and had taken over the soviet union in 1964.ou see here on the cover of time magazine, shaking nixon's hand, was a hard-line communist who had shown no indication in the that he was open to any kind of new relationship with the united states. increased military spending. he had entered into a series of in the middle east and other parts of the world with butunited states, s wereely, the soviet feeling the strain of higher defense spending on their economy. entered into negotiations with nixon, starting in 1969 in helsinki, and culminating in may of 1972. numbereement limited the of anti-ballistic missile sites each country could have, and it limited the number of intercontinental missiles and bymarine launched missiles freezing them to existing levels. and the senate approved the agreements very quickly, by by an overwhelming vote. the second part of detente under nixon was opening relations to china. toon made a dramatic trip china in february of 1972. carefully orchestrated like a television production. force transported almos

the soviets were not making things easy for the president.ns began over salt in the summer of 1978 the soviets initiated high-profile trials against dissidents .ncluding alexander ginsberg carter called the trial and -- that's at this an attack on every human being and world who believes in basic freedom. senate minority leader howard baker said americans were fed up with being pushed around by arrogant intrusions into africa, the middle east, and now he says the trial of these dissidents. jessica tuchman from the state department, the administration's point person on human rights admitted "i think we are a real turning point for human rights policy, unless we make some major response to the soviet decision." conservatives attacked carter for putting everyone in danger. given the political backlash in panama, the senators are scared when they heard the fury from the right. the anti-soviet climate on the hill, one of carter's advisers admitted in 1978, was so intense it was hard to imagine an agreement would work. the conservative attacks were

he sensed that the soviet leaders were not ready for real change, the soviet people were, and he intendedemed fair, the president wanted to send a message not just to america but to the russian people as well that we really care about you, and we really want to see your lives changed. bret: that began day one. >> nancy says, ronnie wants to go for a walk among the people. there's a commercial area right near the embassy at half a block away. the secret service as well. we don't think you should do it. they pointed out leaders don't just go walking in crowds, though gorbachev did it in america, and mrs. reagan says we're going to do it and we want to do it in 15 minutes. bret: and off they went. when the stunned russians realized the american president was in their midst, pandemonium ensued. >> the secret service says that's it, we're gone. they grabbed the president and headed back to the embassy. and helen thomas was right behind mrs. reagan. bret: helen toma, the upi correspondent who played the role of gadfly throughout reagan's two terms. >> a guy shoved her and helen started to go do

he sensed that the soviet leaders were not ready for real change, the soviet people were, and he intended to make his case to them. >> seemed fair, the president wanted to send a message not just to america but to the russian people as well that we really care about you, and we really want to see your lives changed. bret: that began day one. >> nancy says, ronnie wants to go for a walk among the people. there's a commercial area right near the embassy at half a block away. the secret service as well. we don't think you should do it. they pointed out leaders don't just go walking in crowds, though gorbachev did it in america, and mrs. reagan says we're going to do it and we want to do it in 15 minutes. bret: and off they went. when the stunned russians realized the american president was in their midst, pandemonium ensued. >> the secret service says that's it, we're gone. they grabbed the president and headed back to the embassy. and helen thomas was right behind mrs. reagan. bret: helen toma, the upi correspondent who played the role of gadfly throughout reagan's two terms. >> a guy shove

-soviet nuclear missiles is eliminated.n addition, this treaty provides for the most stringent verification in history, and for the first time, inspection teams are actually in residence in our respective countries. and while this treaty makes possible a ne dimensionw of cooperation between us, much remains on our agenda. we must not stop here, mr. general secretary, there is much more to be done. our joint seen in morement later today, progress has been made toward a strategic arms treaty in our meetings . we must try to move forward in the months ahead to complete this treaty as soon as possible. so, let us continue to expand the frontiers of trust, even as we verify. mr. general secretary, even as we verify. secretary, we have agreed many times there are important fundamental differences between us. yet, as we work over the long run to narrow these differences, as we work for what i hope will be a new era of human peace and freedom, we must acknowledge our solemn responsibility to take steps now to reduce the chances of

