now, the british establish a refugee camp on tangier island and tangier island is regarded as ideal because it is sufficiently removed from the shores of virginia, the mainland shores of virginia. it's pretty secure from attack. but it's close enough and it's right in the center of the black population of virginia, which is in the tidewater, both on the eastern shore and to the west on the western shore. and coburn's words, the island was, quote, surrounded by the districts from which the negroes always come, end quote. this is a modern artist's attempt to imagine the drilling of colonial marines. colonial marines was the special unit formed for american blacks, former slaves, to augment british forces in the chesapeake. we have no images from that time of colonial marines so it requires an artist informed by knowing what the uniforms of regular marines looked like and knowing something about the structures that would be built in virginia at that time. so this is showing the refugee camp at tangier island and it is showing the drilling by a white officer, who is a man gesturing with his han

he's got his base at tangier. and we heard from alan taylor about how the colonial marines were trained at this island. tangier was a perfect base for the british because it provides easy access to both potomac and the patuxent there in the middle of the bay, deep water, except for mosquitos and the fact that a lot of the british came down with various illnesses, it was a well situated. and all this time, cockburn is doing sound, taking soundings along the potomac and patuxent, looking for the best route to washington. he's getting all kinds of intelligence from escaped slaves, from sympathizers and british in southern maryland and also from the newspapers, which are very hopefully printing all kinds of information about troop strengths and movements and all of which cockburn takes careful note of. there was really only one man offering any real opposition to cockburn at this point. and that's commodore joshua barney, who was a hero from the revolutionary war and had sprung to action when war was declared and comm

now, the british establish a refugee camp on tangier island and it's ideal because it's sufficientlyemoved from the shores of virginia, the mainland shores of virginia. it's pretty secure from attack. but it's close enough and it's right in the center of the black population of virginia, which is in the tide water, both on the eastern shore and to the west on the western shore. and coburn's words, the island was surrounded by the districts from which the negros always come, end quote. this is a modern artist's attempt to imagine the drilling of colonial marines. colonial marines was the special unit formed for american blacks, former slaves, to augment british forces in the chesapeake. we have no images from that time of colonial marines so it requires an artist informed by knowing what the uniforms of regular marines looked like and knowing something about the structures that would be built in virginia at that time. so this is showing the refugee camp at tangier island and it's showing the drilling by a white officer who is the man gesturing with his hand of three new recruits of th

this is showing the refugee camp at the tangier island and showing the drilling by a white officer the man gesturing with his hand of three new recruits of the colonial marines. the -- initially, admiral coburn has a pretty low expectation of these troops. and the colonial marines is a unit that resembles on a much smaller scale the union color regiments of the civil war. in that the officers are white men. but the enlisted man and the ncos are african-americans. and they are being attracted into the service because they're not being compelled to do it. and, indeed, as far as we can tell, most of the run aways, indeed, including most of the men don't choose to be colonial marines. some of them end up in the royal navy as sailors. others work as guides. many women worked as nurses. some of them are serving as paid servants for british officers. others go to work for the naval dock yard in bermuda. there's a range of roles, and it is a subset of the men who are serving in the colonial marines. and they are not compelled to do this. though, there is a great deal of persuasion applied to e

and there are more and more people on these warships and on tangier island as they are welcoming more and more refugees. in the first year of this operation when they were reluctant to take on the refugees, 600 had come to them. i believe that 2800 went during 1814, which shows the payoff ofg the british now welcoming them and aggressively going out and seeking them. but now they have to feed them z on top of their own crews. and so that means they have to accelerate and escalate their raiding into the interior, to get food, to get livestock in particular, but to get hams, to get chickens. they are seeking out food. and they are going to the places where their colonial marines know best, their former neighborhoods. and that's an opportunity, then, for some revenge and it's also, more importantly, an opportunity to get out relatives who have been left behind. so everybody's purposes are being served by these raids, the purposes of these runaways who have become colonial marines and the purposes of the british who want to punish the americans and need to get food for their own crews and

now, the british establish a refugee camp on tangier island and it's ideal because it's sufficientlyremoved from the shores of virginia, the mainland shores of virginia. it's pretty secure from attack. but it's close enough and it's right in the center of the black population of virginia, which is in the tide water, both on the eastern shore and to the west on the western shore. and coburn's words, the island was surrounded by the districts from which the negros always come, end quote. this is a modern artist's attempt to imagine the drilling of colonial marines. colonial marines was the special unit formed for american blacks, former slaves, to augment british forces in the chesapeake. we have no images from that time of colonial marines so it requires an artist informed by knowing what the uniforms of regular marines looked like and knowing something about the structures that would be built in virginia at that time. so this is showing the refugee camp at tangier island and it's showing the drilling by a white officer who is the man gesturing with his hand of three new recruits of t

