my question has to do with teddy roosevelt's liking of alexander hamilton. can you explain a little bit of how roosevelt would have admired hamilton, being a progressive president, how would he have admired hamilton and writes about him in a positive way. >> yeah. it's interesting that hamilton's historic reputation has waxed and waned. certainly one period with it waxed was during the progressive era. teddy roosevelt, as well as his successor, william howard taft, thought that alexander hamilton was the greatest of all of the founders. i think that what you found in teddy roosevelt is very much the same combination of views that you find in hamilton on the one hand is a belief in energetic and affirmative central government and kind of robust political leadership. there is, i described hamilton before as an ambivalent revolutionary. i think that you find reflected in teddy roosevelt that same kind of ambivalence let's say about business. he is a great booster of business. he also wants to regulate business. so that a lot of the contradictions of alexander ha

and secretary of war under teddy roosevelt. teddy roosevelt was a progressive president. many of your viewers may remember george h. of the bush in 1988 running as the hand- picked successor -- george h. w. bush in 1988 running as the hand-picked successor to ronald reagan. he was not a charismatic figure, but people felt, i liked reagan, i guess i can vote for bush. people who like roosevelt felt they would be safe with taft, and that is why he won. william jennings bryan tried to use some of the same rhetorical techniques. he talked as he had done before, but it was not very successful. the country was prosperous again after a sharp recession in 1907. times looked really good. taft was popular because he is the handpicked successor to a very popular president, theodore roosevelt. >> his closest race was 1896. for the election results, we're joined by marie in connecticut. welcome to the conversation. >> i wanted to know, how did williams jennings bryan come to live in miami, fla.? >> in fact, coral gables, florida. >> he contracted really bad, crippling arthritis. -- hi

teddy roosevelt who was weary of the wilderness he has protected, and abraham lincoln, clear-eyed andrue. i am now here at the ronald reagan library where we're going to know what the president's up to, what he has to bring to this country, to restore the hope that lies waiting for the one that can lead, and we'll learn who can lead the republican party once led by abraham lincoln and the great teddy roosevelt. the republican party who has been won over by the anti-zealotry of the right. is the president able to win back the faith and hopes of the american majority? can he display a strong hand in rebuilding the american economy brought low by unsafe financial risk taking. can we create jobs, stimulate investment and consumption, the essential ingredient of recovery, or not, and what has become of the republican party of lincoln and teddy roosevelt, is it now the tea party and becoming the wig party prior to the civil war when it was taken over. has the modern republican party been taken over by those who see government as the evil as abolitionists have seen slavery as illegal? when y

you would make sure that it was safe. 100 years ago, teddy roosevelt was president, and your pipes were brand new. now, our infrastructure is old. 100, 200 years old. it's not been upgraded or fixed or replaced, sometimes, ever. man: if these systems are not maintained, sooner or later they're going to fail. they all have a life expectancy. if you don't maintain them and constantly check them and then do what's necessary to rehabilitate or repair, you're going to have a big problem. and they're going to collapse. they're going to fail. and all of a sudden, the water, or the sewage that normally goes through them, will not have any place to go. it'll back up into homes, it'll back up onto the street. it's normally out of sight, out of mind. once it comes to the surface, it's a whole 'nother animal. melosi: you're talking about system-wide problems that would take tremendous human resources to correct. this is true with drinking water,

he might have been the most important figure between lincoln and teddy roosevelt. >> chicago is up nextare on the air, dave. >> i just wanted to make sure if i am correct, there was a comment about the land that his four years in congress was referred to 20 years on the make. the role or connection -- the rail and road connections, there is a small town in virginia, currently csx. if i also remember correctly, it is one of the things we have to watch what people say in your favor. did he not lose the york and what of his rounds because he did not repeat the statement that people would not support a party of rebellion? thank you for taking my call. >> thank you for watching. 20 years on the make, hot? that is a great title. >> harper's weekly was his forearm. every week he created another fascinating and challenging political cartoon. the heat just downright didn't like to blame. -- he just downright didn't like blame the progressive think there was another thing where he went out to dinner with an incredibly wealthy bunch of millionaires -- maybe all the top millionaires in new york. de

