but we adapt today to the soviet union partisan group, covering the swastika with the soviet star. that doesn't mean we weren't provided supplies by the soviet union. we were. but we supplemented them, if you will, to be as self-sufficient as possible. when it came to the food though, you went to the collector farms. and the theory would be you would bring along your commissar, or your political officer. and he would talk to the people. he would say you must give food to the partisans because they are fighting to support the motherland, just like your motherland. and by the way, give me support, motivation, confidence to the people about the fact that the war is going to be won, and comrade stal sin still in moscow. and we're going to win. but then also, probably a directive. a warning. do not give heed to the germans. if you collaborated and give aid, you might get even permanent discipline. and we know, of course, permanent discipline would involve a firing squad. and sometimes the partisans did have to exercise that kind of discipline in terms of representing the government. the

the soviet invasion, the american intervention after the soviets invaded, and that's -- the soviets covert activity and pakistan, i had to draw a line. it is interesting and i would love to talk off-line if you have historical nuggets you want to share. methods and crowdsourcing in the modern area, we do not have to wait as long. i agree with your characterization that the media environment is different. there is some real meaningful democratization for access to information that reduces the degree to which governments can bottle this up. i think your example of ukraine and russian involvement of ukraine is an example of where that stuff is getting out faster than it used to. methodologically i think it opens up opportunities to be able to diagnose and described covert and inventions earlier because they are made visible. but it also makes collusion a little bit tougher if you are unable to react to that intervention. unable to affect the information -- i think i've been thinking about that practical question. you have to be careful with crowd sourced information that hasn't been validated

the soviet women snipers. they were lethal, very effective, one of them went on tour with eleanor roosevelt. that is a female contribution to soviet world war ii. >>is something that's not done a lot. is a story that hasn't been told. we typically craig and i enjoy doing things that are little bit different. people seemed to respond very well to it these events are always well attended. to me as an interesting story and it's something that we get told a lot. >>what are the questions and reactions you get? >> we get a lot of oh, i did know that. honestly. i'll tell you something, conversely i learn something every time i do this i learned from the people who come, i learned from my partner, i learn something every time i come in and do one of these events. so we do get a lot of questions about spam. >> spam represents on our table and scenario the fact that we were in la the united state in britain, it will it represent that we were provided supplies for military to help us fight german spam to tanks to locomot

we adopted it to the soviet union partisan group covering the swastika with the soviet star. so your directive -- that doesn't mean we weren't provided supplies by the soviet union. we were. but we supplemented them, as it were, to try to be as self-sufficient as possible. when it came to food, though, then had you to go to the collective farms. and you went to the collective farms and the theory would be, bring along your commissar or political officer. he would talk to the people. he would say, you must give food to the partisans because they are fighting to support the motherland, just like your motherland. oh, and by the way, a speech of -- of giving support, if you will, and motivation and confidence to the people about the fact that the war is going to be run and comrade stalin is still in moscow. and we are going to win. but then also probably a -- a directive, a warning. do not give aid to fritz, as they were called. the germans. if you collaborated and give aid you might be given permanent discipline, and we know, of course, permanent discipline would involve a firin

against soviet occupation of northern iran, against soviet sponsored subversion in greece, against sovietemands on turkey. historically, american strength has been used to help countries of the persian gulf area, to protect their stability and retain their own sovereignty. the reality of the world today unrest,moscow exploits not to addressed the discontent that underlies the unrest, not to overcome the inequalities that give rise to unrest. dominion,pand its own and to satisfy its imperial objectives. [end video clip] the significance of that move. guest: guest: president carter said his eyes had been opened to the soviet union parts malevolent influence in the world. there were a lot of people that it hadave told him that long been a malevolent influence. that decision of president carter's to strongly oppose the invasion of afghanistan and boycott the moscow olympics, had a significant him -- rr,nificant influence on ca but it also persuaded senator hadkennedy whom carr ,reated a channel to intervene and we know from documents released after the collapse of the soviet union that ted ke

