gorbachev discovered he was also in the dark as the soviet leader. >> soviet news casters deliberatelyd down the incident, reporting it after the latest five-year plan and crop report. eight or nine minutes into the news, an announcer said only two people had been killed in the incident, contradicting one news report that casualties numbered in the thousands. >> chernobyl wasn't a flash in the pan. every few weeks there would be something like chernobyl because of structural defects of the soviet system. >> officials say because it took place at the newest reactor, it is another indication of inferiority of soviet technology and they say they brought on the accident not taking the same safety precautions taken in the united states. >> chernobyl reminded the soviets they couldn't play in the game of modern technology, they couldn't protect their own people and they couldn't hide it any more. >> gorbachev's biggest challenge was how to get the country moving again, and in order to do that, he needed to end the arms race, spend more money on improving living standards of ordinary people.

need to contain the soviet union. this is a dramatic shift in u.s. foreign policy. containment. if stalin is trying to infiltrate this area or this country, we must be there, stop them, thwart them, hold them back, contain their expansion. this is what kennan is advising. and so the days of cooperation are gone. the days of containment are here. this is going to mean that the united states is going to have a dramatic shift in foreign policy that largely lasts up to this day, where we are going to become sort of the big brother to the world. we are going to be involved in other countries around the world. the days of isolationism are gone now. how does containment play itself out? well, 1947 is a big year for the cold war. harry truman is now going to start to describe for the american people and for the world what containment actually means. there is trouble in greece and turkey. after world war ii, both greece and turkey are struggling financially, politically. there is rebellions. there is insurrections in these two

"we don't belong to soviet union any more." like the u.s., soviet states had their own leaders. just two months before the coup the state ofrussia had elected its first democratic president, boris yeltsin. right before the overthrow attempt, gorbachewas about to sign a treaty that would have loosened the soviet union's grip on member states even further. "clearly the proximity of the signing of the union treaty is what pushed people to act." as leader of the communist party and soviet union, his decisions pushed some of his closest allies away and on august 19, 1991, they put a plan in action to remove him from power. "apparently, mikhail gorbachev's immediate subordinates, his vice president and prime minister, betrayed him, joining a group of hard-liners that staged a coup against the father of parastroika and glastnos." the coup attempt began by cutting off communication between gorbachev and moscow. "we have highly reliable reports that before this event occurred the prime minister valentine pavlov and another hard-liner flew to mikhail gorbachev's vacation d a that he resig

need to contain the soviet union. this is a dramatic shift in u.s. foreign policy. containment. if stalin is trying to infiltrate this area or this country, we must be there, stop them, thwart them, hold them back, contain their expansion. this is what kennan is advising. and so the days of cooperation are gone. the days of containment are here. this is going to mean that the united states is going to have a dramatic shift in foreign policy that largely lasts up to this day, where we are going to become sort of the big brother to the world. we are going to be involved in other countries around the world. the days of isolationism are gone now. how does containment play itself out? well, 1947 is a big year for the cold war. harry truman is now going to start to describe for the american people and for the world what containment actually means. there is trouble in greece and turkey. after world war ii, both greece and turkey are struggling financially, politically. there is rebellions. there is insurrections in these two

the soviet union, for instance, put pressure on mr. ford and he refused to see a symbol of human freedom recognized around the world, aleksandr solzhenitsyn. the arabs have put pressure on mr. ford, and he's yielded, and has permitted a boycott by the arab countries of american businesses who trade with israel, or who have american jews owning or taking part in the management of american companies. his own secretary of commerce had to be subpoenaed by the congress to reveal the names of businesses who were subject to this boycott. they didn't volunteer the information. he had to be subpoenaed. and the last thing i'd like to say is this: this grain deal with the soviet union in '72 was terrible, and mr. ford made up for it with three embargoes, one against our own ally in japan. that's not the way to run our foreign policy, including international trade. ms. frederic: mr. trewhitt, a question for governor carter. mr. trewhitt: governor, i'd like to pick up on that point, actually, and on your appeal for a greater measure of american ide

i met last week with the foreign minister of the soviet union and he indicated to me that the soviet union was interested in narrowing down the differences and making a realistic and sound, lies. -- compromise. i hope and trust in the best interest of the country's in the best interest of all people throughout this globe that the soviet union and the united states can make a mutually beneficial agreement because if expires -- salt [laughter] 1 expires october 3 and we will run the risk of a whole new nuclear holocaust. will submit that the cruise missile adds a whole new dimension. artifice --by office in which he said the christmas of might be included in a comprehensive arms limitation but in the meantime, it was an essential part of the american strategic arsenal. arei assume that you intending to exclude the christmas of from the next salt agreement -- cruise missile from the next salt agreement? >> the cruise missiles we are spectrumg across the salt 2included within a agreement. they are new weapon system that , botheat potential conventional and nuclear arms. at the same time,