miles was so power -- popular a figure in washington, even teddy roosevelt could not fire him, though he wanted to. kicked him out of the white house one day, in the view of the press, but he had to wait until miles reached the mandatory retirement age and then put in new people. in the kennedy years, doesn't this sound like what happened to rumsfeld in the very first year of the bush administration? the kennedy administration came in and read from the start we got the back of the hand. we think nothing of you and your opinions. we don't like to his people. we have no respect for you. don't bother us. air force general thomas white also under mcnamara, i am profoundly apprehensive of the pipe-smoking tree-pull-out-owls so-called defense intellectuals. defense intellectuals who have been brought in to this nation's capitol. i doubt they have sufficient worldliness to stand up to the kind of enemy we face. it is not unusual for the military to criticize their civilian masters. it is rooted in our system, our dual system of civilian control. the military has two master's, the president t

teddy roosevelt tern respect who was wary of dare i can say it the wilderness he historically protectedoln, clear-eyed and true. i what we're going to know, what the president has to bring to this country, to bring it back economically. restore the hope nim he ran, and we will learn who leads the republican party once led by abe ray ham linking and teddy roosevelt. if the party has been won over by the antigovernment zealotry. is the president able to win back the faith and hopes of the american majority. can he display a strong hand in rebuilding the economic. brought low by unsound fiscal risktaking. can we stimulate investment and consumption? can he create the basic economic demand that remains the essential ingredient of recovery, or not? and

the extraordinary opportunities i've had over the past 37 years i recall the familiar words of teddy roosevelt'sthe arena speech. it is not the critic who counts, roosevelt stated, not the man who points out how the strong man stumbles or where the doer of deeds could have done them better. the credit belongs to the man who is actually in the arena, whose face is marred by dust and sweat and blood, who strives valiantly, who errs and comes up short again and again. because there is no effort without error and short coming but who knows the great enthusiasms, the great devotions, who spends himself for a worthy cause, who at the best knows in the end the triumph of high achievement and who at the worst if he fails at least fails while doing greatly so that his place shall never be with those cold and timid souls who knew neither victory nor defeat. i have been privileged to serve in the arena together with america's finest, its men and women in uniform. as well as with its finest diplomats and civilian officials, and imnume rabble coalition partners and i would senior out our great nato represent

park is the bison which has a history dating back to the turn of the last century when president teddy roosevelt launched an initiative to save the bison from extinction. during the summer myself and other members have been concerned about during our visits to the paddock that this seems to be a considerable disappointment by other park visitors in that the bison are not particularly visible. this is due to the fact that the herd has been reduced from 20 animals to only three rather gare yacht trick -- geriatric animals and they generally repose in the back of the exhibit back in the trees. i brought these concerns to the joint zoo committee last month and was happy to receive assurance from the zoo managers

park is the bison which has a history dating back to the turn of the last century when president teddy roosevelt launched an initiative to save the bison from extinction. during the summer myself and other members have been concerned about during our visits to the paddock that this seems to be a considerable disappointment by other park visitors in that the bison are not particularly visible. this is due to the fact that the herd has been reduced from 20 animals to only three rather gare yacht trick -- geriatric animals and they generally repose in the back of the exhibit back in the trees. i brought these concerns to the joint zoo committee last month and was happy to receive assurance from the zoo managers that planning is being done to add animals to the exhibit and to improve the handling of the animals in that exhibit. i took that -- those comments back to my meeting last week and we resolved that we commend the zoo's efforts that we really believe that the bison herd deserves better attention and support from the wreck and park department which has ownership of the exhibit. we recommend th

taft proved not to be a progressive successor to teddy roosevelt. roosevelt tried to wrestle the nomination away from taft, and then becomes the nominee of the new progressive party. if republicans had stayed united, we will not know what happened but it was possible that woodrow wilson would not have won the election. >> joe joins us from phoenix. good evening and welcome to the program. >> a great show and think you. i want to ask something different. i wondered if that people could speak to his foreign-policy and what he thought about the spanish-american war or the european colonialism. what would the gentleman think how he would handle, for example, afghanistan and iraq and the invasions? what was his mindset back then in terms of how the major colonial powers were going into other countries and controlling them and such? what is your theory about all that? and in general, his foreign policy. >> thank you for the call. he was our 43rd secretary of state. >> he served in the spanish- american war, but once the war ended, he opposed the occupatio