gorbachev: [speaking russian] translator: on behalf of the soviet leadership and the soviet people, iish to tell all those who are concerned and yet hopeful about the future, we shall work to achieve that goal, and we can only do it by working together. mr. gorbachev: [speaking russian] translator: thank you. [applause] mr. reagan: mr. general secretary, these are historic moments. as we exchange these documents, the instruments of ratification, this treaty, the terms of which we formally agreed to last december in washington, enters into force. translator: [speaking russian] mr. reagan: mr. general secretary, you know that our way here has not been easy. at crucial moments, your personal intervention was needed and proved decisive. and for this we are grateful. so too, mr. general secretary, you are aware of how important the objective, not just of arms control, but of arms reduction, has been to my own thinking and to the policy of my administration since its outset. seven years ago, when i first suggested the concept of a double zero treaty, there were those who said that this was

and so we we re one soviet espionage officer. and so we were 011 a one soviet espionage officer. so we were on a losing game. we did not know because of the sheer numbers, really, what they were up to. this man agreed to talk about his experiences with the kgb. he is british and we will: jim. he is a research scientist in the field of nuclear energy and sometime ago he was at a conference. he taught particularly to one russian, a man he came to know as victor, a soviet diplomat. the soviet intelligence agents which the embassy and trade delegation were stuffed at the time, we re delegation were stuffed at the time, were approaching large numbers of people in order to recruit them as agents. this film, shot as it happened, shows a vector, the soviet diplomat collecting intelligence material from a dead letter box after an elaborate series of instructions. relations between the west and the east were not good at the time. there was still underneath quite a lot of mistrust. and suspicion as to what the soviets were up to. and that spilled over in the spy affair. the whole thing was

something of a throwback to soviet days.tion the spending of money on entertainment could be frowned upon, and privacy was at a premium. trout wrapped and baked in lavash. this is not light cooking. >> serj: there's certain things about especially the last maybe 20, 30 years of the soviet union, '60s on, not the brutal early bolshevik stalinist times, but later on where in terms of investment in culture and education. >> pegor: well, i mean it's very much a legacy of the soviet union. armenia was kind of a nerd republic in a way. and then you specialize the different republics, and armenia was where they concentrated science, technology, particle accelerator, radio telescope, all of that. and so we've benefited from that and you see a lot of armenians attributing that to our genes, and so on. but of course our genes are the same as anyone else's, it's the culture that's, you know, you take the good with the bad, and the good is we're a cerebral nation in a way. that's how we grew up. we like chess, we're nerds. ♪ >> anthony:

something of a throwback to soviet days.ention the spending of money on entertainment could be frowned upon, and privacy was at a premium. trout wrapped, and baked in lavash. this is not light cooking. >> serj: there's certain things about especially the last maybe 20, 30 years of the soviet union, '60s on, not the brutal early bolshevik stalinist times, but later on where in terms of investment in culture and education. >> pegor: well, i mean it's very much a legacy of the soviet union. armenia was kind of a nerd republic in a way. and then you specialize the different republics, and armenia was where they concentrated science, technology, particle accelerator, radio, telescope, all of that. and so we've benefited from that and you see a lot of armenians attributing that to our genes, and so on. but of course our genes are the same as anyone else's, it's the culture that's, you know, you take the good with the bad, and the good is we're a cerebral nation in a way. that's how we grew up. we like chess, we're nerds. >> anthon

the soviets ran these kind of operations. we can run them. soviet ships would spy on the united states ships, they were never captured. his was treated as part of a massive communist bloc. where the soviets, the chinese were like the puppet master pulling strings. the reality is north korea never had been like that. north korea has been a difficult element in the communist block and we know now since the fall of the soviet union we have gotten access to some of the soviet block archives and we see in the 1960's, late 1960's, when this nt to which north korea was the a problem inside the communist block now. american policymakers today like to dismiss north korea as either a pawn of china. we hear a lot of that now. or a crazy, lunatic place. they have their own history, values, ideological presips. when you take from the public w, what you can take -- pueblo, what you can take from the pueblo is that a country's reasons for doing things has to be taken seriously on its own merits. until policymakers start to do that we will have the same unsu