union in order to promote civil rights in the soviet union mr. -- soviet union. mr. carter: i would never single out food as a trade embargo item. if i ever decided to impose an embargo because of a crisis in international relationships, it would include all shipments of all equipment. for instance, if the arab countries ever again declare an embargo against our nation on oil i would consider that not a military but an economic declaration of war, and i would respond instantly and in kind. i would not ship that arab country anything, no weapons, no spare parts for weapons, no oil drilling rigs, no oil pipe, no nothing. i wouldn't single out just food. another thing that i'd like to say is this. in our international trade, as i said in my opening statement we , have become the arms merchant of the world. when this republican administration came into office , we were shipping about $1 billion worth of arms overseas, now $12 billion worth of arms overseas to countries that quite often use these weapons to fight each other. the shift in emphasis has been very disturb

so they needed intelligence on the soviet union and we weren't getting it at that time because our soviets were obstructed by kgb surveillance. they were always there. so our job was to get human sources undercover, on the ground in moscow. so we were looking all around the world for soviet recruits who were vulnerable to our approaches who we thought we could turn and we found one in bogota. >> we became aware of him through a telephone tap that cia had on the soviet embassy. >> he was doing things in bogota that showed that he might be vulnerable. >> he womanized, he liked parties, he was fast and loose with money. >> all of those things we saw, and clearly he was not a real communist. he wasn't a true believer. >> so we arranged for a meeting with him in the turkish bath in the hilton hotel. >> we started talking to him. he wanted a better life. he wanted to do something that he could really believe in. ideologically, he was clearly on our side. he didn't like communism. he believed that the american system was superior. all of those things kind of came together. we realized we could m

when we do something, the soviet union responds. when they do something, it affects us, and the cold war is not done yet. it's not just the fall of china and it's not just the united states cozying up to japan, but it's going to explode the cold war is going to heat up, if you will, in korea. now remember the last lecture of world war ii. we talked about korea being occupied by japan. once the war is over, the united states and the soviet union decide to divide korea with the united states being in control of the southern part of korea and the soviet union is going to be administering the northern part of korea. eventually both u.s. and ussr agree we will withdraw and allow the koreans to have some degree of self-determination. we're bgoing to pull out, the soviet union is going to pull out. the koreans will be able to determine their future and their fate. and we both did. the difference is, when we pulled out, we took everything with us. when the soviet union pulled out, they left behind a stockpile of weapons. the most modern mil

soviet head coach. shauna he said, why were you in there, the last three seconds. i said it was a coach's decision not to put me in. >>reporter:the ust protested the finish i declined their silver metals. >> we didn't even show up for the metal ceremony. those metals have never been claimed, and likely never will. the 72 team held a reunion, four years ago and again voted to never accept those metals. he even put a clause in his will preventing his descendents from ever claiming his. >>> the us when he left no doubt today crushing spain 101- 72 to win their sixth consecutive gold in women's basketball. the us women have one 49 seconds of the 11th. >>> in golf, a lead after three rounds of the wyndham in kingsborough. it is that on, he is 18 under, after 54 holes, take a look at this putt from jim here at, impressive they could swing the camera around that far. mr.58, from 62 feet for eagle five shots behind kim. what a finish, stoppage time, the carolina rail hawks tied for the indy 11 when johnny orlan

we had the soviets four to three. the place was just going crazy at this time and um... i don't think ... i don't think god could have come down and won that game at that point. we were now playing for our lives.n the building counted down the last 10 seconds and on television play by py man al michaels capped the unthinkable win with a call that would become as memorable as the team's victory. "do you believe in miracles?? yes!!" "and when game was over, we just exploded into each her and you know, i came off the bench and i jumped on ramsey, guys were jumping on jimmy, it was like ... it was nonstop for know how long it went on for but the russians had to stand there and watch it." "i think that game was meant for us to win and you know, i'm thankful mike eurozione happened to be the guy that sho" their celebration would be short lived on that friday night. hey still had one more game left against finland sunday for the gold medal. the team watched the game with their families - which was on tape delay that night and brooks finally allowed some media the following day

