the soviet occupation. not just jdr, but also all this part. so the soviets got good part of germany, and what was decided -- there was demarcation lines, that's to the question about the general and prague and so on and so forth. already demarcation lines from 1944, and the expectation was that if the soviet troops or the american or the british troops would cross that line, they would withdraw. that's what actually was happening. now the question on the reparations. asking for 20 billion, got permission to take 10 billion. they couldn't take all of that because with the start of the cold war. and the factor -- the creation of western germany, western sphere of occupation and eastern germany here, the soviets lost access through the equipment and other things that were in rural and in other areas, which were in western part of germany. they ended up occupying mostly agricultural areas. and when the marshall plan kicked in, molotov said, okay, we can't -- we can't keep taking more and more from our sphere o

since the soviets had not been off to munich so they couldn't blame the soviets.that explains to a good part their election result in 1946. you are right, patton and third army -- i knew one of them had been across the border and check count but they were stopped to go on to prague even though they could've liberated prague. that was a sort of decision to hold the l bee river in germany and had to do with the fact that there was wartime agreements that the military leadership eisenhower marshal didn't want to break with the soviets. since the soviets were already liberated soviet by beginning of may 1945, it was not far for them to get to prague. prague is an interesting city in the sense that it has suffered very little destruction during world war ii. vienna and budapest were destroyed very heavily and of course churchill early on had wanted to liberate those cities himself by the west. he had a so-called gap strategy. if i can get it. it is sort of down here. the capital of slovenia. nowadays it is well-known in the united states and is the home country of the

the soviet documents and soviet position look like a black box because there are no access to the sovietarchives. they were surely trying to create stalin not only as good or as bad as the western politicians but also to a degree that their argument is there and that stalin was eruptive in victory by the western maneuver. then in the cold war, brought access to the soviet archives. that allowed us to look at the yalta conference, not just from the perspective of the source that we have from the western side but also from the soviet side. not to surprise, many found out that stalin was quite dishonest in the position that he was taking in the way he was playing the game. the fact that the premise was bogged, that all of this information was reported to human so on and so forth. i can't cover probably everything that was discussed after all, it took them eight days to do that. i got roughly 40 minutes. i will try to do my best but i will try to touch upon the major themes associated with the start of the conference and major blocks of the issues, questions that were discussed there. i prom

another soviet -- or photo from the soviet archives, here you can see winston churchill.e is not happy. he is not happy for a number of reasons. and my colleague, professor bishop, will probably be talking about his happiness and unhappiness. but one of the reasons why he is he realizes for the first time that britain becomes a third rate power. literally third rate. so at the top would be the soviet union and the united states, and number three, still not bad, pretty good, especially by today's standards. but britain would be there. it was not obvious earlier when most of the soldiers on the western side, that were on the front lines, they were british. now the americans after d-day outnumber the british. the british are the junior partner already in this alliance that is working in the west, and when you bring in stalin that diminishes the british negotiating power. and he wants a lot. e gavets really to -- h away the balkans to a degree in 1944 to stalin, but he is not prepared to do the same with poland. so the future of germany, the role of france as a great power wi

getting precise numbers is never easy for a soviet operation because the soviets were always all over the place in their numbers. it was often part of disinformation campaigns about how big these operations had been. but let us say roughly 1.5 million men. i'm going about 500,000 per front. 3,000 aircraft, tavengs for a single operation. japanese force defending manchuria. usually in japanese propaganda terms, the great guandong army, counterinsurgency for over a decade. best units, elite units had been bled off for the fight in the pacific by august 1945. it was far below its authorized strength. ranks were filled with light or obsolete equipment. soviet mechanized assault on august 9th simply blew it away. i'm trying to think of some other way to -- that's not a technical military term. the russian offensive that smashed german army group center. if you could use it as a vertebra, the great guangdong army was. utterly vaporized in about two weeks of fighting with hundreds of thousands of japanese prisoners falling into soviet hands. so, in other words, the japanese forces at manchur