soviet areal take your point.he young star in the government, was locked up for corruption but one of the opponents of the regime put it to me and almaty, it is not a question of individuals, it is the system, the system is rotten. i don't agree with him because of course, everybody is free to criticise the system but i don't believe that he is right. the system is good. we have a very good legal framework for fighting against corruption. one feature of the kazakh economy is that a small number of extraordinary wealthy individuals seem to dominate. there is one private company, eurasia resources, which it is said controls 496 resources, which it is said controls 4% of the country's assets. it looks to outsiders like an oligarchical system. is that healthy and sustainable for the kazakh economy? it was quite necessary for our economy in the very beginning of sovereignty. you need to remember that the old economy was state—owned so the company you mentioned about was one of the first to come to our market, to privat

well the question of the us versus soviet union. always boils down to mutual annihilation we could have killed everybody in the soviet union they could have killed everybody and i the state and the rest of the world would have gone it was an absolutely insane situation the thing that saved it was that each side knew that if a war occurred the leaders themselves would get killed and so when you know that you're going to get killed in a war and not to some poor peasant soldiers going to get killed you make different decisions about starting a war faced with the possibility of a spiral towards nuclear will the next day twenty fifth of october the soviet stepped back. the alert was defused. we do not consider it. but the soviet union we do not believe it is not at this moment. in fact we have been over the operative story that really. went. on. for a full twenty four hour as the world had stood on the brink of between the two great nuclear powers but common sense at prevailed. on october the twenty fifth the un security council issued r

he talked particularly to one russian, a man he came to know as victor, a soviet diplomat.telligence agents, with which the embassy and the trade delegation were stuffed at the time, were approaching large numbers of people really, in order to recruit them as agents. this film, shot as it happened, shows victor — the soviet diplomat — collecting intelligence materialfrom a dead letter box, after an elaborate series of instructions. well, relations between the west and the east were not good at the time. there was still, underneath, quite a lot of mistrust and suspicion as to what the soviets were up to. and, of course, that spilled over in this spy affair. the whole thing was obviously brought forward by the defection at the beginning of august of a senior kgb official, now named as oleg lyalin. his information made it plain that something had to be done. the important thing about oleg lyalin, the defector, was that he dotted the is and crossed the ts, and so we realised that there were even more soviet intelligence officers masquerading as diplomats than we'd previously th

asked to name the most a process soviet the russian leader joseph stalin is likely to be among the first to come up with the great terror of the nine hundred thirty still haunts this country with millions executed to the what is much less known is that there are only a year before the purges began stalin sought to well for the lack of a better word democratized the soviet society and the society pushed back against that these paradoxes of soviet power came to life thanks to the work of an american academic from maryland who were found here in northeast russia almost nine thousand kilometers away from the old lines they. are. commonly. monitored. samantha long is an assistant professor at the state university has been teaching here on an almost six years in the morning she's trying to expand her students' english vocabulary by discussing beauty and fashion in the afternoon she scours the local archives in search of documents which shut the light on a much heavier subject the early years of the soviet state. i wouldn't be surprised to find that graduates from the state university teaching

as with the soviet union for years. there may things we never challenge the soviet union on, we just let it go. i think that is what the outcome will be. i do not think this administration will use a military strike. we are going to have -- they were going to get the nuclear weapon, that's my feeling. >> host: you argued against a military strike, anyway. so they get the nuclear weapon, then what happens? then do we have a military strike? >> guest: it's possible. i think what is happening now in addition to sanctions, the united states policy is to build up a deterrence in the region. recently, we are putting together a very large package of armaments. not just for israel. also some of the gul gulf state. trying to reinforce the missile pabilities, air forces, navies, and so forth, in order to create a regional deterrence for iran. then, the other prospect could be, as you know back in 2009 iran had an election which got out of hand because it was considered fraudulent. it was also a precursor to the arab spring. the a