teddy roosevelt was representing the progressive wing of the republican party at the time. yes, there was such a thing in the lincoln tradition. taft was the a establishment. roosevelt won many primaries and the bull moose party, the progressive party emerged. at the same time, woodrow wilson was able to recapture the white house for democrats for the for seven decades by building on the deep south bay's and appealing to progressives as well. what you have seen in america in the past century is worth appreciating. in 1945, independents were 50% of the electorate. now is basically 40% -- 15% of the electorate. now it is basically 40%. you see a major spike after watergate. understandable, disaffection. another spike around 1990, 1992 as ross perot's independent campaign for presidency ultimately getting 19% of the vote in 1992. again, a classic independent profile. he is a deficit? against washington d.c. -- a deficit hawk against washington d.c. dysfunction, but pro- choice. there is a clear trend. it is rising. it is unmistakable at it as mainstream drivers beneath it. 100

so were teddy roosevelt and many other u.s. presidents. barack obama even wore this brand at his inauguration. this clothing chain has also dressed many movie stars, like clark gable and fred astaire. we are talking, of course, about brooks brothers-- founded in 1818 by henry sands brooks. so who oversees this iconic american brand now? it's italian billionaire claudio del vecchio. >> the benefit is that i come in, i participate in meetings and i have a little bit different perspective, sometimes, that companies that have only americans don't have. >> reporter: del vecchio's private holding company, retail brand alliance, bought brooks brothers from the british firm marks and spencer a decade ago. but some things haven't changed. brooks brothers has been headquartered out of this store on madison avenue for the past century. >> many people think of brooks brothers as offering traditional clothing, but the company has introduced many fashion innovations to the u.s. market throughout its history. it introduced the first ready- made suits as

or like republican president teddy roosevelt would challenge corporate power by passing the tillman act in one hundred seven which reads simply as she'll be unlawful for any national bank or any corporation to make a monetary contribution in connection with any election to any political office and like franklin roosevelt we called the economic royalists the economic shoals economic royalists at the one hundred thirty six democratic convention roosevelt directed his speech at these economic royalists sane duties economic royalists complain that we seek to overthrow the institutions of america what they really complain about is that we seek to take away their power our allegiance to american institutions requires the overthrow of this kind of power in vain they seek to hide behind the flag in the constitution in their blindness they forget what the flag of the constitution stands for thirty years ago right in the coattails of ronald reagan these economic royalists of return to power in america and have been in for protecting this nation with their anti american propaganda ever since tryin

association it was designed largely to create a more muscular expression of faith to people like teddy roosevelt was part of that movement and others it's largely the church the church has put out this caricature of frankly of jesus but i'm glad to say that there's been a movement the last fifteen years to to bring about a more accurate portrayal we're not necessarily trying to make a difference jesus we're just trying to show the real one of history and is that a way to get more men to follow jesus and if i am i'm correct i believe there are more women followers are more women tend to be related to a member. well you know it's a good point. i think the world we're treating him more accurately without pandering to a group of people in our case what we're trying to do is just get to love you know martin luther king one of my personal bureaus. if he would have tried to emulate his gentle jesus meek and mild we would not have had one of the richest american appearance the civil rights movement dead simply look at flight the world and so it really is an attempt on our for my part of some other peopl

teddy roosevelt comes in fourth place tie with ronald reagan at 4.5 reva james capel, a couple of new biographies interestingly to have him down at 20. he gets a one in character and a five incompetence. >> guest: right. by himself he decided he was going to grab and wasn't clear the southern states wanted that and let's say he was called mendacious, by his but pretty good reason so he gets the confidence and is one of the characters. >> george w. bush, you have in this book -- this book came out obviously just very recently, but you have him tied with jimmy carter. george w. bush. why? >> , maybe as papers come out and we get to his files we will see elmore. the family sagas whose grin to carry the father's metal with 30 wanted to be president, what goals he would achieve is all very unclear. i take him at his word that he became the new person after by to get the word that he lost out on a lot and was sent paying attention when he was going other places and this reason for seeking the presidency we need to know more about. there's a lot of things we don't know, still don't know, we

