soviet union will dissolve.nent parts of the soviet union will split off into independent countries, and at least for a while there will be free elections in russia. of course, things kind of change with vladimir putin a little later, but the old soviet union collapses. people would have thought you were crazy if you would have said such a thing. 1983, it was still a ongoing concern. people were very fearful of the soviet union, and the soviet union was very fearful of the united states. there were times in the 19 80s when the cold war might had gotten hot, and we avoided that. if we hadn't avoided that, we wouldn't be here today. and so, reagan wanted to sunday very clear message. no again, he thought he could mobilize the evangelicals, because soviet union's -- was officially atheistic, and want to drive that point home to them. and, engage them against the idea of moral equivalence. we will see that in the clip that we are going to show right now. this is paul kangaroo giving a talk. >> here's the third and f

, and the perception was that by using the term "evil," we would be provoking the soviet union. of you may see in the clip i showed from the tv series the americans where with the two characters are shocked to see reagan talking this way. and, yes, within the soviet ranks there was a great deal of shock about reagan. now, how much did reagan's policies have to do with the fall of the soviet union? well, that's quite a debate. some would argue that at most reagan's policies were peripheral. the soviet union collapsed because of internal reasons. others would say that the soviet union fell because reagan gave them a push. you decide. you read the evidence. i'm sure this will come up in a lot of your courses in international relations. important thing, again, is what he was using the speech for. this is a case of a presidential speech having multiple audiences. obviously, his meet obvious was the national association of evangelicals. more broadly it was religious people in the united states, evangelicals in general who he wanted to mobilize. but while the president speaks, the worl

even in death, the soviet union still shapes our futures. we talk with italian journalist paolo valentino. he was actually on the iconic red square here in central moscow. as the soviet union fell 30 years ago, he says it was an unforgettable moment. it was a long process that started in august. so this realization came little by little. if i have, if i have to fix a moment, so deep emotion was exactly the night between the 25th and the 26th of december. when with other colleagues in trends, we went to the red square and we saw this flag will be represented for 70 years, the, the, the prestige and the my of the soviet union just coming out and i was not a soviet citizen. no, i mean, it was not the trade to be, but it was quite important was emotional for what? you're the obvious. you don't know how to, for millions of people until the be in the meeting. did they in the russian forest. you know, nobody really believed that this could have happened. there was, there were, i thought is if there were room or there were, but nobody really believe

the great soviet union was the 2nd world power in most respects. although in some it was ahead of the united states, this country did not need to be rebuilt. it needed to be improved and moved forward . we strongly opposed gorbachev on his policy of perestroika. how to go, which often ruined the country where you've got, what you of gorbachev came to destroy the country. i was sure of that when people asked him the question, what is perestroika? he himself could not explain it. and so a man came and destroyed the country from the inside from the top of your throng, very much known. the gum in the market economy was one of the main aspects of perestroika. you think it was a mistake to replace the planned economy with the markets one yet those muslims cause i have to tell you, it wasn't the market economy. of course, capitalism is basically terrible system. capitalism assumes only a bunch of people can own the wealth of the country. the world is and the market economy. if it had been introduced as the ussr planned, it would have been wonderful. it wo

unfortunately, are common fatherland, the soviet union dissolved. as you know, the core of this common states is historical russia, the russian federation, which is, you know, lost almost half of its industrial potential, half of its economy, the same share of its population and a substantial part of its territory. what can we do about this? now, i've already said that we're storing the soviet union would be pointless and impossible for many reasons. and not even desirable because i'm the senior, which makes sense to want the u. s. a saw communists back legends have made that very clear. but to build a new state, a new russia, one which provides for the people, rather than uses them and at the same time, evoked the sort of respect that the soviet union did. while that scares russia's opponents, hooton's plan scares them. you know, i think the concern is that president putin's public lamentations and private lamentations about the demise of the soviet union have gotten on noisier and stronger over the years. so the concern is that he's actually as a

the soviet union still shapes our futures. in interview with arti president putin's assistant let him in ski, explains why he think fan of the soviet union was a catastrophe in over 30 years ago, the ussr to soft. how did you perceive these events at that time? and has your view changed since that little silly blue? i was one of the democracy defenders there are see, a newspaper newsroom decamped the white house of that time. we spent these unforgettable to nights though, with the newsroom in the white house. we were informing people and thinking of the news. we were printing flyers and went to the press center of the ministry foreign affairs at this famous press conference. we were preparing for the qu, they were kalashnikov, assault rifles in the newsroom. i don't know whether they were loaded or not, but they were in the rock. my point of view in these events, like any normal persons has changed law over the years. but that moment it was definitely the democratic euphoria and enthusiasm by the report and has been call in th