your pledged to what he called a soviet american republic. words he used in other african american poets was procommunist. one more as in the usa to make it the u.s. as a. most american communist didn't join the party because they didn't want to swear allegiance to moscow. all of the members off that, thy did. >> we'll get into that but first, good afternoon.kt this is our monthly in-depth program. we invite one author in every month to talk about his or herk book and their body of work. this is paul kengor. here's a list of professors books. policy player, that's a book about vice president. ronald reagan in zero four, george w. bush, spiritual life, the crusader. the judge, william p clark, ronald reagan's top hand was in zero seven as was god and hillary clinton. america's adversaries many belated progressives for a century came out in 2010. the communist marshall davis, untold story of barack obama's mentor came out in 2012. eleven principles of reagan conservatives, 2014. takedown from communist to progressive's. they sabotage family and

attack the soviet union. .. .. but the visit napoleons a tomb in paris after conquered paris and the knew -- and then his armies got stuck in the russian winter and famously were destroyed by that. he felt his army was much more modern, would do better, but just in case, we'll attack in may. then he is distracted in may by a coup in belgrade of a puppet government and he attacked russian the exact day napoleon did. he comes roaring in, i his armies come in because this is the period where i think you get the remark that event thomas made but the back about someone is interesting the stupidest years. almost you had a competition between hitler and stalin, who could be the most student dictator, hitler would have to lose, stalin was not refusing to believe what all sorts we were intelligence leaders vague, hitler is about to attack you. you better get ready and the it not even allows his troops to good on alert, not arming them probable are properly. says he doesn't want to do anything to make hitler think they were

assurances that it won't invade cuba the soviets removed the missiles. chair some men don't want their looking young if you are up at 370 seen. if they are made from the hash oil to our guest will give a high. 3 mile is not the placidly of the us president there are many funny ms who are financially down the pledge as the new version of. the missile crisis really reveals a lot about their relationship. over the pragmatist came around to recognizing that there was no fight to be won with the soviet union. and never really swallowed the impact of that event and this is what begins to drive something of a wedge between them politically. chain distances himself from the soviets castro travels to the u.s.s.r. for the 1st time in the spring of 1963 fidel is awarded the title of hero of the soviet union his visit will last 40 days military and economic bonds between the 2 countries are strong from. dallas to give our does young animal dani alves so there's a. deal she did get all thought though i say lyndon year i think you'll see. in cuba che guevara criticize

that it would be more or less the soviet of the u.s.rtainly be the end of economic growth. so that stuff is extraordinary damaging for the democrats hopes and 2020 election. because you don't have to travel too far away from cambridge, massachusetts or for that matter berkeley, california to find the people think social pism is a pretty dangerous thing the only americans who have a positive view of socialism are the so-called generation z of people kind ofat in college being doctrined by professors but the rest of america still thinks that socialism is a pretty bad idea and as long as that's the case -- then if the democratic candidate associated however with socialism then i think it is a major problem and doesn't need to do match to achieve that. when the democratic party has left historically tend to lose that's why i'm kind of attracted tora this 1972 analogy when government democratic candidate really stood for a pretty left sensor set of policies, and he got destroyed. by richard nixon who ran on foreign policy achievement. that w

the soviets were only able to copy our military hardware.vilian terms they never got close. >> you mentioned the president. he's been signaling this is been a problem. has his tariffs on china slowed china down, had an effect on china? >> they have. they slowed down china, not massively but the cost to china impact is roughly four times greater than the impact on the u.s. economy. conventionally liberal economists say this is all crazy because the tariffs not paid by china, their paid for by american consumers. that isn't quite true. some of the cost of being absorbed by chinese companies as they try to offset the impact of the tariffs. i think the most important cost is being borne by the chinese economy as a whole. it has significantly slowed down. it probably will grow at around 6.1% in the second half of this year. that's a lot higher than you will see in any developed economy but relative to the double-digit rates of growth that china saw ten years ago, it's really quite a meaningful slowdown. i think that impact is important because wh