looks like the soviets might survive.he strategic implications for the war against hitler are impossible to overstate. what happens in the western allies? the question is what can they do to help the soviet union? the british are extended, the americans are not ready, the logistics to the soviet union are difficult. the one thing identified in washington and london is they think and sincerely believe if the japanese were to join the soviets in the attack, that might be the knockout blow so they decide what is the most important thing to do is keep china in the war, keep japan tied down. they receive important information from harry hopkins who had been on a mission for president roosevelt, was his principal advisor, a combination of national security adviser and chief of staff, he had an interview with stalin himself and in the interview stalin had said what are the most immediate things you need and stalin said i need antiaircraft guns and aluminum and he comes back with the message that you can't use aluminum on the bat

stalin didn't want to leave the soviet union. when we talk about summits, this is a early tivoli recent phenomenon in international diplomacy. winston churchill as he coined many important concepts of 20th century political history also turned -- coined the term summitry. when there was a chase on and who would first clear the summit of mount everest. that sort of fired up the imagination of contemporary people. from that he sort of took term summitry. historian david reynolds has written an excellent book on 20th-century summits and the first big one was actually the munich conference in 1938. yaltas before tehran and what we are going to talk about today. the way professor reynolds put it, it was made possible by air travel, made necessary by weapons of mass destruction and made into household news by the mass media. all three elements as crucial in modern summitry. into the very complete outline by dr. stoler and march you through it. of variouss sort summit conferences before the yalta summit and in his preliminary marks he w

since the soviets had not been involved in munich. they couldn't blame the soviets.ult in 1946. you are right, patton and the third army were -- some american soldiers -- i knew one of them had been over across the border in czech towns. they were stopped to go on to prague. even though they could have liberated prague. that was the same kind of decision, remember eisenhower's decision to halt at a river in germany? there was war-time agreements that the military leadership, eisenhower, marshal, didn't want to break with the soviets. since the soviets had already liberated slovakia by beginning of may 1945, it was not far for them to get to prague. prague is an interesting city in the sense that it suffered very little destruction during world war ii. vienna and budapest were destroyed heavily. of course, churchill early on had wanted to liberate those cities himself by the west. remember, he had a so-called strategy. if i can get this -- it's down here, the capital of slovenia. it's well-known in the united states since it's the home country of the first lady. it's

this is amazing because the soviets never use that a retired an expert on all things soviet military, he called his book august storm in 1983 and is my understanding that is why we all refer to this operation is august storm and frankly if the option is that strategic operation, maybe we are better off with august storm, whatever you call it. it was one of the wars most massive and successful blows. with three fronts, the germans use the term front in the way we use army group. we use it and they indefinite way. the soviets have a technical use for it. three great army groups were fronts of raided around the great mind korean -- the second far eastern front and the first far eastern front. getting precise numbers is never easy for a soviet operation because the soviets were always all over the place in their numbers. it was often part of disinformation campaigns about how big these operations had been. let us say roughly 1 million and a half men, i am going about 500,000 per front. the japanese forced defending manchuria, the army usually in japanese, propaganda the great army, it's a

soviets did not have clear procedures. it took the soviets almost two years to find a new leader.ntually crew chef emerged by the spring of 1965 and that's when things started to move again. >> gentlemen, the next question -- did you have a point to add? give? had what we had to we dealt with that. ok. is,ne thing that puzzles me what are all of these percentages? the people in the resources. i have always wondered exactly what churchill was thinking about when he was doing these percentages of influence. >> i can see myself making a note like that. maybe all of us can. maybe you're working on ideas in your head. or 10 days is a week of this discussion of this very point of fluid have influence. the wisdom of the typical american undergraduate. some would say, what does 10% of greece actually mean? >> theoretically it could have been just an effort to at least symbolically say, we will not withdraw entirely. stalin a freeve hand even if there was not a of talk behind it. that 10% role of what would happen to romania later really do not mean anything. that thek understanding of the