president teddy roosevelt was fond of observing that life's greatest gift is hard work worth doing.citing the oath of office for the first time. i remember it like it was yesterday, packing the one bag we could take, getting into the car with my mother and father and driving the seven curvey mountain around king mountain. i had grown up in the shadow of west point and spent my childhood on the hudson river sailing with my dad. we felt anxious and my parents both now deceased entrusted their only son to the u.s. military. i join the long gray line that is one of our country's greatest institutions. i studied the values, traditions, and standards that acted as guide posts throughout my career and began forging the friendships that have sustained me ever since. in fact, as i noted, there is a wonderful group of my classmates here today, and i would ask that they stand and be recognized, the pride of the corp. 74. [applause] [cheers and applause] don't accuse me of differentiating between those two get shade and those who don't -- [laughter] i'm sure someone else did that. [laughter] we

teddy roosevelt comes in third place at 4.5. a couple of new biographies, recently. you have been down at 20 right below george w. bush. he gets a one character and a five incompetence. >> james polk are themselves decided he was going to grab two thirds in mexico, all by himself. and it wasn't clear if they wanted that, or slave states. he did it -- let's say he was called open mendacious by his opponents for pretty good reasons. but he did achieve his goal, so he got the confidence. postcode george w. bush you have in this book. this book came out obviously just very recently, that you have him trained, tied with jimmy carter. george w. bush, three and carried her. why? >> guest: well, now maybe his papers come out in bbs beginning to his bio, we will see a little more. the family saga, i won't call it tallis, but who's going to carry the father's mantle? by doesn't he want to be president? this is all very unclear. i take him at his word that he became a new person after his authority in the crisis at this time. they also taken at his word that he left lost out on

suggest that in many ways the lead right to the civil war it came back with the progressive era teddy roosevelt laid it out in a square deal with it better but it would be a declaration of minute three unalienable rights life liberty and pursuit of happiness none of those included in pursuit of happiness in a property correction of property no it didn't he did very clearly change john locks were property to have evidence if you look at john dickinson he makes he makes a clear way that i would encourage you to actually go back and read jefferson's diary on that issue but the point is and he was very proud of the fact that this was the first founding document that had ever had the word happy but that's not that's not my question my question and i think this is a really important one is that for forty years in america we had the social compact that the government is going to do everything to keep a middle class even if it means that the millionaires and billionaires are going to be super wealthy and for the last thirty years we've blown that apart and now it's all about the millionaires and billio

teddy roosevelt when he was chief of staff late 1890's he called him a striding peacock.basically with those he cut date one out of the credit as to who captured date would he lived day fairly tragic life. his health never recovered from the expedition's but the miles new when he transferred miles was effusive in his praise for him so it was a very mixed bag. date would does not get enough credit. although in the movie, which is not historically accurate, the gate would character receive full credit and lawton does not even appear as a character. that is an excellent point*. i discussed that very briefly at the end of the geronimo chapter. >> the fbi and the united states marshal service are in the business of tracking wanted criminal fugitives. do have a message how they could be more effected if? >> i look at said different phenomenon to make a conscious decision at the beginning and look at the stories but it looking at a very hostile environment, at the moment i think it is comparing apples and oranges >> dodi do concentrate on a manhunt where instead of noriega and a

republican party of linking and teddy roosevelt. it now the tea party, has it become the when i party? has the modern republican party been taken over by those that see government as evil? whether you listen to congresswoman bachmann speaking of having taken a job in the irs with the single purpose of studying the enemy. are you listening to republicans? or to something more rad cat, something a traditional republican would hear as alien. here's what i'm hearing. ask a regular republican to choose between palin and obama. she'll say grudgingly, okay, obama. ask her to choose between obama and rick perry, and she'll start to think. that's where we are politically in this week in this country. that's "hardball" for now. thank for being with you. glad to be back from vacation. "politics nation" with al sharpton starts right now. tonight they get down to business, protecting the american worker s. daring rpg to get in their way. mitt romney unveils his job plan. why start creating jobs now, willard? plus shocking new tapes from inside t

teddy roosevelt is in third place. 4.5 tied with ronald reagan at 4.5.ames capel -- polk is at number 20 below george h. w. bush. he gets 1 in character and five in confidence. >> guest: james polk decided to grab mexico by himself. wasn't clear the united states wanted that. more slave states. he was called polk the nation by his opponent for good reason. he did achieve his goal. he gets 1 in character. >> host: george w. bush came out very recently, you have in ranked tied with jimmy carter. george w. bush, 3 in character. >> guest: maybe as papers come out and his files we will see a little more. the family saga -- won't call it dallas. who will carry father's mantle and why did he want to be president? what gold did he want to achieve? it is very unclear. i take him at his word that he became a new person after the crisis in his time and also he lost out on a lot and wasn't a detention when he was going to yale and other places. there is reason for seeking the presidency that we need to know more about. he gets a couple in completes. we don't know ho