what is the soviets' response? here we go. it's not enough. they want to have the largest standing army in the world. they are going to develop one that encompasses nearly 3 million men. that's a lot of folks. they are going to escalate their

the best example i think goes to elections in the post-soviet state. americans think about training political parties, which is something we have done for a long time. we say, hey, look at this great system we have, and we will show you how to campaign effectively. but we tend not to offer that supports every political party appeared for example, if there is a far right political party, anti-american political party, understandably, we are not inviting them to come to our trainings, and we are not giving them support. the russians view that as, you know, intervention to change the outcomes and him is to politics. again, it is a clash of worldviews spirit we think we're supporting an outcome towards freedom and democracy that is good for us, get for them, and russians say this is just tit-for-tat, we're doing the same thing you have been doing. host: wichita falls, republican line. caller: good morning. i guess my comment is more of a political observation. i think what is lost on a lot of people here is there is precedence for this happening before. in

and there was a moment there in the early to mid-1970s when soviet and u.s. tensions abated somewhat, and the two space programs, the two nations, decided to do a cooperative venture in space, and that occurred in 1975. it was a rendezvous and docking in space of an apollo spacecraft from the united states and a soyux spacecraft from the soviet union, and it was builded as a historic handshake in space because when the two craft docked and opened their hatches to this docking module between them, the american commander and the russian commander came together and shook hands. at the time, it was hoped this would be the beginning of a new cooperation in space, but that thaw didn't last long, so really throughout the latter 1970s, 1980s, the u.s. went on with developing the space shuttle. the soviets went on with developing the series of space stations and then a much larger space station. and it wasinate until the collapse of the soviet union in about 1992 that another opportunity arose to have a cooperative relationship in space. at that point, the u.s. and it

journalist to be kicked out of russia since the fall of the soviet union. his look is "the less you know, the better you will sleep" or he spoke at the heritage foundation. >> good morning and welcome to the heritage foundation and our lori berman auditorium. we welcome those who join us on our heritage.orc web site as well as those joining us on c-span booktv in the future. we remind all of our outside yours you are welcome to send questions or comments at any time simply e-mailing speaker@heritage.org and for those in house we would appreciate your checking your mobile devices to see if they have been silenced. we will of course post the program on the heritage homepage following today's presentation or everyone's future reference as well. hosting or discussion is ted bromund a senior research fellow in our anglo-american relations appeared part of our margaret thatcher center for freedom. joins heritage after a deck of the el university is associate director of international security studies. the center dedicated to the study and teaching of diplomatic h

we have a soviet launch detection.ve attack. >> confidence is high, i repeat. >> this is an exercise. >> this is not an exercise. >> tracking 300 in-bound icbms. >> tell me this is one of your simulations. >> it's not. >> all right, flush the bombers, get the subs in launch mode. we are at def con 1. >> def con 1. that means like it's happening. like we're doing it, it's war. the whole def con concept has always had a pretty good role in the movies. war games is definitely the best. def con also just sounds cool, so it got adopted as the name of a big hacker convention that happens every year. but def con is also a real thing. it stands for defense readiness conditions. the basic idea is that it we're at def con 5, that's good. but as you go up the scale, you're getting closer and closer to nuclear war, which is basically like pulling the trigger by the time you get to def con 1. we have never been in def con 1 in real life. on the morning of september 11th, 2001, our country had been at def con 5, the lowest level. af

the soviets got a hydrogen bomb in 1953. we raced to develop more and more efficient ways of raining down destruction on each other. this is a titan 2 missile. this is the culmination that came along a little later. this missile, which you can see is no longer functional. there is a girder covering the outlet. this still -- this is the only one that still exists. this is outside of tucson, arizona. this missile carried 600 times the destructive power of the bomb that landed on hiroshima. 600 times. there were three cities, wichita, little rock, and tucson. each one of them had 18 different sites. people who ran this missile were sitting under ground. they didn't know where the missile was targeting. they had keys. they each had to turn their key simultaneously for the missile to be fired. b-52's went overhead. the idea here was mutually assured destruction. the idea here was we've got overwhelming nuclear power, and if you attack us, we'll attack you. kind of like, as somebody said, two scorpions in a bottle. each knowing th

reaction to the fall of the soviet bloc has to be looked only the context that months before, people have been met with tanks when they protested. me to the better way to understand bush as a grand strategist beyond hippocratic diplomacy, which is to incorporate the moments he moves away from platitudes into action. there were moments when bush acted. mind.d particularly to -- particularly leap to mind. the most important thing bush will call you he did while in office, to lead the unification of germany. why did he think it was important to unify germany? it should be pointed out, he was not only one of the leaders within his administration on this issue, but the leader within the western alliance. the other three countries that had occupying rights and occupying legal authority after the end of world war ii, the french, the british and the soviet union, were all deeply opposed to unification. only bush and the germans thought this was a good idea. how did he manage to push it through? he managed to push it through by telling each of his allies and subsequently the soviets that they