so they come into the soviet union in that first year without uniform. he was so confident of victory so you can imagine what happen happened. it's a question almost of who can make the worst mistakes, and as a result stalling was able to hold out the panic in moscow but he manages to tie against lowly things began at the same thing here itimethere is the questione holocaust. it's no accident that it coincided with the beginning of the holocaust. it was the fulfillment of hitler's pledge to exterminate and he decides he's going to do it at all cost if i was reading the diary of a german general leading the drive on ask he says i just read when things started going badly they are being deported f from western europe o the front lines. he was outraged because he said we need winter uniforms, ammunition and so forth. so, these are the kind of things going on. during this time that this is happening, and then of course the other event is pearl harbor and the japanese attack on pearl harbor, but thehe number one thg about pearl harbor, japan attacks on the se

face and islam took firm roots here until the region came under the control of the soviet union in the 1920 s. . this marked the start of an era in which atheism became states policy. many muslim leaders were exiled or killed. mosques were closed or destroyed. despite years of state oppression towards religion many people here in azerbaijan held on to their faith. since regaining independence in 1991 many azerbaijanis have once again turned to islam seeking to reassert their identity and fill the ideological fuck you left behind by the collapse of the soviet union. this is some us element of a 31 year old mother of 2. she is one of the muslim school the travelling from. to perform the house pilgrimage to mecca. before leaving she's off to visit her mother . until. 4. days to save it are. most selfish person or if your assertion is that a man is an issue she will warn us. that their. rights are certain makes their. search. immaterial right it's as it. happens. i mean i was exposed to islam from an early age as a teenager she started going to the mosque where she learned how to read and

aren't you talking about soviet? host: harry bruinius is not advocating, he is reporting on his interviews with people and northampton county. harry bruinius, go ahead and respond. guest: the emphasis with democratic-socialist is about democratic control. ideas of a nationalized state that is from the top down -- from what they have told me, it is something they are very much against. they see a role for the federal government in ensuring certain principles when it comes to race and gender, et cetera. otherwise, when it comes to the workplace and when it comes to local economies, what they want to see his democratically consortiums. that is what they seem to be seeking and they are not at all interested in nationalized, top-down hierarchies and certainly not unelected boards that are going to determine various decision-making processes in the economy. i see that as a major difference in what you see from this younger, energized democratic-socialist left. you also brought up a point, if you were born in the 1990's or

and then to detonate to stick on them and withov the soviets. and the lunar three went around the moon. and fortunatelyhe for them they canceled the program as well because it would be a very different perspective with armstrong stepping onto a move that was nuked by both countries only a decade earlier. and with that tongue-in-cheek i wrote this so firmly planted in my cheek it almost hurt at the end of the day. i had no intention of there being a big picture or a lesson to be learned but i talked myself into it by looking at all these programs. and with cold war in second world war is because of a very specific instance. the first line is this is a tbook about desperation. that is what we are seeing. these are all stories about when the united states and others were desperate and with that existential threat. every single presidential debate somehow the existential threat like iran or al qaeda. and then to be a threat to the existence of the united states. and they were a threat and then for all the money in the world and now there are plans b

there were approximately million deaths in the soviet union alo alone, two thirds of them being soviet civilians. there were approximately 15 million chinese killed, approximately 6 million killed. many murdered by the nazis because they were jews. deaths totaled approximately 2 million. germany lost 4 million. japan lost 1 billion. italy's catalysts were about 300,000. after the u.s. entered the war in 1941, approximately 405,000 americans died. the work forever changed american society and made the u.s. the most powerful nation in the world and the work brought the u.s. as the leading player. the effects of world war ii are still being felt today, more than 5000 books have been published on world war ii. i'd like to ask our panelists to discuss the current state of world war ii historiography. there's been a lot of secret archive governments open in recent years and the information is not available if that was not available 15 -- 20 years ago. >> researching world war ii, the oral history was the most important because after all, the people who participated in d-d d-day, their fear f

