clinton administration and we worked on a partnership with russia. that was an optimistic time when we and the russians were in many ways speaking the same language of democratic values, human rights, the rule of law and the sovereignty of all european states. our mutual goal with moscow was all-european security system based on these principles, with russia as an integral part. to transform nato with a strategic partnership which was alliance,called an were the two main pillars. as the report describes, the partnership produced some positive results but it ultimately floundered for a variety of reasons, and dan has covered some of them. the watershed event was the color revolutions, especially the orange revolution in ukraine in 2004, which brought to the fore the main fault lines in the 'slations today, namely putin insistence on a free hand to dominate russia's neighbors and to suppress democracy and human

have been involved one way or another in russia policy back when we were junior diplomates in the soviet union. you know, in brezhnev's time. now, remember, brezhnev was regarded as the final culminating state of soviet history and his system was regarded as eternal and we were told after brezhnev it could get only worse and we need today accommodate ourselves to the reality of brezhnev and the soviet union. na isn't at all what happened. brezhnev's soviet union was decaying and its hostility to the west is not sustainable and instead it's something worse after brezhnev following a post brezhnev we got gorbachev and ye yellsin. accommodation with the west and rebuilding at home. in our paper, we recall this era which needs recalling because many in the west swallow without critical comment the putin team's characterization of the '90s as nothing, but chaos. it was and ended that way, but not the beginning. and our paper recalled how far we got with russia and how much we succeeded in doing. >> there was a mythology which sort of recalled the mythology of versailles that somehow hitler was the

brezhnev's soviet union was decaying. and its hostility to the west is not sustainable. -- was not sustainable. instead of something worse after brezhnev, following a post-brezhnev indirectum, we got gorbachev and yeltsin, who tried to move russia in a different direction, accommodation with the west and a rebuilding at home. we recall this era in our paper, which needs recalling, because many in the west simply swallow without critical comment the the characterization of the 90's of chaos. is suddenly ended that way, but not at the beginning. and our paper recalls how far we got with russia and how much we succeeded in doing. there is a mythology which sutter recalls, the mythology of versailles, that somehow hitler rose because the versailles treaty was too nasty to germany. that the west and the united states was similarly nasty to post-soviet russia. not at all the case. sandy and i detail how much the clinton administration abd the bush administration, early putin, reached out to russia. -- and the bush administratio

but they were sort of hoping the soviet union would go first so the soviet union would accidentally establishrecedence for free use of outer space. not long after that the satellites we had been working on, the corona project, got launched and we could tell from space and from the u-2 exactly what -- i should say quite precisely what the soviet military buildup looked like, including the number of rockets they had. nevertheless, sputnik opened the way for opposition to the eisenhower administration in preparation for the 1960 residential campaign. it turned int scandal which is known as the missile gap, and the democrats we accusing the eisenhower administration of failing to keep up with the huge leap the soviet union allegedly had an rockets and nuclear weapons a i kind of thing. it turned outo be a fiction. we were w ahead of the soviet union, and on the way we could eventually tell that by the programs eisenhower initiative, the u-2 and also the satellite program for reconnaissance purposes. >> your version of the story may be think he must've it's a pretty good lawyer on his team advise

the president show taking it successfully by confronting the soviet union.and invoke reagan's policies and that's how he brought down the soviet union. we can do the same thing through sanctions and military activities in iran or elsewhere. i actually think the history of the cold war is not the time to get into the history of the cold war. but the lesson of the cold war i think is not how the united states can successfully pursue regime change. but it's totally the opposite. the united chain did not there active 1950s rollback with the committee on the present danger and the desire to have unrest and overthrow the soviet government. but as a general rule and has containment and has accepted their certain problems that you cannot fix as a reasonable cost. so you try to contain them shape them use their diplomacy and arms control and there sometimes a better outcome to transform the situation directly and especially during regime change. even ronald reagan. beaufort people forget ronald reagan engaged the soviet union he wrote letters to the general secretari

the col war was an ideological struggle between the united states and the soviet union, but the soviet union was a military giant but a technological midget. china is aechnological giant and well on its way to becoming a military giant as well. and so this is an incredible challenge. it is a challenge though, too to our values. to be true to those values while not allowing ourselves to be taken advantagef. we do not want a situation in which iocent people, just because the are of asian descent, are somehow held in suspicion, whether their citizens or green card holders for visitors. we wt to remain open to the world and to them, and they do not, we do not want them t feel intimidated in any way. we want our universities to be cognizant of wt is going on in some of the programs that have been spoored by china. we want the universities to be cognizant of what is going on in our frontr technologies labs and ai in quantum computing. we wantur universities to be cognizant that there are those who under theuise of fellowship or a phd program might, in ft, be those who would go back and help