getting precise numbers is never easy for a soviet operation because the soviets were all over the place in their numbers. it was often part of disinformation campaigns about how big his operations had been. let's say 1.5 million men, 20,000 guns, 3000 aircraft. the japanese force defending manchuria, the army, referred to as the great guandung army. its best units, its elite unit had been bled off for the fight in the pacific by august, 1945. it was far below its authorized strength. the ranks were filled with raw recruits and conscripts with light or obsolete equipment. so the soviet assault on august 9 blew it away. that is not a technical military term. the soviet army smashed the japanese army. thinking back to 1944, not only d-day, but also the anniversary of the belarusian offensive. utterly vaporized in about two weeks of ape -- teresa fighting. -- in two weeks of fighting with hundreds of japanese prisoners falling into soviet hands in two weeks of fighting. note that date august 9. the u.s. dropped an atomic bomb on august 6 on hiroshima and nagasaki on august 9. a series of st

austraya delivered oil to the soviet union all the way up until 1960. but what historian has reminded us recently often, dr. plokhy briefly mentioned it, we need to keep that in mind too, is the fact that the americans got reparations too from germany, even though they didn't demand any at yalta. how did they get it? in a smart way. they sent teams into germany to take prediction methods, to take patents out of german corporations. and apparently that then saved companies like dupont, who took many of these production plants billions of dollars. so it is assumed by historians that this smart way of intellectual reparations actually netted the united states 10 billion or so too. so we say it was turned down at yalta. but in the long run, both sides got what they wanted. >> i would like to throw in one thing also, gun ther, about this notion of myths. they're easiest to sell when there's a kernel of truth. i don't believe in the big lie. you just invent some crazy thing and say it enough times. let me talk about poland. we've taught under gradwats. i love

this time against the threat of soviet tyranny. a new conflict loomed. a cold war with an expansionist communist bloc that disdained freedom and crushed the human spirit. such an evil had to be resisted and for after the expenditure of so much blood and treasure during the war, how could the world be sentenced to another dark night of tyranny? but the post of leader of opposition, though in trying the british system of government was not normally a platform for world statesmanship. british foreign policy was fashioned by the government, led by the prime minister. and while clement atly was a good and honorable man and disliked the soviets in near brutal ways, he was not the man to lead a crusade. another general election was far on the future. but there seemed no time to lose. how could churchill regain his voice and reinvigorate the old alliance with the americans? the answer came in the unlikely form of a letter from the president of westminster college in fulton, missouri, an obscure institution two a few hundred students, inviting him to accept an ho

the soviets are about to take berlin. the western allies as well that is the contest for the conferenc -- context for the conference. issues that were discussed, the conference apart from the military coordination of the military, the activity on the eastern front and the western front, was of course the future of germany. and we talked about that a little bit earlier. the question was whether or not there would be small germanys, roosevelt saying when i was a student and i travelled and everything was wonderful and peaceful, and the german states -- he has no real problem with dividing germany into a number of states. chur churchill was also excited about that. germany, but in yalta he was the one who was pushing for that. and fdr and churchill were champions of that idea and they were in a position where they were not prepared to commit, and the main reason for that is they advised they brought from their state department to a foreign office. and the advice was if you try to introduce something like that you would have

. -- the soviets. he achieved his dream and returned to prime minister in 1951, as andrew robbins relates in his brilliant biography of church and will that churchill's only novel, in which he had written a hero, a projection of himself, after the tumbles had succeeded, the hearts of the people turned again to the illustrious exile who had won them freedom and whom they had deserted in the hour of victory. traveled to washington soon thereafter to meet with president truman and deliver his third speech to a joint meeting of congress. he marveled at the changes that had transpired since his last such address, and urged members to persevere steadfastly and faithfully in the task to which, under united states leadership, we have solemnly bound ourselves. any weakening of our purpose, any disruption of our organization would ring about the very evils which we all which we allom suffer, and from which many of us would perish. continued, we must not lose patience and we must not lose hope. it may be that pre

