helping explain it all for us today is a man who studied innovation from top to bottom, steven johnson. johnson is the author of a terrific book "where good ideas come from: the natural history of innovation" and he'll show us the impact of innovation over time. >> thanks. let's start with a long view that shows just how dramatic the change inaugurated by the modern revolution in innovation has been. this is a charted of global gdp over the last 1,000 years, which is basically the kind of best way to measure the increase in value from new products and services created in a society. so, if we start the clock here at the year 1,000 n the middle of the dark ages and look at what happens over the next 500 years. basically, global gdp just flat lines. there's no change at all. then the trading capitals of europe start to kind of light up and you begin to see this slow but steady growth for the next 300 years. but then stop the clock right here. it's 1800, the dawn of the industrial age, steam power is starting to revolutionize life in britain, united states and britain. look what happens ov