on august 23rd 1939 germany's foreign minister and the soviet union agreed on an unusual contract in moscow they signed a non-aggression pact the 2 sides pledged to refrain from any act of violence any aggressive act and any attack against each other. the world was shocked up until that point hitler's nazi germany and stalin's communist soviet union had been ideological opponents but what no one knew was that the contract contained a secret additional protocol. in it the 2 countries divided up eastern and north eastern europe among themselves the soviet union planed finland estonia latvia the eastern part of poland and later also lithuania nazi germany claimed the western part of poland. just one week after signing the pact when september 1st $939.00 germany invaded neighboring poland that was the start of the 2nd world war which would eventually claim millions of lives. and joining me now in the studio is veronica priest mike touch a political scientist at european academy in but thank you so much for joining us today veronica i suppose to put it quite simply would wild to have happ

when nikita khrushchev made the first visit of the soviet head of state in the united states, the soviets timed the trip to coincide with the first mission to reach the moon, kind of rubbing our nose in it. they took this image of the far side of the moon. at the time it was a technological triumph. eisenhower could only grin and bear it. 10 weeks after john f. kennedy took office, the soviet union struck again. address,y's inaugural it is suggested aloud that the soviets should explore space together. this memo direct ding -- directing vice president johnson -- take, putting on a space lab, landing a rocket on idea.on, or any other if not, john -- if not john, why not? johnson turned to nasa andnistrator james webb secretary of defense john mcnamara. with the only real hope to have the first person in space landing on the moon. a human mission to mars. proposale practical went out and kennedy took it to and now made his very famous speech, proposing to land a man on the moon and returning safely to earth before this decade is out. phrase not known as the -- the story of the phrase before

that we could to the soviets to keep them in the war. marshall fundamentally disagreed. he didn't believe the soviet union was going to be able to survive the attack by the germans. the russian air force was largely eliminated in the first few weeks of the war. millions of men were killed or taken prisoner. the germans are on the outskirts that he fundamentally didn't believe there was any way the soviets could survive so why waste that equipment when the us and british were going to need it? if the soviets were knocked out of the war it's going to be up to the americans and the british to defeat these german armies. >>> you are probably wondering when the eisenhower piece was ever going to actually kick in. let's talk about gen. eisenhower. he was born in texas october 14 he was born in texas october 14, 1890 and is the third of seven boys. here are the eisenhower brothers with their mother. the family moved to abilene kansas in 1892 but never had a lot of money. he and one of his brothers agreed they would alternate years going to coll

they were trying to keep the soviet union from collapsing. either being defeated or either negotiating a separate piece with the germans. either would be catastrophic for the british and the americans. the americans suggested operation sledge hammer which envisioned not really a large scale invasion of france, but more of a real enforced raid. kind of running -- you know, into france waving their arms saying here we are. and pulling off a number of units from the eastern front. and then in 1943 once they built up enough combat power n that's when the real cross channel would occur. that's when they really dig in their heels and go to war with the germans. fdr, roosevelt approved the plan and sent a small group of americans to england to brief churchill and some of the other folks on this plan. and the british to say the least were not enthusiastic. they argued that they didn't have enough troops in europe to be able to pull this off. and any attack like this would be an enormous gamble with the army that they did have, and so they were simply

as part of the cold war competition with the soviet union. so in the become of everybody's mind, there was still a space station. skylab was the first step toward what now has become the international space station. a huge new facility in earth orbit. now this behemoth behind me is actually the backup skylab space station. it is flight ready. nasa built two of them in case they wanted to do two skylab missions or in case there was some hardware problem with the first skylab orbital workshop. we did make a modification to it. ordinarily, we don't modify flight-ready hardware. but this case, we cut a passage way, two doors into it and laid down a sort of hallway right through the middle of this living quarters so people who visit the knew seem can walk inside skylab. they can see the living quarters. they can look into the bathroom. they see a mannequin at the table with some food out on the table. the shower is set up there. the exercise bicycle is in plain view. they can see the trash air lock right there. and if they look up, they can just b