the soviet union was struggling very badly. roosevelt and churchill could and to reconstruct the soviet union german reparations were to be needed. but there was a lesson to be learned from world war i that if you insist on reparations it might create bad politics. that was one of the big issues s very early picked up. ii, correct dr. plok stalin got hisg, millions. even if it was not through yalta , he got it through various means. when they realized that was not such a good deal they often did not know how to put these industries back together. then they decided to take reparations out of current production in germany. and that is how the soviets got $10 billion. they took reparations from austria, too. found out ae i remarkable thing. the soviets took as much reparations out of their ports in austria as the u.s. poured into their port in austria. that would almost make you think the u.s. paid the reparations -- [laughter] >> there's no such thing as a coincidence. that bischof: i thought was pretty remarkable. they took repa

all of these lie in the soviet sphere and all are subject, in one form or another, not only to soviet influence, but to a very high and in some cases increasing measure of control from moscow. truman was publicly noncommittal. he denied, however, however im any knowledge of what churchill was going to say. he was president of the united states. but on that day, he was a supporting player to the most famous statesman on earth. did he feel, as the british journalist alister cook suspected at the time, wistful envy in the immense shadow of churchill? cook thought later the truman doctrine was conceived as the president listened to churchill's call to action. one could only wonder, but there is a pleasing simmettry to the fact that precisely one year later the president would announce his own vision for confronting the new scourge of communist tyranny. churchill would return to downing street in 1951 and focus almost all of his remeaning energies on brokering a peace with the russians. by but he and his country would play only a supporting role in the drama to come. without either of them

the soviet union was struggling very badly. roosevelt and churchill could see that as they traveled. and in order to reconstruct the soviet union, german reparations were to be needed. but there was a lesson to be learned from world war i that if you insist on german reparations it might create bad politics. as it did in germany. that was one of the big issues that the nazis very early picked up. but i think he correctly remarked, stalin got his $10 million. even if it was not through yalta, he got it through various means. when they realized that was not such a good deal since they often did not know how to put these industries back together. or they became rusty in polish rail yards, it's being said, too. then they decided to take reparations out of current production in germany. and that is how the soviets got their $10 billion. and i might just remind you, they took reparations from austria, too. that is where i found out a remarkable thing. the soviets took as much reparations out of their zone in austria as the u.s. poure

baltic sea with the soviet navy was also up racing. the ship was detected until peta by a soviet submarine. at least 9300 people died in the sinking. siblings kind of legally it was not a war crime at all because the ghost law for the sailing without lights in a conflict zone man was armed and carrying soldiers as well so in a sense if you look at the laws of war the attack on the ghost life was legal. whether it's not legitimate is another question and you know you can decide for yourself blood for. on the other side of the globe the war was continuing on a base it the u.s. navy was cruising off the strategically important japanese island of jima about 1200 kilometers south of tokyo. in mid february $945.00 battleships opened fire on the island which is only 21 square kilometer his in size they had support from u.s. bomb is based in the mariana islands. as evil commies or you would you know these volcanic island or family was operationally important as the because it had air bases taking money documents to escort bombers or as an emer

of the soviets invaded western europe or grabbed west berlin and we responded by blowing up the soviet union they could blow up us and that is when it was decided we should have some conventional weapons so we don't have to go nuclear right away but also thought about limited nuclear war. maybe if a war starts maybe we can just launch some weapons at their military forces and tell them if you strike back against us we will take the weapons we have left and hit your cities. the people who came up with the idea had serious doubts whether this was plausible. they thought, if they had to bet on it they would bet that it would all go sky high from the outset that they figured if there's a small chance this might be controlled let's go for it. and so president kennedy comes into office with the situation. the war plan was still, the blowup everything, in berlin the russians are threatening by the end of the year, taking over berlin. most of you realize that some of you do not, berlin, west berlin, it was 100 miles inside east germany, a small enclave of freedom and democracy and there is no