around cruising the former soviet union to look for opportunities. we realize that turkmenistan had a huge world class gas reserves which were produced by the soviet union but after breaking up they were not produced any longer because russia had his own gas supplies to bring to market from siberia so mr john was stock was reserves and no market. unocal wanted to build two pipelines one for oil and one for gas the pipelines would go from many stunned through afghanistan pakistan and india a distance of well over seventeen hundred kilometers construction costs would be close to ten billion dollars. of gonna stun could earn four hundred million dollars per year in transportation costs which would more than double the afghan government's income at that time the whole area is just in turmoil you know the pakistanis don't like the afghans afghans don't like the fact stan is the turkmen are skeptical of both of them and then he got india and pakistan all is just a mess in there. as he gets up there was a power vacuum off to the withdrawal of soviet forces

and soviet intermediate range nuclear missiles. the significance of the treaty can hardly be overstated. for the first time ever, the levels of nuclear arms will actually be reduced rather than having cap's placed on their growth. these missiles will not simply have been shuffled around the map or placed in storage. they will have been destroyed. the exchange of these instruments of ratification alone would have made the summit a success, but the general and i made important progress in other areas as well. we moved ahead on stark negotiations, negotiations that would lead to a dramatic reduction in both sides' arsenals of strategic nuclear arms. on bilateral issues, i'm especially pleased by our agreement to hold increased exching anges gh school stents. the number of students will at first be in the hundreds but could grow into the thousands. imagine it -- hundreds and then thousands of young people who have firsthand knowledge of each other's country and, yes, who have made friends. returning to regional conflicts, mr. gorbachev

local archives in search of documents we shed light on a much happier subject the early years of the soviet state. i wouldn't be surprised to find a graduate from the state university teaching at the university of pittsburgh but i think the opposite is still quite exotic how did you up here well i started writing my dissertation on the one nine hundred thirty six constitution and when i looked in the archives in moscow there was just an overwhelming amount of material so i needed to focus on the region and one of the regions i found a lot of material from cure of funding was a little bit difficult to come by it's not necessarily the most sexy topic you says no the topic but i think it's a very counter-intuitive topic on many levels how did the idea pop into your well that is a difference actually how i came to them like constitution and stalin seem like two things that shouldn't go together so i wanted to see what this was about how serious a project this was whether it was really just a propaganda exercise as it had been described or if there was something a little bit more substantive now

a little bit more substantive to now here is one of the most extensively researched areas of the soviet history and it's also the one that comes with a lot of accept the conventions. this was strictly to tally terror and state where everything was decided top bottom line here you are coming out with a book suggesting that stalin actually tried to encourage what he saw at least as genuine political participation why would he need something like well russia's very very big and at the time it had incredibly poor infrastructure and very few members of the communist party in rural areas to govern it so governing desirous empire of the soviet union and modern russia has always been difficult simply because of the expanse and the fact that the population is not densely settled russia has a very peculiar relationship between people in power and it's usually assumed the leadership suppresses the people's demands for rights but i take it from your book that in the case of the nine hundred thirty six constitution it was actually the other way around that stalin was actually more liberal and progre

the soviets gave the north civilian nuclear technology.ientists in russia and helping them build a small nuclear research reactor. but they stopped short of giving them the bomb. afraid of the chaos that might result tie soviets told the north koreans don't build the bomb. >> after china joined the nuclear club in 1964 -- kim il-sung asked chairman mao for help but mao refused to help, as well. if north koreans wanted the bomb themselves.have to make it kim il-sung ramped up nuclear programs at the universities to foster home grown talent. >> they were going to train their own people so they did not have to rely on the rest of the world. >> the north tried to copy a nuclear reactor in great britain. that the brits used to make their nuclear arsenal. >> it makes really nice plutonium for nuclear weapons. >> the designs for the reactor were not hard to find. >> by the 1970s, you can go to a university library and check out books on nuclear reactor design. >> to get all of the entry kate nuclear parts, the north went shopping. cutting deals a

