stalingrad. this is a full extension of germany. we have covered stalingrad the last class. what are these areas in white? sweden and switzerland. are they really neutral? no, they are not really neutral. they are supporting germany in a number of different ways. that is the full extension. since that we did the landings in north africa. this is june 6, 1944. take a look at north africa. that is all clear. then we went from north africa into sicily, then from sicily into italy. all of that is cleared now. the germans on this side, russians on the offense of. we had the battle of stalingrad. you can see the russian advance here. this is the german empire. this is the way it extends at this point in june. let's take a look at geography. notice the difference. you are in nazi germany now. you want to take a look at the difference between the english channel to germany, and over here on the eastern front. where do you have more space? on the eastern front. as a consequence, it were shifts -- hitler's shifts his priorities. the new difference will be on the western front. itler s

we covered stalingrad the last class. notice, what are these areas in white? sweden and switzerland. they are -- >> neutral. no, they are not really neutral. they are supporting germany and a number of different areas. that is the full extension. since that, we did the landings and north africa. take a look now, this is june 6, 1944. take a look at north africa. that is all clear and then we went from north africa into sicily, operation husky and then they went from sicily to italy. all that has been cleared now. the germans on this site are the russians on the offensive. then we had stalingrad -- you can see the russian advance over here. this is the german empire. this is the way it extended at this point in june. let's take a look at geography. notice the difference here. azi germany and you want to take a look at the difference between english channel to germany and over here on the eastern front. where you have more space? on the eastern front. as a consequence of that, hitler shares the priority. the priority had been on the eastern front. the new priori

stalingrad. this is the extension of germany. he sealed here -- you see over here? we covered stalingrad in the last class. the areas in white, sweden and switzerland. are they really neutral? no. they are not really neutral. they are supporting germany in a number of different ways. that is the full extension. since then, we have landings in north africa. take a look now. , june 6, 1944. africa is all cleared, we went from north africa into sicily with operation husky, then into italy, and all of that has been cleared. the germans on the site, the russians on the offenses, we had stalingrad, and you can see the russian advance over here. in june, this is the german empire. ats is the way it extends this point in june. let's take a look at geography. .otice the difference here you are enough to germany now. you want to look at the difference between the english channel to germany and over here on the eastern front. where you have more space? .n the eastern front as a consequence of that, hitler's shifts the priority. the priority is on the eastern front -- have been

in front of stalingrad and in the streets of paris? was this the aftermath they had envisioned?nd so the peoples of western pondered the new step and decided it was the only way. they backed-- so atlantic pact. they saw there were worse things in war, and to avert war was to be prepared for it. so europe took the move toward defensive rearmament very calmy. in spite of all the threats when nato's commander dwight d. eisenhower took his post, planned demonstrations came. in a temporary headquarters in paris, the military staff of the alliance began the task of building the continents defense systems. although they did not realize it, they were taking the first steps toward a western unity that was to extend far beyond the military. soldiers of many nations working together in peacetime for a common cause. >> the growth of administrative weaponsstrength was and armaments fitted this for the city safeguard that these. those weapons for good, soldiers, sailors and airmen across the atlantic in canada. united states, can this time to prevent war. month-to-month the buildup continued.

and int of stalingrad the streets of paris? was this the aftermath they envisioned? so the peoples of western europe hundred the new step, and decided -- pondered the new step and decided it was the only way. playback the atlantic pact. they saw there were worse things in war, and to avert war was to be prepared for it. so europe to the move toward defensive rearmament very calmy. in spite of all the threats when nato's commander dwight d. eisenhower took his post, planned demonstrations came. in a temporary headquarters in paris, the military staff of the alliance began the task of building the continent. all deleted not realize it, they were taking the first steps toward a western unity that was to extend far beyond the military. soldiers of many nations working together in peacetime for a common cause. ♪ nato's strength moved at the same progress of the marshall plan. progress mingled with the goods into european ports, where treated weapons and other ndmaments, goods for peace a goods to safeguard that piece, -- that peace. as well as the soldiers and airmen from

stalingrad in the 1942-1943 stops the german advance and begins the process of turning the war around and moving the soviet forces towards germany. 1943, whichpring of opensctly when los alamos in april of 1943, the war is moving in the direction of victory for the united states. churchill and roosevelt and the american military and the british military believe we are going to win the war. if the british public and the american public continue to t,pport this difficult my bloody, awful, global war. we are going to win it. germans get the bomb first. if the germans get the bomb first, all bets are off. war -- the weapon could be determining. roosevelt believed that. churchill believed that. military who were about nuclear who were informed -- and there were very few. it was highly secret. whoever was informed believes if we got the bomb first, or if no one could build the bomb, we are going to win the war, but if the germans get it first, all bets -- all bets are off to an assigned -- off. course,scientists, of were behind this belief. the spring of 1943, only months after los up, the

battles in world war ii against the nazis but now in my lifetime from the end of world war ii, stalingrad, i remember all the stuff, of course as a boy, reading about it. but now, germany is not the enemy anymore. ms. merkel -- germany, the nazis were with my brothers who were in mussolini's army but now the germanies are wonderful people and the japanese are tolerant. when i was a kid and i go to the post office and my father would want me to deliver it in italy and i go to the post office in this little town and there'd be a poster of hitler and mussolini and uncle sam wants you to draft and buy bonds and now the germans are wonderful people, japanese are okay people, italians are okay people, russians are not okay people. [laughter] >> this is not a political show. not sure i would talk about this. > host: the original question that we started with was where did the name, gay, come from? you started to tell the story speak. speak. >> guest: i should certainly listen better. my grandfather was guy and he was not an immigrant but a migratory worker. he was a stonemason, came from italy o