we are talking about the teddy roosevelt as the progressive era from the early 1900's. i think you are talking about, the reforms that extended to other states as well as ours are post 1900. >> i would think he would be very pro-capital. -- pro-capitalist. we are talking about workers' rights and so on, he was with the millionaires. he was not committing the -- meeting with the laborers to see. >> could you give us a brief history of the house that you are in, about how the state of maine was able to acquire that from the donation? -- blaine donation? also, the death in washington d.c. and his subsequent burial 20 years later back in augusta? >> i'm going to ask you not to ask about the death because we -- talk about the death now because we will show a little bit of the gravesite. but tell us about the house. >> the house was built by a retired sea captain in 1833. our state house right across the street had just been finished in 1830. -- 1832. this was a strategic location for home. -- a home. the house was acquired in 1862. -- acquired by blaine and his wife in 1862.

taft proved not to be a progressive successor to teddy roosevelt. roosevelt tried to wrestle the nomination away from taft, and then becomes the nominee of the new progressive party. if republicans had stayed united, we will not know what happened but it was possible that woodrow wilson would not have won the election. >> jos' joins us from phoenix. good evening and welcome to the program. >> a great show and think you. how what it has something different. i wondered if that people could speak to his foreign-policy and what he thought about the spanish-american war or the european colonialism. what would the gentleman think how he would handle, for example, afghanistan and iraq and the invasions? wallace's mind set back then in terms of -- what was his mind set back and in terms of how the major colonial powers were going into other countries and controlling them and such? what is your theory about all that? and in general, his foreign policy. the >> thank you for the call. he was our 43rd secretary of state. >> he served in the spanish- american wa

. >> as long ago as teddy roosevelt. they have to keep topping each other to the right.urprising to me if someone says they will eliminate the epa. we've gotten almost to that point. >> is it partisan victory talk or true hatred of anything that's public? that's an private club or private business? >> i agree to some that's true. the aircraft you fly on, the food that you eat -- >> i'm not going to say that too off then because i don't call the people on the right fascist too off then. they only like people in the military with guns. >> they worship at the altar of mars. >> anyway, you going to live long after this, you are safely retired, sir mike. so you can now speak the truth. are there other people that think like you within the republican party that are just keeping their mouths shut. >> absolutely. people are more candid on a sub rosa level. but it is is the herd mentality. it is not that people are individually bad and this is not a grudge match or any sort of score settling on my part. this is because i grew to revere the institution and the people who trash it.

teddy roosevelt, richard nixon, we can talk about climate change and acknowledge that climate change is happening but is also an inexact science. we know the cover of newsweek in 1975 showed that the globe was going to freeze over. we can acknowledge and talk about it in a reasonable way without embracing the left's solutions which would be -- levee enormous tax burdens for energy consumption. and frankly only reduce carbon emissions in the united states by a minimal amount without touching in the end china. so i think the deal with conservative environmentalism is to put forth an agenda that says the government has an important role in protecting the environment but cannot and should not be trusted to deliver a low carbon energy independence. it has to come from individuals working together and driven by realities of the marketplace. i talk about a couple other issues which i am happy to do more in queue and day. our talk about a new republican feminism. there is a wonderful new crop of women leaders in the republican party the national scene hasn't taken note of. we have seen miche

this is a book, not surprisingly, about teddy roosevelt, but one of the unique things about it is thatit includes 200 plus original vintage political cartoons. so we feel that there are a lot of people out there, of course, who are big tr fans. this book is unique. these cartoons are unique because most of them have never been seen since they were published in the magazine or newspaper 100 years ago. pete feel like this is a wonderful way to illustrate his life, the times he was living in, and to give some flavor to a biography of one of the most interesting and beloved presidents. so this is going to be a lot of fun for us. >> we have been talking with marji ross, who is the publisher of regnery, getting a preview of some of the upcoming books from regnery publishing. >> thank you very much. >> is there and nonfiction offer but you would like to see featured on book tv? send us an e-mail book tv at c-span.org, where tweet yes at twitter.com/booktv. >> would it be fair to say that there has been some level of more acceptance? when you look at recent scandals -- and correct me if my the