the gorbachev was working on 2 fonts, one to reform the soviet union inside, and also to reform its relations with the capitalist world. and he tried his efforts there failed because of the inability of the united states in russia. the union then russia to, to come to terms we'll say that see in the pay say that space, the number of conflicts, whether that's new going a car back from touch cheapest on to for example, k cost on is back on tv. think that we would have seen those kinds of disputes if the u. s. a saw, had remained a whole the biggest loss i think of all in terms of. busy relations human relations. ready was the breakdown of a bare, been rather narrow to tell you, waited, but the feeling of community community policy that existed within the soviet union, that local level, that is lost. and i think everybody knows results of the disintegration at the beginning of the, at the soviet union, that there was a real hope for a confederate world confederation. and that failed immediately after that initial period after going to charles reform stale. and yes, and you also to try to engage

even in death, the soviet union still shapes off futures. we spoke with british historian, i'll save yet, history and geoffrey roberts, he says that the fall of the union came as a global shock and was a catastrophe for many did collapses of union agenda not. you know, it was just one of a series of all of really shocking events that occurred in the previous several years. i mean, it was lucky for the shock and for wilbert berlin war and a handful of companies and for east easter eastern eastern europe. so it wasn't shocking as it appears in retrospect, what you also have to remember is that that was kind of fake, least for the collab. so it wasn't clear that it was a, it was to provide kind of profound collapse actually because because his place that became this sir, come off of it depends like what you coast exists. although some hopes that some of you, you would continue in some form in the form of this sort of independent. i know that in, in effectively that didn't happen. it was not until 1992 that it became clear just how radical and ca

march 30 years since the official break up of the soviet union. we look back at those historic events and how they shape modern russia with like from oscar, thanks to joining us. and i don't all the international, i'm daniel hawkins. wherever you are this hour. welcome to the program. and the christmas season's been overshadowed by record cope with surgeon europe with france, italy and the u. k. registering new highs in daily infections. ortiz policy layer has more details. we have a huge surge ours cove cases, new cases happening in a number of european countries. if we start off with france on saturday, france recorded a record high new number of cases for the 3rd consecutive day reporting, a 104611 cases. now, despite those people took to the streets and protest primarily against than a set of necessity of carrying a health pass, which is needed to enter all public spaces and also for children to be vaccinated. on monday, the french president emmanuel, the kron will discuss with a few members of his cabinet, new measures to counter the coven. 1

the soviet union still shapes off. futures. i let's learn more about that fateful day and joined geoffrey roberts or british historian of soviet history. joining us here on this sunday, boxing day on our, to international great to see you today. thanks for joining us on the program. good to have you with us. do you, do you recall the fateful day when the u. s. as our collapse and at where were you? what, what when the news hit year? i don't recall the day specifically all the time. interesting thing about your guy and my with class in december 1991 is actually the class. the union is more shocking in retrospect than it was at the time. or at least to me because of course, is that the collapse of the soviet union and a much, much, much was, you know, just one of a series of really shocking events that occurred in the previous several years. i mean, there's nothing to compare with shocking for will and a full of companies for easter eastern eastern europe. so it wasn't shopkins, it appears in retrospect. what you also have to rem

a few days ago, the russian hockey team played in the old soviet union jerseys against finland.hey lost, so i guess it took them back to 1940. all this stuff about nato expansion is just hogwash. traditionally, when a country joins nato, their defense spending decreases. they actually spend less money on that, and i can tell you i have never seen any contemplation of offensive action only updating plans from the cold war. finally, we got to bear in mind, russia occupies a big part of crimea or a big part of ukraine. they completely annexed crimea. this is not as if there is just something coming from the west. there is a seven-year war going on, and the fact that putin has been unable to deal with a corrupt, inefficient country in seven years, that undermines his image as a strongman, too, so now is a good time for him to try to rattle some cages. >> why do you think the russian leadership, putin in particular, is insisting on the security guarantees to be met before any de-escalation on the border with ukraine? >> i would say it is a bigger picture than just ukraine. russia rig

the women death, the soviet union still shapes off futures. while the clamps happened, not long after failed coo, in august 1991, a group of communists, hartline has attempted to seize power. that was to stop, then president me hall court, which offs decentralization efforts. they isolated the lead in his residence in crimea and tried to occupy moscow's white house, but the tanks were stopped by the public with future russian president boris yeltsin. famously mounting one and giving a speech. the crew bed fizzled out in just 3 days. but a huge consequences for the fate of the country. hans will m at stein field norwegian journalist on a veteran foreign correspondent right here in moscow, covered those dramatic events and he shared some of his memories with us. for me, this puts was very dramatic. i was inside the white house bill it all together with but his yeltsin and his closest of from the night of the 19th august 1991. i was sitting in the hospital, lots of the chairman of the supreme soviets office as the military detachment, sir. and sw

