stanley kaplan has these schools all over the country where they teach you to take standardized tests. so i gave him the $1,000. for six months, i studied it to retake the louisiana board -- the law board. six months later, i reject the test. my score catapulted up to a 401. [laughter] i figured, at that rate, i would be about 90 before i got into an english-speaking law school. so i started writing jokes for all comedians who played in the catskill section of new york. the hotels paid me $7 a joke. that was the going rate at the time the vso 21. they are 45. it was like writing for my parents' friends. but i tried my best. they would say to me, like, a sperm banks. sperm banks are in it the news. write me sperm bank jokes. 21, this is what was the foremost on my mind. they have this new thing now called sperm banks, which is just like an ordinary bank except here after making a deposit, you lose interest. [laughter] hey, $7, what do you want? [laughter] then i became the sperm bank guy. they would go, more sperm bank jokes. that i looked into the future. i said, i see a problem with

intelligence reform, politics and strategy, nuclear proliferation and deterrence, and he completed a stanley kaplanpostdoctoral fellowship in american policy at williams college. so that, i think, clearly establishes the bona fides of everybody on the panel to discuss military options, containment options, squared off against a nuclear or nuclearizing iran. so i will turn the podium over to matt. matt? >> well, thank you very much for that introduction, justin. it's a pleasure to be here at cato. as justin said, i was here just about a year ago talking about my last book, and it was in the old auditorium, so it's nice to be here in the new digs. this is really a beautiful auditorium. um, so as justin said, we're here today to talk about iran's nuclear program, and i think there's wide agreement that iran's rapidly-advancing nuclear program poses perhaps the greatest emerging national security challenge to the united states, and deciding how to deal with it, i think s the most important issue facing the united states government today. and can as i see it, there are only three ways that this issue is