i caught up with the new york stock exchange president, stacey cunningham, on monday. if you take a step back and think about why companies choose to go public, there are typically four reasons. one is access to capital. two is having the credibility of a public listing and the visibility of that event. the third is liquidity for early investors and their employees, who very often have been getting paid in shares or options of stock and want to be able to use that and go buy a house. is currency, so they can engage four in m&a. traditionally, access to capital has been the primary driver in raising money. what we are seeing now is, for many companies, because they are much larger, companies in the private market space, it is more -- it is really the liquidity for their employees that is driving the public listing. it allows you to ask yourself can we decouple capital raising from a public offering? and that is what spotify really started. the cfo of spotify asked that question. he said why do i need to go with a traditional ipo method if i'm not actually looking to rais