for instance, when there was the first visit of a soviet head of state to the united states, the soviets timed the trip to coincide with the first mission to reach the moon. luna 2. kind of rubbing our nose in it. and just two weeks after that, they launched luna 3. they took this image of the far side of the moon. it's not much by today's standards, but at the time it was a technological triumph, and eisenhower could only grin and bear it. now, ten weeks after john f kennedy took office, the soviet union struck again watching the first human in space. now, in kennedy's inaugural address, he suggested a aloud in a speech the soviets and the americans should explore space together, but another launch changed that thinking for a time. a frustrated kennedy wrote this memo directing vice president johnson to conduct a survey to find a way, any way, to beat the soviet union in the space race. what would it take, kennedy wanted to know, putting up a space lab, a trip around the moon, landing a rocket on the moon, landing a man on the moon, or any other idea. and note kennedy's impatience. he w

where they're being shot at by the soviet weaponry. and the soviets are trying to get to the moon too i think. how much of it is real politic and how much of it is the lift of the dream. i'll go to you since you were the deputy chief of staff. >> if nothing else, one of the ways we can define president nixon was he was incredibly pragmatic. so the answer to your question is yes, the lift of the driving dream was important. but beating the soviets was equally important. >> and real. >> and real. yeah. >> he was indeed both. and the quaker impulse was in him. unlike in herbert hoover. who was the only other quaker president to serve. the emblem of the logo on the president's grave out here is that it's most important to be remembered as a peacemaker. pat buchanan says in his book about nixon's white house wars that one of the most outstanding and remarkable features of this man was the reality of his commitment to finding peace. >> yes. he was a quaker. he believed in peace at the center. >> did we begin to talk to the soviets in 69. i d

first ventured off the planet into space and all the way to the moon, when the united states and the soviet union began sending craft out to explore the nearby planets. all of this was exciting, thrilling, and people just flocked into the museum to see it. >> in the 40 years since the building opened, we have continued to acquire treasures of space history. we have now about 17,000 artifacts related to space history. we have just over 1000 of them on display in two locations here in the washington area, and then we have another 1500 on display and other museums around the world. >> in the tour today, we are going to look at some of the original artifacts that were the stars of the show when the national aerospace museum opened and we are also going to look at artifacts from history that have been made since then. we will start our tour right here with the lunar module. the icon for the landing on the moon in july 1969. it actually has a companion spacecraft that the apollo command module and, the command module for the service module in the lunar module together carried three astronauts, ne

was he broughtid back some soviet medals, which had been confirmed by the soviet union were acts of braveryxon instructed that those metals be taken on apollo 11 and be left on the moon. talk about the tension approaching the launch. was there entity doubt on your down?hat it was coming to having delays. was there a countdown that you knew was going to be taken on? >> the president's attitude and position on the launch on july 16, and in the landing of the moon on the 20th was that it was one thing over which she had no control. the president had delegated authorities. the technologies and everything involved were the ones he was relying on. if they needed to be done he would absorb them and had agreed with what the authorities said needed to be done. >> was at a national director was back-and-forth? >> he had a science advisor. >> when we get closer to the launch, no presidential event is accidental today. when did the planning begin at the night of the launch in the night of the landing and the phone call? >> the planning recommendations from nasa were probably being generated in the late

and to take a step back, sounds ridiculous, the idea probably came from istanbul, turkey where the soviet embassy was somewhat open, now very difficult to get inside of it. when an american spy noticed that stray cats, would wonder in and out of soviet embassy, certainly inside the courtyard and would sit down and get scratched behind the ears by diplomats and in some cases jump and sit of the laps of kgb member that is were chatting and someone said, i wonder if we could do something with this and the idea kind of filtered back to the agency and this is a time when the agency was thinking big things. we can do big things with science. anybody hold of mk ultra, cia had to do mind control. usually losing lsd and other drugs. understand how the brain work with electronic stimulation, a lot of experiments done on animals. the idea -- i know people laugh on the idea using a cat for anything because cats don't get trained, they don't do what you want them to, we are going to train a cat to be a spy, sure you are, pal. the idea was can we combine this knowledge of animal brains and to be able t