the soviet union was supposed to get backwards state. they were supposed to be much better than them. all the sudden they launched a satellite and every 90 minutes, it was coming around the globe and another satellite. and this one had a dog in it. and they sent it back showing that the dog was still alive. and so we decided we're going to launch a satellite too and on december 6, we launched a satellite and only it didn't work. so we're in this conflict with the soviet union it's not entirely clear that we're winning finally the last part of the cold war, just mentioned is of course the cuban missile crisis which comes along in 1962. as you may recall united states saw evidence of the soviet union putting missiles in cuba just south of us. we said bring them out. we put a blockade around cuba an we danced around the question of nuclear war for some time until eventually a deal was struck. and we did not have a nuclear war. so and i want to talk about some of these specific experiments that went on once off sense of what life was like. a

toon defeat the soviet union from the outside and inside with the ideology that document was unlike any government document i have ever seen just let me read to you one i short segment from the veryfrome beginning in the book actually been reproduced both of those documents in their entirety at the back of the book but i will give you the opening section and ask yourself a question when i read these words of top-secret government st strategy how many times you hear language like this in a classified government documents from the rose garden? l to talk like this anymore? >> the fundamental purpose and other united states is an preamble to the constitution to four-member perfect you need to establish justice indenture tranquillity for common defense promote the general welfare and secure the blessings of liberty toves d ourselves. in essence that fundamentaltal purpose is to ensure that of vitality which is founded upon the dignity do we have government documents thatni talk about the dignity and worth of the individual? we ender's tobacco it is a very simple message that al qaeda and

willof having partners cooperate to keep the frontiers of the soviet union and. your doing that anyway. what he never does throughout ae process is push at all for type of organization that i'm arguing could have avoided the pitfalls of the league of nations. those pitfalls being, it was designed properly but was oneing a major component, of the legs of the stool, so to speak. i think it's not -- i don't think we can assume because a cold war arose, and because stalin was paranoid and because stalin also was a nationalist, that it would have been impossible to structure the united nations differently. i think that's what happened, and there are specific reasons why that happens. and that they probably need to be explored more thoroughly. both.hink that answer is >> just apropos of the terminology, almost all of us in this room teach, right? a lot of our task with this material is to say, don't say isolationism versus internationalism. it's just so much better to say interventionism, because it's not really isolationism. even isolationists want trade. but interven

but were you surprised as you delved into it at soviet architecture, soviet culture? >> the reason i became an architect, i came to moscow for the first time in '67, and, you know, i was unaware of soviet architecture and the avant-garde of the twentities and became aware of a radical interpretation of architecture, constructionivism related to daily life. so it was less form but the role of architecture in helping to define daily life that really triggered me. at the time, i was also a script writer, so it was a discovery that architecture is actually also a form of script writing that made it possible -- >> rose: a form of script writing. >> script writing. because for an architect, this is the living room and here is the stair case and the kitchen. so implightsly, you describe a scene or relationship, so that made it very easy. >> rose: preservation and modernist architecture are intwined. >> sometimes more than this. the interesting thing to me about preservation, we had previously always thought the world was architecture and preservation, i discovered, was part

it will insult the soviets and i'm trying to get shown out of the soviet union. they debated it for five days and during the five days the election slipped away. the people were reminded the president had tripped and fallen. he was made fun of by chevy chase on saturday night live. all of that came back and he became the mistake-prone president ba because of this mistake. he corrected the record five days later in california but it was too late. debates are dangerous and scary. speechwriters are very important to current campaigns. speechwriters are incredibly important in terms of getting the phrasing down so it means something. hillary says we should not be building walls we should be breaking down barriers. that is beautiful, you have up sand down and the iteration of breaking down barriers. that is a well termed phrase. it is a campaign slogan she says all of the time now. i think those are the kinds of things speechwriters can do for a campaign to give it cohesiveness. >> you are watching booktv on c-span2. this weekend we are in nashville, tennessee with th