even in death, the soviet union still shapes our futures. the collapse suffer not long after a failed coo in august 1991, a group of communist hotline has attempted to seize power to stop. then president mikhail gorbachev de centralization methods. they isolated the leader in his residence in crimea and tried to occupy moscow's white house. the tanks were stopped by the public and future russian president boris yeltsin. famously mounting one and giving a speech. the crew bid fizzled out in just 3 days, but had huge consequences for the fate of the country. now, hans will hammerstein fell the norwegian. john, listen, federal and foreign correspondent, moscow. a couple of those dramatic events. he shut his memories with us. for me, this puts, it was very dramatic. i was inside the white house bill it all together with what his yeltsin and his closest of from the night of the 19th august 1991. i was sitting in the hospital, lots of the chairman of the supreme soviets office as the military detachment, sir, and swore the legends too. but his hen

even in death, the soviet union still shapes our futures will after the soviet union fell, people gained certain freedoms but lost out in other ways. that is that banker out of moved to latvia back in 1965, but has been unable to obtain citizenship ever since he told us that life seemed better to him in the ussr. i'm if to live here from the russian, the pet screeching in 1965 and have lived here ever since that time it was good fun and people live life to the full ever was good natured and cheerful. and it felt as if there were some kind of future when more comfortable than under soviet rule. then of course there was the referendum to leave the u. s. a. so on people voted for it. from then on, we were divided into citizens and non citizens. those who lived in not feel before 1940 wednesday grant assistantship, and those who came later went on citizens. if you're not granted citizenship, then you do not have the right to occupy some positions in government structures. they introduced the state examination commissioner language, which checks who speaks latvian and who does not passing the

the soviet union still shapes our futures. after the soviet, in fel people gain certain freedoms but lost outs, in other ways, we just laughed. but paragraph move to that. we're back in 1960 shy, but it's not when i'm on that he's been unable to obtain citizenship ever since it all. his life seemed better back in the ussr. i moved to lot here from the russian, the pat screeching in 1965 and i've lived here ever since. at that time it was good fun and people have life to the full ever was good natured and cheerful and it fell as if there was some kind of future when more comfortable than under soviet rule. then of course, there was the referendum to leave the or so on. people voted for it. from then on we were divided into citizens and non citizens. those who lived in not feel before 1940 wednesday grant assistantship, and those who came later went on citizens. if you're not granted citizenship, then you do not have the right to occupy certain positions in government structures . they introduced the state examination commission

a few days ago, the russian hockey team played in the old soviet union jerseys against finland.hey lost, so i guess it took them back to 1940. all this stuff about nato expansion is just hogwash. traditionally, when a country joins nato, their defense spending decreases. they actually spend less money on that, and i can tell you i have never seen any contemplation of offensive action only updating plans from the cold war. finally, we got to bear in mind, russia occupies a big part of crimea or a big part of ukraine. they completely annexed crimea. this is not as if there is just something coming from the west. there is a seven-year war going on, and the fact that putin has been unable to deal with a corrupt, inefficient country in seven years, that undermines his image as a strongman, too, so now is a good time for him to try to rattle some cages. >> why do you think the russian leadership, putin in particular, is insisting on the security guarantees to be met before any de-escalation on the border with ukraine? >> i would say it is a bigger picture than just ukraine. russia rig

the soviet union still shapes our futures. and we spoke with a british, a story of soviet history. geoffrey roberts, he says the fall of the union game came as a global shock and was a catastrophe. for many people. did the collapse of the sub union agenda much, much, much was just one of the series of all of really shocking events that occurred in the previous several years. i mean, it was nothing to compare with the shock and full of berlin war and a handful of congress for easter eastern eastern europe. so it wasn't shock as it appears in retrospect. what you also have to remember is that there was kind of fake lease for the collab, so it wasn't clear that it was a, it was to promote kind of profound collapse, actually begun because his place then became this a come off of independence. nice. which of course doesn't exist. so there are some hopes that you would continue in some form in the form of this camp of an independent ice shot that effectively, that didn't happen. it was not until 1992 that it became clear just how ra

the soviet union still shapes our futures. we spoke to him a hail threat fire, he lives in estonia, but it was never made of citizen off at the collapse of the u. s. s. r. he told us about the struggles russian speakers can face these days. it's also near she doesn't, you mother was like a lot of his sons have always held high positions and after a stone, again, its independence. all arch enterprises were brought to bankruptcy by any means over . all the russians who worked there did not speak stone in and were fired. and while they were learning hist on in there, people took all the vacant place. my mother tried and learned the language, but even she with higher education, had to work as a cleaner. they called after independence language categories appeared in estonia, language inspection body was active and rates on schools and other institutions began. those identified that were laid off their ra russian speak in civil servants, but they tend not to be further up in the highest government circles. russian speakers can vote

the, the collapse of the soviet union don't political leadership and that is a job. is the main, a good thing. one of the reasons why he was so unsuccessful was he attended economic, economic, and political reform at the same time. and the other thing was that he had an enemy, but as you're listen and they fell out, they hated one another. now had you go to work together, so would you probably been with us today. so we had to reform those reforms are absolutely necessary. the gorbachev was working on 2 fronts, one to reform the soviet union inside, and also to reform its relations with the capitalist world. and he tried his efforts there failed because of the inability of the united states in russia, the union in russia to, to come to terms we'll say that see in the pay. so that space, the number of conflicts. whether that's not going to come back from touch cheapest on to for example, take us on is back on team. do you think that we would have seen those kinds of disputes if the u. s. a saw had remained a whole the biggest loss i think of all in terms of. busy relat