weaponry, by the soviet satellite state, and the soviets are trying to get to the moon, too.tician is politics and the dream -- >> if nothing else one of the ways we can define president nixon is he was incredibly prag n mat i can. the lift of the driving dream was important, beating the soviets was equally important. and real. >> he was both. the quaker impulse was in him, unlike in herbert hoover who was the only other quaker president to serve. the emblem, the logo on the president's grave out here is that it is most important to be remembered as peace maker. pat buchanon says in his book about mix on's white house wars, one of the most outstanding and remarkable features of this man was the reality of his commitment to finding peace. >> he was a quaker. he believed in peace at the center. >> did we begin to talk to the soviets in '69? i don't recall. i don't believe we did. >> i'm a domestic guy, i think they started to put out feelers. >> does anyone recall the soviets reaction to this? >> i don't, no. >> what nixon did, and we'll get to it perhaps is brought back soviet

or the soviets would do the same thing. or would we would try to land something on the moon and it would crash into it instead. so it was kind of a demolition derby in the 1960s. but that was really the essential first stage was to start sending craft out to fly by and to increasingly get closer and closer so that you could determine exactly where they were and what the celestial mechanics of space flight were at an compacting level. so after the fly by was perfected. and the purpose of that was to get a good first look, cameras onboard could send back images, to get a sense of what that body was like, then the next step was to send something to go into orbit around it. again, with cameras and other instruments to try to determine what is the surface like? is there atmosphere? what is it like? what more can we learn by being closer to it and staying in orbit around it? and again there were some near misses on those orbiters as well. but by the early 1970s that problem was pretty well solved. so you have fly by. then you go

there were approximately 30 million deaths at the soviet tunion alone, two thirds of those being soviet civilians. there were approximately 15 million chinese killed, approximately 6 million polls killed, many of them murdered by the nazis because theywere jews . deaths in yugoslavia and the balkans totaled approximately 2 million. germany lost 4 million dead, japan lost 1 million dead, italy's casualties were about 300,000 written law 400,000 soldiers and civilians and after the united states entered the war in 1941, approximately 405,000 americans aservicemen died before the japanese surrendered december 2, 1945. the war forever changed american society and made the united states hethe most powerful nation in the world and the war brought the united states on the world stage as a leading player. the effects of world war ii are still being felt today. more than 5000 books have been published on world war ii and the books coming off the presses as illustrated by the books our office have just published. i'd like to ask our panelists to discuss the current state of world war ii historiog

the challenge soviet era methodology. through making creating and performing. turning a generation of children. into the trailblazers of tomorrow. after school armenia part of the rebel education series. on al-jazeera. multiple fatalities are reported in a shooting attack in the us state of ohio just hours after a mass shooting in texas. and the police in texas are investigating whether that shooting that killed 20 people paso was a hate crime. hello i'm don jordan this is odd as they are live from doha also coming up protests as up back on the streets of hong kong a day after police fired tear gas to disperse them. thousands more indian troops are deployed to kashmir as hindu pilgrims and tourists the lives and leave of a security concern.

and russia walk away from a soviet era treaty on new kill weapons nato responds. with mirrors what russia. we don't long continued on church. each side blames the other for ending the medium range missile an agreement with north korea for restraint. also coming up dollar from slaps a new 10 percent tariff of $300000000000.00 but the chinese goods markets tumble as relations between the top 2 economies take a shot for the us and. for a german village of fuckin is transformed into the hard drive capital of the what. kind of welcome. good to have your company nato secretary-general e n stockton bird has insisted the west does not want a new global arms race his comments came as a nuclear weapons treaty dating from the days of the soviet union collapsed. the ending of the intimidated grange nuclear forces the i.n.f. agreement doesn't have a limit on awesomeness of both the u.s. and russia stilton bank says russia is to blame because it has developed a new cruise missile. we will not mirror what threshold us we don't want a new on surface and we have no intention to de

late 1991, soviet union collapsed, breaking into 15 post soviet states, including russia. happened at a time in donald trump's life when he was preoccupied with things he found far more interesting than the world events that were happening all around him. he had other things to do and other people to hang out with. so maybe that would explain why at a rally yesterday, trump described the breakup of the soviet union as some sort of rebranding effort? >> we're now the largest energy producer in the entire world, bigger than soviet union formerly. remember the soviet union, when it was all together? the soviet union when it was all together, before they decided we got to call ourselves russia. >> yeah that. >> just got together and we're all together but we got to call ourselves russia. that is one way of looking at it. there are competing theories, and it is in disagreement with the historical analysis by a certain historian, donald j. trump. . >> russia used to be the soviet union. afghanistan made it russia. because they went bankrupt fighting in afghanistan, russia. and l