if you'll step up and do what teddy roosevelt would have advocated, get in the arena, it says somethingbout you. >> what is the jon huntsman vision for america? >> preeminence for the united states. the world works better with a strong united states. we are the only beacon of hope, the only safe haven for people who are fighting oppression abroad. we speak to democracy. we speak to human rights. we speak to liberty. we speak to free markets. our core is weak in this country. >> is the american dream still the same? can it be the same as it used to be? or should the american dream be slightly re-invented for the modern world? >> the american dream is the same. we aspire to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. the pursuit of happiness is jobs, it's entrepreneurship, it's the creative class in this country. the problem is we have an environment that doesn't speak to perpetuating the creative class and entrepreneurship. bogged down in regulation, bogged down in taxation. because of that, what america has always been so good at and the ways in which we've always inspired the rest of t

september of 91 and said we're going to have a third party who getting the highest percentage since teddy rooseveltble, unpredictable year ahead between now and the next election. you cannot have this kind of instability and believe we're on some predictable path. we're going to see unpredictable stuff. >> i always listening to buffalo springfield, there's something happening out here. i have to run i'm catching a plane to california to get ready for tomorrow night's big debate. chris is picking up the batten aft baton after the break. showing how the new perry superpack plans to take out the rivals and how much they plan to spend. the mathematical formula that shows president obama has a lock on re-election. the formula has been right every time since 1984. >>> but first, today's trivia question, who was the last democratic presidential nominee to win texas in a general election? tweet the answer to@daily run down. first correct answer will get a follow tuesday for us. the answer coming up on "the daily rundown" coming up. [ agent ] so your policy looks good, is there anything else? why did you bu

and he pushes for a central american canal but doesn't do anything to that, leaving that to teddy roosevelt and he does ideas but there's no follow-through but his vision is myopic and legacy is worse. he opens the west to slavery and destroys the missouri compromise line. this total appeasement of the south only encourages new demands for slave land. his solution to the issue of slavery in the territories leads to the kansas-nebraska act, the evisceration of the missouri compromise and what is the upper midwest. and further conflict in the west. he fanatically aggressively enforces the fugitive slave law which is obviously the most oppressive law in american history. he runs for president on a ticket that openly attacks foreigners, immigrants and catholics. in retirement, fillmore opposes emancipation, campaigns in 1864 against lincoln fillmore peace candidate who have left millions of african-americans in bondage. in the end, sadly, buffalo's first president, fortunately, not its last -- buffalo's first president was on the wrong side of the great moral and political issues of the age. im

i mean, you think about teddy roosevelt with the panama canal, you think about eisenhower with the innerink about richard nixon with community development block grants. republicans have historically invested into the united states of america, primarily with infrastructure. so for him to come out with a balanced plan, that has tax cuts for middle class people, incentives were business and investment, and for them to say we're only going to be for one side of the tax ledger, it pictures them as really extreme. >> now, in the other chamber of the senate, senator hagen today didn't really embrace this jobs bill, and neither did joe man x manchin from west virginia. are all democrats going to support the president on this in the house? if some fall by the wayside and don't give the president this card and this support when you know where the republicans are going to be, this is going to make it a heavy lift. but the president said, this economy, these people can't wait another 14 months. how important is it for the democrats to stick together on this and support the president? >> i think it's

teddy roosevelt loved the cartoons about him, put them on his wall.he key thing, to pick up on what mark said, it is a political crisis and economic crisis we are facing. he has to somehow in his speech be able to persuade people that government can do something about it. we lost confidence the government knows what to do. i think he can get the republicans in two ways. he goes for tax reform somehow, figures out how to pay for a bold jobs program, everyone wants jobs creation. tell them if that's what you want, i'll give you specific things you can do and challenge them to do it. that's what harry truman did in 1948, the republicans were saying all the right things, we will deal with the housing crisis, education, he called them in special session, turn of session, and they did nothing. and then he was able to say why didn't you do anything. you're a do nothing congress. if they want to deal with job creation, he has to be clear what he wants them to do, make visual, can't just list things, he has to explain how it would work, then challenge them to