_ soviet union, there would be something new— soviet union, there would be something new called - sovieturprise me if some of this pressure being brought _ wouldn't surprise me if some of this pressure being brought by- wouldn't surprise me if some of this pressure being brought by vladimirl pressure being brought by vladimir putin— pressure being brought by vladimir putin is— pressure being brought by vladimir putin is in— pressure being brought by vladimir putin is in fact _ pressure being brought by vladimir putin is in fact because _ pressure being brought by vladimir putin is in fact because he's- pressure being brought by vladimir putin is in fact because he's awarel putin is in fact because he's aware it's the _ putin is in fact because he's aware it's the 30th — putin is in fact because he's aware it's the 30th anniversary. - putin is in fact because he's aware it's the 30th anniversary. i - putin is in fact because he's aware it's the 30th anniversary. i think. it's the 30th anniversary. i think this means _ it's the 30th anniversary. i think this means something _ it's the 30th

.— world that used to be the soviet union. ., , ., soviet union.t union. that is not even two weeks away. we - soviet union. that is not even two weeks away. we will- soviet union. that is not even two weeks away. we will see | soviet union. that is not even - two weeks away. we will see how this pan out. thank you very much indeed for that.- much indeed for that. thank ou. now a story for you from the racing world. the formula one world championship has gone dutch. max verstappen has been confirmed as the new f1 world champion, after a thrilling and controversial end to the final race of the season in abu dhabi. the 24—year—old beat britain's lewis hamilton on the last lap to win his first title, denying hamilton a record 8th championship. the final result had been challenged by hamilton's mercedes team, but the result was upheld. mercedes say they intend to appeal. the win makes max verstappen the first—ever dutchman to become a formula 1 world champion. jamie chadwick won this year's formula w title and is also a development driver for the willi

the famous british officer secretly working for the soviet union.lker, silver bar that we have that was given to him for his espionage activities. he set up aspiring and one reason, if you've been following in the past week a couple that are connected to the navy charged with espionage, john walker with the silver bar, they were paid with the crypto currency so we begin to think about the changes and espionage in the cold war up to now and the present day, these are the artifacts we have, the cold war into the present in so many ways, some of which we are going to discuss but you see the top left the connections to 9/11, the top rate you see joe biden, the premier of australia and the uk, all about what is happening in the south china sea, you see the bottom left here, what we see now is almost a succession struggle among great powers but grows out of the cold war by direct connection to what the cold war left behind. on the bottom right the brave new world, the wild west of saigon. over the course of the collection it goes from way back to the pres

the soviet union still shapes off futures. well, the collapse happened not long after a failed to that was in august of 1991. the group of communist hardliners attempted to seize power to stop them. president mikhail gorbachev decentralization efforts. they isolated the leader in his residence and try mir and try to occupy moscow's white house. but the tanks was stopped by the public. the future russian president boris yeltsin, famously mounting wall and giving a speech to bid fizzled out in just 3 days. but still had huge consequences for the fate of the country. hans vill hans time felt a norwegian journalist and a veteran, foreign foreign correspondent in moscow covered those dramatic events at the time and he shared with us his members. for me, this porch was very dramatic. i was inside the white house really dog, together with body hillson and the closest from the night of the 19th august 1991. i was sitting in the hospital, lots of the chairman of the supreme soviet office as the military detached man swore the legends,

of reforms he hoped would revitalise the soviet union.main aims was to get soviet troops out of afghanistan. gorbachev first replaced karmal with a new leader, mohammad najibullah, the hated former head of the secret police. he also agreed to peace talks. the united nations peace talks in geneva began in 1986, aiming to end the war. americans wanted mujahideen involvement. the soviets insisted the communist afghan government remain. the soviets insisted on supporting the afghan communists, which was then president najibullah, and they said they would continue supporting with food and weapons. so the americans had turned around and said, if you're going to do that, we're going to continue supporting the afghan mujahideen. so, ok, you leave and the afghan mujahideen and the afghan communists will continue fighting each other, this was essentially it. so geneva didn't bring peace, there was no illusion about that. geneva was not going to bring peace. it was only a cover basically for the soviets to leave. on february 15th, 1989, the last sov