the ship was detected and to peter by a soviet submarine. at least 9300 people died in the sinking. crank legally it was not a war crime at all because the ghost law for sailing without lights in a conflict zone and was armed and carrying soldiers. as well so in a sense if you look at the laws of war the attack on the ghost life was legal. whether as a legitimate is another question and you know you can decide for yourself but for. on the other side of the globe the war was continuing on a base it the u.s. navy was cruising off the strategically important japanese island of. about 1200 kilometers south of tokyo in mid february $945.00 battleships opened fire on the island and which is only 21 square kilometers in size they had is support from us bomb is based in the mariana islands. as evil commies or you would you know these all kind of cargo family was operationally important stuff because it had air bases that the money goes to escort bombers or has an emergency landing site for them so they sell their sights on the will jima in 4 course. cameraman from the u.s. office of war inf

all taxi with his soviet navy was also up racing. his ship was detected until peta by soviet submarine. at least 9300 people died in the sinking. siblings kind click legally it was not a war crime at all because the ghost law for sailing without lights in a conflict zone man was armed and carrying soldiers as well so in a sense if you look at the laws of war the attack on the ghost life was legal. well there is a lot of legitimate is another question and you know you can decide for yourself bud for. on the other side of the globe the war was continuing on a base it the us navy was cruising off the strategically important japanese island of jima about 1200 kilometers south of tokyo. in mid february $945.00 battleships opened fire on the island which is only 21 square kilometers in size they had is support from us bomb is based in the mariana islands. hebrew commons or you would you know these volcanic island her family was operationally important as the because it had air bases that the money goes to escort bombers to war as an emerge

soviet union falls. but -- so we remain pretty constant throughout the cold war and then once the cold war is ultimately over we start to shift to dismantlement. so pantex still has a vital function. furthermore, today, we're focused on life extension programs, so that we ensure that we have a safe, reliable stockpile for the future, for the united states to be a credible nuclear deterrent. >> when we started building nuclear weapons back in the 1950s we did not have a highway system. there was not a highway system in this country so almost everyone and everything traveled more by train -- by rail than by highway. in the meantime to move the goods, these rail cars were especially designed by national laboratories for carrying nuclear weapons safely. announcer: you can watch this and other programs on the history of communities across the country at c-span.org/citiestouyr. this is american history tv, only on c-span 3. announcer: next, university of notre dame professor darren dochuk talks about the oil i

for some years britain the soviet union and the united states had been. united against the nazis and. now as their forces moved into germany itself the end of the war in europe seemed only a matter of time british prime minister winston churchill soviet dictated joseph stalin and u.s. president franklin d. roosevelt focused on concrete planning for the post will future they had sketched out at the tehran summit more than a year earlier. and i don't think it was important to big 3 met at the altar the 1st issue was the westward shift of poland for sure they'd already discussed out of tehran now it was decision time and it was clear that there would be occupation sons done but for i didn't when they talked about what to do in the pacific not so much but sufficient. so far the soviet union had not participated in the fighting in the pacific but roosevelt's health was declining and he wanted to bring moscow along side to end the war quickly and avoid further heavy losses. thoughts roosevelt approached stalin and told him that he needed him in the pacific he n

many germans feared the soviet red army would exact a terrible revenge. to mention how much. they were simply afraid they had been told that the subhuman russians are coming and they were afraid of the red army that of course they also knew about the atrocities the german forces had committed in the soviet union but that was known as the solar mission to that extent it was a mixture of prejudice against the russian subhumans had a realistic assessment that the red army would not be squeamish and its advance and a clear recognition of the mass crimes that germany had committed and a fear of vengeance the money it's forget to 1st that. many of the roughly 2 and a half 1000000 people living in east prussia at the time wanted to flee their homes as fast as possible and head west but most of them couldn't. you know it's an odd sort of a fluke for one boy to die for a long time the nazis had forbidden people to flee or they wanted them to stay put and oppose the advancing soviet army colonel and this was certainly one reason why the escape was later so chaotic and violent. people d