has helped the country to believe that we're not just a left over but a worthy successor to the soviet union and am new a worthy successor to the russian empire. he's a worthy representative of the russian spirit, which has always distinguished our nation from other nations. and me as all of my name is andre nasser of i'm a student of the faculty of journalism at the moscow polytechnic university. yes, i would think you are, you know, my name is camilla. i'm in the 11th grade. i'm interested in politics and activism . and she said you were not untrue. you can die from everything that's going on. everything has been destroyed just from the economy to the punches outside residential buildings, show me putin and his gang have to play well beyond that since everyone course them, not because they're a gang of the rogues who have taken power. i thought it was a pretty well watched. i mean, they divide the money up, however, they want their revolting killings dasher, just their criminal organization, use threats, and forgery to take over companies and put people in prison and east of glogova. not j

daughter of ambassador to the soviet union through the prep new york sarah churchill daughter of thprime minister franklin and eleanor's only daughter and i have. to the eyes of my own politically savvy women they are given fresh perspective on the drama of the guilt the conference as well as the preparations. therineunnally degrees from cambridge but also pursuing her jd from harvard law school and i'm ao delighted to introduce my friend amanda foreman. who will conduct the conversation. and acclaimed biographer and historian tha includes georgiana and the world on fire and epic historof two nations dived which i consider the best book ever writte about the abraham lincolndministration during the civil war also a columst of the wall street journal and host of a grounreaking new documentary series and her next book the world made by women is scheduled to be puished next year by a single in random house now we will welcome her to discuss her book about a powerful fema leader the reprint of women joining that night and needs no introduction and along with her father is with us tonight so k

lying was the stock and trade of the soviet union. and i think that is really the major overarching leadership failure that caused and complicated this cattatal of --k you, adam, next question to do more with about journalism and writing process. and gaining access to some very difficult information. your presentation, you identified people you interviewed and you traveled to locations. just for hos those interested in process of writing and craft of writing a story, could you highlight how you gained access to your sources, and complexities and you wove together the interviews and materials and secondary sources and primary sources. >> a very good question. short answer is that first of all, you have to understand, that this is years after the break up of soar ye soviet unio. there were restrictions talking to these people initially. secondly, i had a lot of help. it was hard to find these people. and so i worked with a fixer in kiev who now i know i work with for god knows how long, since 2006. my friend. who you know himself has do

responsible for their crimes by an international tribunal the for war time allied powers the us the soviet union britain and france had agreed to this even before the hostilities ceased in what might be called an irony of history nuremberg the palace of justice was left virtually undamaged by the war room 600 the largest in the criminal court was remodeled to accommodate the trial of the century. could told a retired judge was asked by the americans to defend walls and bag there were too few lawyers who hadn't been compromised during the nazi era. loon who was 17 at the

of the soviet union. in the play about the statesman who brought freedom to his people there is no reference to today's russia no reference to the terrible disappointment that has still not been forgotten almost 30 years after corporate charts resignation. and i was a young woman when perestroika came and back then i was promised a whole new world a world with a functioning freedom of the press freedom of assembly and rights to sexual and gender self-determination the world that was promised to me then has nothing to do with the world today but the years of wish to chess. the climax of the play is the death of michel you garber chops wife from cancer and the turning point of his career the last chapter is called gorbachev and solitude the theater may be filled with enthusiastic applause but in real life things quickly became quite lonely around michel you cover charge. and history of a better freer russia. beethoven is for me. i told him it is for you. beethoven is for help. beethoven is for her. beethove

he dares to do what no one has done before reform the soviet union. in 1906 cover tough began his restructuring his perestroika risking what many russians still can't forgive him for today the collapse of the soviet union. in the play about the statesman who brought freedom to his people there is no reference to today's russia no reference to the terrible disappointment that has still not been forgotten almost 30 years after governor chose resignation. at the last con i was a young woman when perestroika came and back then i was promised a whole new world a world with a functioning freedom of the press freedom of assembly and rights to sexual and gender self-determination that the world that was promised to me then has nothing to do with the world today with 3 years of we see chess. the climax of the play is the death of michel garber chubs wife from cancer and the turning point of his career. the last chapter is called gorbachev and solitude the theater may be filled with enthusiastic applause but in real life things quickly became quite lonely aroun