so kim turned once again to the soviet union. moscow so improved relations with north korea as a way to curb miles influence. in one nine hundred fifty nine the soviet union and north korea signed an agreement on the use of nuclear power and in one nine hundred sixty three moscow supplied pyongyang with a nuclear research reactor. the us military reconnaissance aircraft later provided images of the reactor site. difficilis he went into operation in nine hundred sixty five at a young young new to scientific research center located about one hundred kilometers north of pyongyang. by the one nine hundred eighty s. u.s. intelligence agencies were becoming concerned about the development of north korea's nuclear program. but they weren't able to find out much about it. when i was in the intelligence community working and cia. we called north korea the hardest of the hard targets i used to work the soviet union and in retrospect that was an open book compared to north korea so you gather tidbits of information you put it together and i

well the question of the us versus soviet union. always boils down to mutual annihilation we could have killed everybody in the soviet union they could've killed everybody and i state and the rest of the world would have gone it was an absolutely insane situation the thing that saved it was that each side knew that if a war occurred the leaders themselves would get killed and so when you know that you're going to get killed in a war not to some poor peasant soldiers going to get killed you make different decisions about starting a war. faced with the possibility of a spiral towards nuclear will the next day twenty fifth of october the soviet stepped back the alert was defused. we do not consider it. but the soviet union we do not believe it is not at this moment. in fact we have over four operatives. that really. went. for a full twenty four hour as the world had stood on the brink of between the two great nuclear powers but common sense at prevailed. on october the twenty fifth the un security council issued resolution three forty

few members of the communist party in rural areas to govern it so governing desirous empire of the soviet union and modern russia has always been difficult simply because of the expanse and the fact that the population is not densely settled russia has a very peculiar relationship between people in power and it's usually assumed the leadership suppresses the people's demands for rights but i take it from your book that in the case of the nineteen thirty six constitution it was actually the other way around that stalin was actually more liberal and progressive society you could take a yeah i was quite surprised when i was looking at particularly hevia scorpius which is the right too. you belittle to have rights when you stand trial to not be arrested without the sanction of the prosecutor etc people were not interested in that that was something that was designed as part of actually reforms to get away from this revolutionary reality legality and sort of equal. implementation of both punishment and arrests and people weren't interested people had a lot of problems with crime in the country

kissinger decided to respond to the soviet threat with a show of force. at eleven forty one pm washington time the american armed forces state of alert was raised to defense condition three the highest in peacetime. well the question of the us versus soviet union always boils down to mutual annihilation we could have killed everybody in the soviet union they could've killed everybody and i state and the rest of the world would have gone it was an absolutely insane situation the thing that saved it was that each side knew that if a war occurred the leaders themselves would get killed and so when you know that you're going to get killed in a war and not to some poor peasant soldiers going to get killed you make different decisions about starting a war faced with the possibility of a spiral towards nuclear war the next day twenty fifth of october the soviet stepped back the alert was defused. of. by the soviet union we do not believe it is necessary at this moment to. in fact we have been over the operative story that really. went. for a full twenty four hou

or i should joining nato as nato was originally created to counter soviet union in big part russia i mean they go in itself with russia and it is absolute it doesn't make any sense anyway so the guardian has reported that u.k. is planning to use upcoming summits like the g seven g twenty nato and the e.u. gatherings to tighten the diplomatic front against russia do you think the foreign office will succeed. look i think i just did it just going back to the just going back to the whole nato thing i think if nato was norm's. pact designed to counter russian the soviet union there's no reason why as a collective security organization that russia couldn't join not think about what's the point point about russia joining nato or not joining nato and i think president putin has talked about that. so it's not beyond the realms of possibility well you know i think i think times times are changing you know i mean since the second a war they have british foreign policy has basically been to keep close to the united states as possible on the clear reasons for that britain relied on the united st

