in fact there is one st petersburg academy at the root of all of this the physical technical institute its been a world class center for fundamental physics in cutting edge technology since the days of its founder of. not only did he in the faculty of the living it would soon . there is name train the ranks of the soviet union's top nuclear scientists they also begin work on semiconductors that underpins virtually all modern electronics. was one of the institute's bright stars in the field of semiconductor physics and a forefather of today's daily d's. semiconductor like the meeting diets were developed in twenty piny by russian scientists. experimented with. the end of the nine hundred sixty s. we saw the appearance of more d.s. based on a three d. film semiconductor hitter restrictions that was in late one nine hundred sixty s. and early one nine hundred seventy s. this acknowledging implemented of these facilities is the next generation know how developed by my students and what we see here demonstrates how fast this area is changing both in scientific and technological terms and al