for some years britain the soviet union and the united states had been. knighted against the nazis and. now as their forces moved into germany itself the end of the war in europe seemed only a matter of time british prime minister winston churchill and soviet dictator joseph stalin and u.s. president franklin d. roosevelt focused on concrete planning for the post will future they've sketched out at the tehran summit more than a year earlier. and talked of equals in point a big 3 met at the alter the 1st issue was the westward shift of poland you just wish they'd already discussed out of toronto now it was decision time and it was clear that there would be occupation some done but for i think when they talked about what to do in the pacific it's almost but if you could. say father sylvia the union had not participated in the fighting in the pacific but roosevelt's health was declining and he wanted to bring moscow onside to end the war quickly and avoid further heavy losses. thoughts roosevelt approached stalin and told him that he needed him in the pacifi

in a senior soviet scientist and an army colonel worked at version and in the our old sea it was here year after year that the soviet union tested weapons loaded with the most deadly diseases imaginable the political year is full of the recipients of the stuff. we should be able to get in really we were able to give. police a resolution to this reward to there is still a war. but there were serious be real to the case that year was go home with a 1000000000. dollars it is terrible to hear google is over with this. sport as the rest of us are but really this ball is it really is a war should you be. a russian chemical weapons center a chick county on the river it's suspected that chemical and biological weapons are still being developed at sites like this so western satellites have been watching for years. the soviet biological weapons program was roughly the same size as the nuclear weapons program and it was ultra secret very deeper than. so we're talking about roughly 50 facilities and upwards of 50000 scientists and technicians that's a lot of technical talent could or the developm

sort of new doctrine for world dominance presented by the united states after the collapse of the soviet union what that white paper made clear was that the u.s. wasn't going to have a peace dividend that because the cold war was over because the warsaw pact had had disintegrated that then nato could be disarmed and the us could use all of the money spent on militarism and war to help human beings like pay for health care or affordable housing indeed what what the white paper established was that the u.s. must now seek to carry out unit polar dominance over all other potential rivals in the world and the and the letter says very clearly we will allow no potential rival 'd to challenge us dominance and that's been the operational principle for the last 27 years but in fact it's come apart it's come apart because the u.s. got bogged down in the wars in the middle east while china came up it got bogged down in the wars in the middle east while russia got back on its feet and so these 2 other major centers of power china and russia big enough big enough economies and strong enough militaries

the soviet press reprinted the speech in its entirety. and khrushchev embraced it as he told the ambassadors from thea us the best president sends roosevelt and then kennedy was assassinated and then khrushchev one year later s d that 1964 is where it begins. so various presidents with the war plan try to institute the plan to make things limited but one thing i discovered is that secretary of defense with signed statements that would escalate with the attack in people of omaha paid no attention they would always be written into the guidance to the extent it does not compromise military objectives but it did compromise military objectives. so this is the all out plan until the administration starting with reagan and ending with george h.w. bush reagan turns out to be morei interestingg character in a good way and in a weird way. first of all reagan was a nuclear abolitionist why he was so keen on the star wars defensive shield so every missile coming your way would make it obsolete two or three people believe that's of the program was act

i think many of us were very surprised at the enormity of the soviet and. rise because i think until the end of the cold war we really didn't understand how big it was and they said this is officer the purpose of this we're going to make vaccines organisms for pesticide use and so on and that's what there is of what they call the legend system that their real purpose and they become by far the biggest biological warfare program that the world has ever seen and probably the most sophisticated. a lot of what the io they do exist. but my sister saved me when i lost my last year with my family who talked about the reality of addiction in the arab wilds and the struggle for covering. it was just me and it's a drug. i'll just say oh well it goes inside a rehab clinic in the nile downtown. rehab egypt edge of a diction on al-jazeera. april on al-jazeera. countries are imposing drastic measures to contain the coronavirus pandemic we'll bring you all the latest developments from around the world both untold stories from across asia pacific one i want east brings new