soviet premier joseph stall innames a leader, a young general who fought with the soviets in world warame was kim. a genuine hero to the north korean people. >> he had enormous charisma. >> in 1950, he invaded south korea. the korean war had begun. when america, the soviet union and china got involved, many fears it could become a world war. >> we are fighting in korea for our own national security and the survival. we stand by that commitment. >> for the first time, north korea experienced the power of a nuclear threat. >> from the very moment of north korea's inception, it felt like it was under the threat of a nuclear attack by the united states. >> america did not use the bomb. but it's aerial bombardment of north korea was brutal. more than 36,000 american troops died. >> dedicated the whole korean wednesd peninsula. >> he started the war, he blamed the u.s. for turning his% country to rubble. >> this is how the north koreans grew up thinking about the united states. he rebuilt it with money from his sponsor, the soviet union. put in bridges, roads, plants and factories. and by th

it's facade is reminiscent of the former lenin stadium in the soviet era.a stadium with a dark chapter in its history. in front of the stadium a small monument stands in remembrance of a tragic sporting event at the one nine hundred eighty two year old cup match between spa tech moscow and h.s.c. harlem over three hundred people lost their lives in a harrowing disaster in minus ten degree celcius sixteen thousand spectators was squeezed into only one of the four stands of the gigantic concrete arena this was a fatal mistake. because it. it was not just. as a pitch to spur me to choose the details in the number of fatalities were not reported until years later when the newspaper civets sport uncovered the dark secrets in one thousand nine hundred forty two years after the tragedy chess off came to sponsor back as a young the goalkeeper the football club in russia's capital didn't have it sounds stadium spacek finally got one in two thousand and fourteen it was designed by an architecture firm in dortmund and has enough space for forty two thousand spectators

almaty was kazakhstan‘s administrative capital in the soviet era.cks. it's here you feel the tensions that swirl under this country's surface calm. this man's presence looms over pretty much everything in kazakhstan. it's notjust the statues, it's notjust the streets named after him, there's also a nazarbayev university, there's a nazarbayev mountain, there's even a flower that's been named after the president. and after almost three decades in power, it's pretty much impossible for kazakhs to imagine life without him. as you know, our president is the first one from our independence. that's right. almost 30 years in power. yes. and, actually, we didn't see any other variants, real variants. but isn't there a part of you that would like to see something different? a much bigger part inside of me that is afraid that a new one will be much, much worse. really? yes. you're actually frightened of what change will bring? yes, i'm frightened of the change. because you think kazakhstan could become unstable? you know, do you fear, you look at ukraine, you

soviets insisted before giving you a nuclear sense that you do so so this is. the root of the problem very very joining the country here except safeguards in the course of its secrets. ultimately accept inspections and inspections turn up an inconsistency in their declaration. huns director general of the international atomic energy agency visited the young jiang nuclear facility in may nine hundred ninety two. north korea played a game of cat and mouse with international inspectors and this went on for two years yes. on some days they would allow the inspectors access to sensitive sites on others they threatened to expel them. later blix admission that he had learned next to nothing about the extent of north korea's nuclear program. ladies and gentlemen the president elect william jefferson clinton. in january nine. two ninety three and name american president was sworn in. and then the prostitution of the united states sought help me god so help me graduate. only on president clinton conceded that the u.s. had underestimated the threat posed by north korea be

ambassador of the soviet union. he is a rare academic who is also successfully bridge this often too wide gap. i will close by noting that it is a testament to his abilities as a diplomat that he is manage to get no fewer than four secretaries of states to provide enthusiastic blurbs about his book on the back cover. none of the books that we have done together had even single secretary of states. but maybe the next one. it's my pleasure to introduce my friend and colleague and former ambassador to russia from the united states, michael the fall. i urge you to buy his book at the end of the talk this evening that mac. >> thank you. after that introduction we should just go to questions. the summer might a chance summarize my life. thank you for coming. i know i am competing with warriors first game in the season. i know you really want to talk about russia. i would rather be watching the warrior's right now. i am thrilled you are here. this book means a lot to me. it's a tragedy. a tragedy about u.s. russia relation