and in soviet union, everybody told me they knew nothing and... because it was secret. >> logan: what he learned disturbed him. the killings were spectacles. they took place in broad daylight in front of entire villages. >> desbois: they were fighting to have a good place like... like for circus. >> logan: there's no way you >> desbois: not only that, but they were running when they heard when they were killing jews, to see, to try to catch a coin, to check out your clothes, to take a picture. they wanted to be there. >> logan: this photo of a mass shooting is from the imperial war museum archives in london, dated september 14, 1941. >> desbois: and it's a ditch. here we have a woman with a child. >> logan: you don't see any spectators, but father desbois suspected the crowd was just outside the frame. town of dubassary, and it brought him to the home of 81- year-old anatoli, who was eight back then. he said he was at the massacre, alongside his mother. >> anatoli ( translated ): we were standing somewhere here. and here were the trenches, here th

it has a population of 8,000 and features soviet-era architecture.or 18 years, melania knaus, as she was known then, called it home. this was her elementary school. it got its name from the world war ii resistance fighter savo kladnik. her former classmate diana kosar is still in touch with melania. she says not much has changed. diana kosar: whenever i see her on tv today, i think she's just like she was before. she's still guarded -- not quite comfortable being the center of attention. reporter: diana shows us photos of melania as a 4-year-old. apparently, even back then, she dresses. this is the man who took the first photographs of melania as a model in 1987. almost three decades have passed between then and now. stane jerko: she's a different woman. more american, more beautiful. reporter: melania grew rich from modelling. by the time she married donald trump, she'd already earned hundreds of thousands of dollars. but being first lady would catapult her to a new level of stardom. now, under more intense scrutiny, melania's past is threatening to

satter was the first journalist to be kicked out of russia since the fall of the soviet union. this book is the less you know the better you sleep.um. we welcome those that join him n the heritage.org website as well as those joining in the future. we remind all of the outside viewers you are welcome to send comments at any time e-mailing speaker@heritage.org we will appreciate checking your mobile devices to see if they have been silenced or turned off as a courtesy to the presenters. we will post the program on that page following the presentation for everyone's future reference e's future r as well. is doctor broman is the research fellow at the american relations part of the margaret thatcher center for freedom. he joined heritage as the director of national security studies teaching diplomatic history and grand strategy and was a lecturer in history and affairs for the masters of arts program. a columnist for newsday and thes post and the right of commentary for other news outlets and is an adjunct professor at the strategic studies program at johns hopkins university scho

we have a soviet ss-20 intermediate range nuclear missile as well. the reentry canisters, the reentry vehicles are still on those. but they're empty, of course. any weapons and the electronics inside those have all been removed. >> karen, you're next, joining us from pennsylvania. good evening. >> caller: hi. good evening, valerie. happy 40th anniversary. >> thank you. >> caller: i just have a simple question. i know when they first opened the hazy center, you could actually get a shuttle from the air and space museum down to there. are they still offering that? >> we are no longer offering a shuttle bus service between the downtown location in washington and the udvar-hazy center. but the metro center has been extended out to reston, virginia. and there is a shuttle bus that you can catch at the end of the line, the silver line metro. or you can catch a shuttle bus at dulles international airport. and it makes a quicker trip. you're less affected by traffic if you ride the metro and that shuttle bus than if you take a shuttle from downtown washingto

they had to go through and i started to learn about the soviet union and the sort of horrific evils committed by the soviets that began to complicate my own story of what it meant to be on the left and what it meant to have this legacy of communist party membership but it's also during college that i started just sort of dipped my toe a little bit into activism so when i was at yale there were battles between university of frustration and the labor unions that represented the workers there and i got involved with what was called action coalition. i wrote some press releases for them and i remember, this is a useful story and understanding where i came from. i remember this relatively early in the evolution of e-mail this long argument i got into with one of my fellow slack members. i wrote this e-mail attacking one of the plans coming from the university administration for wanting to pay llovera workers and wanted to bring in fast food restaurants to the university and pay lower wages to the new workers who are hired to work at the mcdonald's. i kind of had this long argument all wh

tallinn has modernized at an astounding rate since the fall of the soviet union.ts business district shines with the same glass and steel gleam you'll find in any modern city. yet nearby are the rugged and fully intact medieval walls, and the town within these ramparts has a beautifully preserved old-world ambiance. among medieval cities in the north of europe, none are as well preserved as tallinn. the town hall square was a marketplace through the centuries. its fine old buildings are a reminder that tallinn was once an important medieval trading center. today it's a touristy scene, full of people just having fun. through the season, each midday, cruise-ship groups congest the center as they blitz the town in the care of local guides. like many tourist zones, tallinn's is a commercial gauntlet. here there's a hokey torture museum, strolling russian dolls, medieval theme restaurants complete with touts, and enthusiastic hawkers of ye olde taste treats. woman: [ laughs ] steves: but just a couple blocks away is, for me, the real attraction of tallinn -- workaday l