the soviet biological weapons program was roughly the same size as the nuclear weapons program and it was ultra secret bury deeper than. so we're talking about roughly 50 facilities and upwards of 50000 scientists and technicians that's a lot of technical talent put to. the development of these types of weapons begins to plants against animals against people. and i think many of us were very surprised at the enormity of the soviet enterprise because i think until the end of the cold war we really didn't understand how big it was they said this is officer the purpose of this we're going to make vaccines organisms for pesticide use and so on and that's where there's what they call the legend system that the real purpose and they become by far the biggest biological warfare program that the world has ever seen and probably most of us to. join the global conversation off the bubble to the people to expand their brains maybe have a different view this is a dialogue women in cambodia are in fact telling their here we don't know how much they're getting paid for it it's hard to track it's ha

militarist they they look at what happened with the soviet union the u.s. was slipping in the world at that time there were revolutions all over the world that was when iran happened in afghanistan in nicaragua and vietnam cambodia laos in goa mozambique guinea-bissau out ethiopia you name it but the united but the reagan administration using the club of militarism they doubled the military budget they put enormous pressure on the soviet union and ultimately the soviet union for a lot of reasons cracked apart and the us became sort of the ruler of the roost again and i think the u.s. intends to overthrow the government in china and they hope that in the post putin era russia will come apart and that would be the way they're used to polarity would be reassembled and i think that's the real plan here ok well i think it's an interesting plan but i think it's really really far fetched ok if you look at the the end band i mean it's a far fetched you know but i think that i thinking you know because we're all the stuff we've seen in the last 2 decades i think you

this is a soviet reenactment of london's men men storming the winter palace in st. petersburg.evolution was much less dramatic and the provisional government yielded with little bloodshed. >> many did not expect the new regime to hold on to power any longer from the provisional government. >> when lenin and the bolsheviks received power they really were a tiny minority and immediately the bolshevik regime found itself embroiled in a civil war which it won militarily but it also one because the bolsheviks had been very successful in their use of propaganda to win what we might, nowadays call the hearts and minds of the russian people. ♪ bret: two posters, leaflets and speakers lenin tried to convince russians of just who were the enemies of the people and who were their saviors. ♪ bret: lenin did not stop with propaganda. the enemies of the people were marked for retribution. this included priests, many peasants and his political opponents. lenin began with nicholas - the last czar to reign over russia. >> him, his wife, their five children, their doctor, their servants were all

as no one needs to be reminded, the soviet union resolved over two decades ago.t first there was thereafter a very substantial opening of access to records, but over the years there has been in the russian federation something of a reversal. ironically precisely in the years in which in other countries there has been an increasing willingness to open records up. certainly there has been more access both to russian scholars and to those from other countries than was true in the former soviet union, but the reality remains that the access has been for some years and is currently behind that of all other major world war ii allies. and our point in the next portion of this talk, the current restrictive policy is extremely likely to keep even those who insist on locking up parts of the record from ever being able to benefit from reading it themselves. the issue of access is very closely related to the issue of preservation. in world war ii, all religions deliberately utilized poor paper in order to use their resources for more important things. the paper is in the pro

it was called for the soviets, but not cold overall. it ended in 1989, in november when the program suddenly came down. a couple years later the soviet union dissolved in 1991. putting the nails in the coffin of the cold war. we are now talking about a new cold war. we have a different class in different topic. this is a good image to start the discussion. we see an aerial photograph. if you recognize where i am going, to keep those ideas to the side and look at the image. let's see what we can recognize concretely. what are some features of this landscape that we can see? anyone -- can see? anyone? noah. >> the right-hand part of the picture. >> we see a landscape right here. anything else? good. we see trees. roads and such right here. with the basic things. trees, roads, and some ambiguous looking objects here and there. we might even say this picture is boring, or does not have any excitement or is not consequential. when we think about how this photograph functions and what it depicts, it becomes one of the most consequential photo