and the former soviet union. where is china's role in space, exploration headed think it's been very ambitious over the last couple of decades as your piece just described there. and we are actually collaborating with china ourselves, that european space agency. we've sent a couple of astronauts to train with that as we may actually go to their space station as well as the international space station because we've been going for decades for 2 decades now. we're also collaborative collaborating on scientific missions to study. for example, the magnetic field of the earth and how it interacts with the sun, the so-called small missions. so i think china, as you did your piece just said is on pushing ahead on many fronts, the moon, mars human spaceflight and science all at once. so it's very impressive program. china is not the only country that's interested in the main. this seems to be such an interest in the moonlight. why is that? well i think in part it's, it's sort of time there's been a whole new generation of

that military aggression against poland had, in fact, been jointly planned by germany and the soviet union the soviet delegation tried everything to prevent the embarrassing document from being read out. but in the end, zydeco had his way. vilhelm keitel stood before the tribunals, the highest ranking officer of the van marked unsurprisingly, he was of the opinion that he shouldn't be called to account. nevertheless, michael didn't hide behind the defense, that he was just following orders. although he said he had protested against unlawful orders, he would now bear responsibility for carrying them out. by god, i was a soldier that i was not a growth because of my aptitude for it. and my belief in it either, i believe, gave him, let me explain, very slim. both non-specialists and professional officers found hitler's studying of staff reports, military literature, and tactical operational and strategic studies. incredible to behold, your corrupt. he possessed a military knowledge that can only be described as astonishing what i just don't get. the general found great that i already told the

the he dares to do what no one has done before reform the soviet union. in 1906 cover chuff began his restructuring his perestroika risking what many russians still can't forgive him for today the collapse of the soviet union. in the play about the statesman who brought freedom to his people there is no reference to today's russia no reference to the terrible disappointment that has still not been forgotten almost 30 years after gorbachev's resignation. at the last con i was a young woman when perestroika came and back then i was promised a whole new world a world with a functioning freedom of the press freedom of assembly and rights to sexual and gender self-determination that the world that was promised to me then has nothing to do with the world today with 3 years of research us. the climax of the play is the death of michelle garbage trucks wife from cancer and the turning point of his career. the last chapter is called gorbachev and solitude the theater may be filled with enthusiastic applause but in real life things quickly became quite lonely aroun

. >> gorbachev did most of the work to change the soviet union, but reagan met him halfway, reagan encouraged and supported him. >> freedom of the press, i mention, we'll get to later, madison often called it freedom of the use of the press and it is indeed freedom to print things and publish things. it is not a freedom for what we now refer to institutionally as the press. >> lectures in history on american history tv on c-span3. every saturday at 8:00 a.m. eastern. lectures in history is also available as a podcast. find it where you listen to podcasts. >>> the largest stone fort in the united states sits at the mouth of the chesapeake bay near hampden, virginia. up next, robin reed gives us a tour showcasing the fort's history from a colonial era through its completion in 1834 and its role in the civil war. >> welcome to fort monroe located on the pleasant place we call point comfort. actually, oh, point comfort and that way for a long, long time. here over 400 years of history occurred. in fact, some say even longer. some say even thousands of years. inside the museum aptly named, casemat

. >> gorbachev did most of the work to change the soviet union, but reagan met him halfway, reagan encouraged and supported him. >> freedom of the press, i should just mention madison called it freedom of the use of the press and it is indeed freedom to print things and publish things. it is not a freedom for what we now refer to institutionally as the press. >> on american history tv on c-span3, every saturday at 8:00 p.m. eastern. lectures in history is also available as a podcast. find it where you listen to podcasts. >> each week, american history tv's american artifacts visits museums and historic places. next, we travel about 15 miles northwest of washington, d.c. to great falls tavern visitors center where we'll take a boat ride to learn about the history of the chesapeake and ohio canal. >> i would like to introduce myself. my name is cassandra and i am a seasonal park ranger here at the chesapeake and ohio canal. i think we're going to cast off here shortly, but we'll go ahead and start to give you a brief history of here on the canal. so it is called the chesapeake and ohio canal, b