so this is showing the refugee r camp at tangier island and it'sh showing the drilling by a white officer who is the man gesturinw with his hand of three new recruits of the colonial marines. initially, admiral coburn has aa pretty low expectation of theses troops. of and the colonial marines is a e unit that resembles on a much m smaller scale the union color regiments of the civil war in that the officers are white men, but the enlisted men and the ncos are african-americans. and they are being attracted into the service because they'r not being compelled to it, and indeed, as far as we can tell, f most of the runaways, indeed, tl including most of the men, don't choose to be colonial marines. h some may end up as sailors or ms others work more informally as guides. many women worked as laundresses and nurses.hem some of them are serving as paid servants for british officers rh and others go to work for the ts dockyard in bermuda. so there's a whole range of roles, and it is a subset of the men who are serving in the colonial marines and they're not compelled to do this, though aro ther

he's got his base at tangier. and we heard from alan taylor about how the colonial marines were trained at this island. tangier was a perfect base for the british because it provides easy access to both potomac and the patuxent there in the middle of the bay, deep water, except for mosquitos and the fact that a lot of the british came down with various illnesses, it was a well situated. and all this time, cockburn is doing sound, taking soundings along the potomac and patuxent, looking for the best route to washington. he's getting all kinds of intelligence from escaped slaves, from sympathizers and british in southern maryland and also from the newspapers, which are very hopefully printing all kinds of information about troop strengths and movements and all of which cockburn takes careful note of. there was really only one man offering any real opposition to cockburn at this point. and that's commodore joshua barney, who was a hero from the revolutionary war and had sprung to action when war was declared and comm

, al qaeda is -- islamic extremists are in northern nigeria, up into the sehel, mali, mauretania, tangier, tunisia, to libya where they are in huge numbers, in egypt where they are back for the first time in 25 years, down into east africa, in somalia and kenya, across the gulf of aden into yemen, up into syria and iraq and still in south asia and pakistan-afghanistan. and bangladesh. they just announced a new cell. >> not to mention asia. >> right. they have done a pretty good job and i will welcome back to that if you want. the asians have done a good job of rooting it out. so why i say tip of the iceberg, i think in that huge geographic area that i talked about you will see isis-like problems pop up over the next 5, 10, 15, 20 years. >> is this the greatest foreign-policy challenge for the united states today? >> i think so. >> not russia, not china. >> i break that into threats and -- i break down national security into threats and challenges. the greatest threat to the u.s. without a doubt in my mind is islamic fundamentalism. the greatest challenge to the u.s. is, how do we do with

coburn sets up a base of operation on tangier island.he middle of the bay, on the deep water harbor. this is a perfect place for running this expeditionary operation. a number of the slaves that have been encouraged to come over to the british side are trained there. asthma reasons. and they form a regiment of colonial marines as they're known. they turn out to be very effective as fighters and provide the british with a lot of intelligence. they knew these waterways and the back roads. in many cases their masters did. and the british make excellent use of this information. and pretty much are coming up the rivers and spreading terror wherever they go. and news of this of course is coming back to washington, there's enormous fear that, that washington or other cities like baltimore, could be targeted. but there's also i guess some confidence that probably the british can't make it that far. the rivers, including the potomac had some shoals in them that would make it hard for large ships such as the british had, laden down with heavy guns

during the war, they are being taken to tangier island, to bermuda, a major british naval base and central operations in the chesapeake. other main british naval base in north america is at halifax, nova scotia. so probably about 1200 during the war years are moved on to nova scotia and then another 1600 are moved on to nova scotia from bermuda or from the sea islands of georgia where the british also operated at the very end of the war. we're getting about 2800 who go to nova scotia. we've got another approximately 360 who go to new brunswick, another of the maritime provinces and probably about a thousand, including most of the colonial marines who go to the west irndian -- indian island of trinidad. and in trinidad they have their most successful experience. and they manage to maintain distinct communities in a distinct identity. professor allgor talked about identity formation in her presentation. identity formation, this particular community in trinidad has maintained its cohesion, and they call themselves to this day, the merikans, to distinguish themselves from the many other people