i guess not. [ yuri speaking russian ] >> zamir: in the soviet union in present-day russia, there haseally cared about the people. and they should have decent toilet, or shower. >> anthony: so how's it going lately? better? worse? [ yuri speaking russian ] >> zamir: so, vladimir putin changed the whole landscaping in the country. first of all, he started to cramp down on the human rights, on the democratic rights. the most recent laws and changes in the constitution bring up the old soviet union type of structure in the country. >> anthony: so what happens next? [ yuri speaking russian ] >> zamir: the year before the soviet union collapsed, you would never believe in any wildest dreams that it could happen. nowadays, he thinks, it's a similar situation. it looks like a stable, you know people are busy, money made, you know rich cars. but it can't go on like this for too long. so yuri predicts it could be in a similar, overnight, collapsing situation. so there is some hope. >> anthony: you're due for some major renovations. ♪ ♪ he wrecked the rec room this summer. his stellar notebooks

soviet architecture? soviet culture? rem: i came to moscow for the first time in 1967. was unaware of the history of soviet architecture. i became aware of the radical interpretation of architecture. really reinvented daily life from scratch. therefore from the beginning, i was less interested in form, but in the role in architecture in helping to define daily life. that really triggered me. at the time, i was also a scriptwriter. it was a discovery that architecture is actually also a form of script writing. because for an architect, basically, this is a living room and here is the staircase and there is the kitchen. so, implicitly, you describe a scene or a relationship. that made it a very easy switch. charlie: preservation and modernist architecture are intwined. rem: the interesting thing about preservation, we previously thought the world was divided into architects who make and preservationist who tried to sabotage the architect. when i looked into preservation, i discovered preservation was part and parcel of the whole process of modernization. it was invented j

and odessa, the soviet customs took everything away. my mother. the fur coat, took the fur coat, the -- i had some stamps that were my grandmother -- my grandfather collected stamps, they took them away to -- they gave us receipts, which were meaningless, really. and so turkey, we managed to come back to palestine, covered with bedbugs, that we picked up on the train. in turkey. and palestine was a british colony, it was -- remember, this was world war ii. and we went to tel aviv. >> this was october 1940 when you got back to -- >> october 1940, yes. and german and italian bombers would bomb haifa, which was the city where they had oil refineries, because it was a concentration place for british troops. and many of the planes, because it was so far for them to fly, they couldn't unload the bombs on haifa, so they would unload them on tel aviv. i remember the house we lived in, every night we had had to go down to the shelter because of the air raids. after a while, i didn't go down anymore because i felt i would rather sleep, so my parents, they c

tuesday marks 71 years since the former soviet union ordered japanese soldiers and civilians in china to be sent to labor camps in siberia, mongolia and elsewhere. the order came a week after japan announced its surrender. >> translator: some of my fellow detainees said before they died, that they wanted to go back to japan. some said they wanted to eat rice. some cried for their mothers. i'll never forget that. >> soviet forces invaded northern china and surrounding regions where japanese soldiers were stationed and many japanese civilians lived in the closing days of world war ii. it's estimated that about 600,000 of them were captured. officials at the health and welfare ministry say about 55,000 internees died from severe cold and starvation. the officials say the remains of 60% of them are still in those regions. >> translator: i only know where and when my father died. but nothing else. it's long been bothering me. >> since april, the ministry has been intensifying its push to retrieve the remains of japan's war dead. it will wind up those efforts in 2025, the 80th anniversary o

it appeared that the soviets were now trying to march westward into iran and even saudi arabia. it was also a fact that carter perceived to be a weak president somebody presiding over a lackluster economy and somebody who i was leading the invasion f afghanistan over. politically it seemed to make sense and the doctrine was intended to do that. but it led to the persian gulf and ultimately including a far broader swath of territory in the islamic world he didn't for a second expect all of the military interventions that were to follow beginning in 1980 but the fact of the matter is at least in my judgment the carter doctrine touches off what is a war for the greater middle east. >> here in the early years we were fighting for the resources. was that accurate and all that we were fighting for? spigots accurate and it's not all that we were fighting for a. it was a war for oil because it appeared that our prosperity, well-being was intentioned upon ensuring that we have access to foreign oil but what i argue in the book is it quickly morphed into something else. the greater middle