the prophecy of the day i assume you're one of the very few recession benefiting from yes if the soviet union didn't like to document everything i wouldn't have anything to work with and everything that they've documented lets me see various aspects of people's lives for example this fellow could have appealed there fyodorovitch here in one nine hundred thirty four he's given a prize of a thousand roubles for his good work but later nine hundred thirty six he's considered a suspect person so you can see how the standings change based on their successful implementation of economic plans different changes in policy and you can see these people rise and fall in fortunes reviews documents what is it like as a researcher to work around with documents like this i mean it wouldn't be fair to describe them is it treasure trove or is it something pretty clear. well i'm always excited by them. it's sometimes people think i'm odd because michael michael would like this beautiful document and they're like it's about harvest to sticks. do you think anyone before you or your work. not on this one but

soviet habits are hard to break. now kazakhs are wondering what comes after nursultan nazarbayev?azakhstan‘s growth being built on firm foundations? —— are being built? in the kazar language, astana means capital. injust in the kazar language, astana means capital. in just 20 years this city has risen from the empty steppes. these showpiece buildings are monuments to the commodities. now kaza khsta n monuments to the commodities. now kazakhstan is determined to diversify. you get quite a view from the boardroom of astana's new financial centre. the ceo is aiming to create a financial hub in central asia to rival singapore, hong kong, and dubai. what we are doing right now in astana financial centre, is we are trying to build all kinds of alternative vehicles, it is, to attract investment into the economy and we are building the stock market, the capital market from scratch, and we have a chance, a good chance to avoid mistakes others are doing in different areas to build financial hubs. you are sending a signal to potential investors they will get the most enormous tax breaks, i u

which was established as an anti soviet military. and of course there was that there was a hope that things would improve on after the fall of the berlin wall and the breakup of the soviet union but unfortunately about house hasn't developed as many people hope. you even have people like james baker the former u.s. secretary of state saying in one thousand nine hundred three that russia could perhaps join nato and then i think there was a lost opportunity there at the end of the calamity like broke into the us or i should joining nato is nato was originally created to counter soviet union and big part russia i mean they go in the cells with russia and it is absolute it doesn't make any sense anyway so the guardian has reported that u.k. is planning to use upcoming summits like the g seven g twenty nato and the e.u. gatherings to tighten the diplomatic front against russia do you think the foreign office will succeed look i think i just did it just going back to the just going back to the whole nato thing i think if nato was norms. de

cease fire acceptable to egypt soviet allies. the russians had to. for the russian jews it was unacceptable so we had to rewrite it in history and. showed up from the. right again. we push it to the next morning. within two days the draft of the un security council resolution three three eight had been accepted by both the soviets and the americans. but instead of returning direct to washington kissinger made a stopover in tel aviv for a few hours. that's off to news twenty second of october he would give his blessing to israeli plans to violate a cease fire even before it turned the gun. on the sick for the toba nine hundred seventy three the egyptians mounted a lightning attack across the suez canal. their goal to liberate the sinai peninsula occupied by israel sixty is in the six day war. to field all means one hundred thousand men had established bridgeheads ten kilometers deep into sinai. during the first week of war the israelis had lost equipment at an unprecedented rate. five hundred tanks. and fifty aircraft. to an egyptian army equipped wit

ambassador to soviet union. mcfaul is rare academic who has also successfully bridged this often too wide gap between policy and academia. i will close by noting that it's testament to mike's ability as diplomat that he has managed to get no fewer than four secretaries of state, two democrats, two republicans, three women, one man to provide enthusiastic blurbs about his book in back cover. none of the books have singled secretary of state but maybe the next one. so it's my pleasure to introduce my friend and my colleague and our former ambassador to russia from the united states, michael mcfaul and i urge you buy his fascinating book at the end of the talk this evening. [applause] >> after that introduction we should go to questions. thank you all for coming. i know i'm competing the warriors. first game to have series, so i know that you really want to talk about russia and i actually be watching the warriors right now. but i'm thrilled you are here. this book means a lot to me, it's a tragedy as i will tell y