but it disappeared for a long time under the soviet union. for example to train thai gunsight dogs to hunt and also to train birds to hunt these ancient traditions weren't allowed to ring the soviet union. this year the celebration of the cag is hunting heritage here in the e.c. cool region has attracted around $100.00 competitors from across the country as well as international tourists i'm very impressed why he's for additional games and especially for me i think the past was beautiful is when we hadn't. was. with the revival of sa group huntsman like i fix when i'm on by i can now hope that the special bond between the golden eagle and the kindest people will be kept alive for generations to come. in hong kong though any special bond that existed between the government and the people seems to be breaking every day as protests continue and for the 2nd day running for test has disrupted operations of the international or under the top of the airport again today the show of defiance follows an increase in the use of force by police that anti-

style of the soviet union. so the sign is officially secret what they do is show a secret. if. there is no clear information of what actually happened what was developed. if you would declassify or start to almost be talk about walt. happen dare you mind to actually give away to the world or you're researching ah it's not so cutting edge as you claim it used numerous propaganda tapes the russian oil has been told about it to eat that might be embarrassing there is sort of the usual bureaucratic hurdle it's the armed forces are a state within the state that is hardly controlled and are not accountable to anybody but putin himself and he if he doesn't want to be cleared up it will not be cleared up i mean it's very very concerning of course for the people who live nearby these areas but how concerning is it for you as an observer as well to see this these types of accidents happen do you expect more of these accidents happen in the near future all the problems with any kind of the well and you can never rule out

was a time of huge social and economic upheaval and even chaos here in russia after the fall of the soviet union and for many russians it really represents a kind of trauma that they have been struggling to get over for the last for the last 20 years while he has been in power he came to power to rising oil prices so that brought an economic upturn and many russians see him as really having as they say raised russia from its knees and he's come to represent the restoration of of kind of dignity and a sense of national pride here in russia and that seems to be one of his key goals as president to distil the building of russia in the soviet eva how has this good shift his foreign policy do you think emily. i think it's been very fundamental to shaping his foreign policy kind of presenting russia after having having that loss of dignity of the fall of the soviet union kind of restoring russia's great power status has been his main goal when it comes to international policy and when he 1st came to power in the early 2000 he really tried to kind of build good relations with the west he was the

that seems to have been one of his key goals as president to distil the building of russia in the soviet eva how has this good shift to foreign policy do you think emily. i think it's been very fundamental to shaping his foreign policy kind of presenting russia after having having that loss of dignity of the fall of the soviet union kind of restoring russia's great power status has been his main goal when it comes to international policy when he 1st came to power in the early 2000 he really tried to kind of build good relations with the west he was the 1st leader for example who expressed his condolences to george w. bush after 911 in 2001 but there is a perception here among observers that he kind of was knocking on closed doors when it comes to the west and that in a way that has also defined the way russia's foreign policy has often been to science towards the west including for example with the annexation of the crimean peninsula in 2014 which was condemned broadly in the international community even though it has been very popular here in russia and i think letting your putin has in

many members of congress went to the soviet union at that time. i went to the soviet union. the soviet union followed us and they knew we were going to be critical. we knew we would criticize them in the soviet union and when we got back. we met people who told us about what the conditions were really like for soviet jews. i came back, i criticized the soviet union. >> and that was actually an adversarial government. america and israel are not adversarial. >> but the soviet union didn't shut its doors to us. and actually some positive things came from those trips. one of the things that came out of it was a corporation agreement over evidence about nazi war criminals living in the united states which would never have been possible if we had not gone there. so important things can come out of congressional meetings with people in other countries. one, you can voice your displeasure to the government officials. two, you can actually learn much more about how these countries are working, both for good and for bad, if that's the case. and why would you stop it? >> and your mind