and cold war between the americans and soviet. hot wars elsewhere. idea of a cold war facilitates a battle of images, of information, not so much military force. in the battle of information images, photography is a crucial battlefield during the cold war and this is what we'll be talking about today. we see this battle even in something like, you know, senator joseph mccarthy's actions in the early 1950s in america. you might know senator mccarthy became charging thousands of communists who had infiltrated the highest levels of american government. and to do so you see this photograph taken in the u.s. congress. he is literally using photographs to prove some kind of relationship between someone and a communist. and so he's using photographs for evidence in one of these hearings. but let's turn our attention to this photograph right here. i put the identifying figures at the bottom of the image because mccarthy's aides, his assistants distributed a copy of this photograph widely in maryland in 1950. and it shows a maryland senator, miller tightings

in the first weeks of the german invasion of the soviet union. this is occasionally as evidence for a first step, that would be followed by radicalization, subsequently. what is missing here is any reference to the reality of the early fighting on the eastern front. the german assault surprised the red army that stalin had held back as he disregarded all warnings from his own intelligence service and from the british and american governments. the german forces, under these circumstances, advance very rapidly. and the german army's chief of staff, general holda, was sure on july 3rd, 1941, that the campaign had succeeded. and that the rapid advance of german forces showed that a quick victory was certain. this matter is a practical matter. that a murder commander had to follow an advancing german military unit through some of the most densely jewish settled part of europe at the rate of about 30 miles a day. they were simply not in a position to do anything else. the members of the unit would shoot the local men and come back when the front slowed

cold perhaps for americans and soviets, but not cold overall. it ended in 1989 in november 1989 when the berlin wall suddenly came down. and then a couple years later, the soviet union itself dissolved in 1991. sort of putting the nails in the coffin of the cold war. of course, now we're talking about a new cold war, but that's a different class and a different topic. and this is a really good image to start a discussion today. i think it's -- we have seen an aerial photograph, and if you already kind of recognize where i'm going with this, keep those ideas on the side and just look at the image. and let's try to see what we actually can recognize concretely. what are some sort of features of this landscape that we can see? anyone? yeah, noah. >> craters. kind of seeing the right-hand part of the picture. >> you see a landscape certainly right here, like maybe some topography right here. anything else? caroline. >> trees. >> we see trees right here. we see roads and such right here. so we see sort of, you know, basic things. trees, roads, topogr

the collapse of soviet communism seem to figure n signal the endf socialism.sm keep his lore? that is next. ♪be whoof! whoof! so get allstate where good drivers save 40% for avoiding mayhem, like me. sorry! he's a baby! (male announcer) it's more than a boat... it's a one-way ticket to lunkerville; it's a reason for a three-day weekend; it's a memory-making machine; it's an adventure waiting to happen; it's a child's fishing 101 course. because, it's more than a boat. it's a tracker. now get up to a $300.00 bass pro/cabela's gift card with purchase of select tracker boats. ♪ bret: the end of the cold war appeared to be the final chapter in the historic struggle between socialism and capitalism. people took back their freedom and free markets lifted a large swath of mankind out of poverty. there would be no returning to socialism, right? think again. >> we have had this tremendous debate and fight over socialism for a century and it is over. and then suddenly just within a decade after 1998, hugo chavez gets himself elected president of venezuela essentially pr

you know i've been told by constant conflict with the west put a lot of stress on the soviet economy at times there were widespread deficits of certain products threatening to stab people wasn't exactly the kneejerk soviet reaction though many recall waiting patiently in long queues while others say the deficit's worn even a big part of their lives was not the stuff we got all the goods through acquaintances and i was speculate says it was so much fun speculate says it was somehow courts i remember speculations was something much is space near the store to be the 1st in line but there is a severe shortage of goods so you might ask why in the morning they were the 1st on the list when you bought his bottle we were in spoilt for choice let's suppose there was no red fish but there was herring and milk and dairy products water that was all that ordinary people needed how well they didn't kill for the toilet paper but there wasn't enough of the toilet paper but they looked at it was humor and didn't really focus on it somewhere lol of my best moments were in the soviet union i do not. re