welcome emily now so think putin became president at a time of great political turbulence in both soviet russia did people back then think he would still be here today 20 years later. well when he was appointed prime minister he was basically an unknown on the political scene in russia in fact so much so that when he became president just a few later a few months later excuse me one american journalist famously asked who is mr putin but he always represented a contrast to the former president boris yeltsin who was kind of known as a bit of a drunk putin was young report represented a new face always emphasize that he didn't drink and he has come to represent stability here you have to remember that he came to power just after the ninety's which was a time of huge social and economic upheaval and even chaos here in russia after the fall of the soviet union and for many russians it really represents a kind of trauma that they have been struggling to get over for the last for the last 20 years while he has been in power he came to power to rising oil prices so that brought an economic uptur

the root of the tension was this the soviet s s 20 missile a nuclear warhead that could strike western europe at short notice. that worried those european countries on the other side of the iron curtain were well within the missiles reach of 5 and a half 1000 kilometers. the u.s. response was to deploy its own mid range pershing missiles in europe that was met with protests across the west the demonstrations showed demand for a new direction the result was the i.n.f. treaty it banned all ground launched ballistic missiles with ranges of between 505 and a half 1000 kilometers the soviet union got rid of 1846 intermediate range missiles and the united states about half as many. by $991.00 a total of $2692.00 missiles were destroyed. now president onil trump has officially withdrawn the us from the treaty washington and its nato allies say russia has deployed new intermediate ground missiles that violate the i.n.f. sterns moscow for its part has also pulled out of the treaty charging that washington has breached the i n f by setting up missile defense stations in eastern europe the analys

and soviet union alone testing nuclear the 1960's. if we're going to go back to a period of testing weapons, i fear our escscalating rarates of cancer, espepecially thyroroid cancers which are often chart, will continue to cause a real problem for human health globally. amy: you just came from estonia where people in the baltics -- were the people in the baltics concerned about what is taking place? >> yes. but they're even more concerned about how they're going to solve the fossil fuel problems. , electricityle oil and the tiny country in the baltics, and they make a very big footprint in terms of producing carbon into the atmosphere. green partieswo in estonia and are both on the right and both went to them at two nuclear reactors. a lot of people are nervous about it. they have lived in the shadow of chernobyl for the last 30 years. amy: where going to go to a break and come back to talk about what happen in chernobyl and what lessons can be learned. kate brown is a professor of science, technology and society at m.i.t., specializi

soviet union, belarus detected it as well.e not telling us whether they are doing an evacuation of the citizens from one of the town's affected. they said we're going to, then said they're not. who knows what they're telling the russians, according to russian media, some of the physicians were angry, too, because all of a sudden these people who were contaminated with radiation showed up at the hospital, and the physicians weren't warned. so it's unfortunate and this is the russian government making another mistake, a soviet mistake, and they have made a bunch of soviet mistakes under vladimir putin and this is the latest one. >> talk about the dangers way russia does handle the after math of one of these events. >> these missiles are flying chernobyls, this is a 60-year-old idea, maybe a 60-year-old technology. we tried something like this in the 50s and 60s. one of the reasons we stopped it was because there was no way to control the radio activity spewing from this mini reactor powering the long range cruise missiles. we in

meanwhile the soviet union continued to surprise and confound. when chris jeff made the first visit of the soviet head of state, they timed the trip to coincide for the first mission , kind of rubbing her nose in it. two weeks after that they took the image to the far side of the moon. at the time it was a tech logical triumph. eisenhower could only grin and bear it. 10 weeks after john f. kennedy took office, the soviet union struck again watching the first human in space. in kennedy's inaugural address it was allowed in a speech that the soviets and americans should so explore space together at the lunch changed that thinking. a frustrated kennedy wrote this memo directing the vice president johnson to find a way, anyways to beat the soviet union. what would it take? a space lab, a trip around the moon? or any other idea. note his impatience. he wanted to know if the people involved in the space program working 28-- 24 hours a day, and if not, why not? to get the answers, johnson turns to james webb and the secretary of defense john mcnamara be